PSY 205 essay quiz #2

Describe how you might go about "shaping" your roommate to clean up your messy room.

You can shape your roommate to clean his/her side of the roomby cleaning your side of the room and keeping it that way. Thismay cause your roommate to clean his/her side of the room. You could also use reinforcements by bringing home ice cream or pizza or any other type of snack every time your roommate cleans his/her side of the room. This will keep your roommate cleaning because they'll have an incentive every time

positive punishment

add aversive stimulus to decrease behavior

Provide one example of how you could use positive reinforcement, and one example of how you could use negative reinforcement to encourage your friend to recycle. Then discuss how you could use positive punishment and negative punishment to get your friend to stop throwing recyclables in the trash.

- An example of positive reinforcement to encourage a friend to recycle would be giving them a dollar every time they throw something that is recyclable in the recycling bin. - An example of negative reinforcement would be playing loud music every time your friend doesn't recycle and then turning the music off once they've put the recyclable in the bin. - An example of positive punishment would be throwing a water bottle at your friend every time he/she throws recycling in trash. - An example of negative punishment would be taking away your friend favorite stuFed animal whenever he/she throws recycling in trash Every time they pick up their clothes, you give them a piece of chocolate. (Positive reinforcement)

fixed interval

- fixed interval - are those where the first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed. This schedule causes high amounts of responding near the end of the interval, but much slower responding immediately after the delivery of the reinforcer. An example of this in a lab setting would be reinforcing a rat with a lab pellet for the first bar press after a 30-second interval has elapsed.

fixed ratio

- fixed-ratio: the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses. An example of this would be a rat is provided food for every 10th lever press. - - fixed ratio: are those where a response is reinforced only after a specified number of responses. This schedule produces a high, steady rate of responding with only a brief pause after the delivery of the reinforcer. An example of a fixed-ratio schedule would be delivering a food pellet to a rat after it presses a bar five times.

Describe each of the following schedules of reinforcement, and provide a specific example for each: fixed-ratio, fixed-interval, variable-ratio, variable-interval.

- fixed-ratio: the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses. An example of this would be a rat is provided food for every 10th lever press. - fixed ratio: are those where a response is reinforced only after a specified number of responses. This schedule produces a high, steady rate of responding with only a brief pause after the delivery of the reinforcer. An example of a fixed-ratio schedule would be delivering a food pellet to a rat after it presses a bar five times. - fixed interval - are those where the first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed. This schedule causes high amounts of responding near the end of the interval, but much slower responding immediately after the delivery of the reinforcer. An example of this in a lab setting would be reinforcing a rat with a lab pellet for the first bar press after a 30-second interval has elapsed.

Discuss in detail the achievement motivation from the point of view of a drive theorist, incentive theorist, and evolutionary theorist.

-Achievement Motivation: high achievers choose moderately difficult tasks to increase likelihood of success and also a sense of achievement i. Drive theorist: we have an internal drive to succeed and be considered normal in society so we will choose a task we are most likely to accomplish ii. Incentive Theorist: we are going to pick the middle task for extrinsic feelings because we are looking for the results of success iii. Evolutionary theorist: we pick the one we know we can complete because natural selection factors behaviors that maximize reproductive success.

Describe each of the following schedules of reinforcement, and provide a specific example for each: fixed-ratio, fixed-interval, variable-ratio, variable-interval. DEFINITIONS

-Fixed Ratio: delivery of rewards on a consistent schedule -Fixed Interval: delivery of rewards based on how much time has elapsed -Variable Ratio: reinforcement is delivered after a varied number of responses -Variable Interval: reinforcement is delivered at varying and unpredictable intervals of time

Provide one example of how you could use positive reinforcement, and one example of how you could use negative reinforcement to encourage your friend to recycle. Then discuss how you could use positive punishment and negative punishment to get your friend to stop throwing recyclables in the trash.

-Positive reinforcement- give a cookie every time friend recycles -negative reinforcement- stop nagging them when they recycle -positive punishment- hit them when they don't recycle negative punishment- take away their phone until they recycle

Describe in detail Harry Harlow's experiment on attachment. Make sure to include a description of the procedure, results, and conclusions. RESULTS

All monkeys, in group 1 and 2 spent far more time with the cloth surrogate over the wire surrogate, regardless of which provided food.

Detail one specific experiment conducted by Elizabeth Loftus on the misinformation effect. Make sure to include a description of the procedure, results, and conclusions of this research. CONCLUSION

Conclusion: The results show that the verb conveyed an impression of the speed the car was travelling and this altered the participants' perceptions. In other words, eyewitness testimony might be biased by the way questions are asked after a crime is committed.

Describe in detail Harry Harlow's experiment on attachment. Make sure to include a description of the procedure, results, and conclusions. CONCLUSION

Contact comfort is more important than feeding in the formation of infant-mother attachment in rhesus monkeys.

Detail one specific experiment conducted by Elizabeth Loftus on the misinformation effect. Make sure to include a description of the procedure, results, and conclusions of this research. RESULTS

The estimated speed was affected by the verb used. The verb implied information about the speed, which systematically affected the participants' memory of the accident. Participants who were asked the "smashed" question thought the cars were going faster than those who were asked the "hit" question. The participants in the "smashed" condition reported the highest speed estimate (40.8 mph), followed by "collided" (39.3 mph), "bumped" (38.1 mph), "hit" (34 mph), and "contacted" (31.8 mph) in descending order.

Describe in detail Harry Harlow's experiment on attachment. Make sure to include a description of the procedure, results, and conclusions. PROCEDURE

To find out whether provision of food or contact comfort is more important in the formation of infant-mother attachment. Eight newborn rhesus monkeys, separated from their mother immediately after birth. GROUP 1: Four monkeys isolated in cages where a cloth mother surrogate gave food and a wire surrogate did not. GROUP 2: Four monkeys isolated in cages where a wire mother surrogate gave food and a cloth surrogate did not.

Detail one specific experiment conducted by Elizabeth Loftus on the misinformation effect. Make sure to include a description of the procedure, results, and conclusions of this research. PROCEDURE

car crash effect - Psychologist Elizabeth Loftus has been particularly concerned with how subsequent information can affect an eyewitness's account of an event. Her main focus has been on the influence of (mis)leading information in terms of both visual imagery and wording of questions in relation to eyewitness testimony. Loftus' findings seem to indicate that memory for an event that has been witnessed is highly flexible. If someone is exposed to new information during the interval between witnessing the event and recalling it, this new information may have marked effects on what they recall. The original memory can be modified, changed or supplemented. To test their hypothesis that the language used in eyewitness testimony can alter memory. After watching the film participants were asked to describe what had happened as if they were eyewitnesses. They were then asked specific questions, including the question "About how fast were the cars going when they (smashed / collided / bumped / hit / contacted) each other?"

variable ratio

occur when a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses. This schedule creates a high steady rate of responding. Gambling and lottery games are good examples of a reward based on a variable ratio schedule. In a lab setting, this might involve delivering food pellets to a rat after one bar press, again after four bar presses, and a third pellet after two bar presses.

variable interval

occur when a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed. This schedule produces a slow, steady rate of response. An example of this would be delivering a food pellet to a ​rat after the first bar press following a one-minute interval, another pellet for the first response following a five-minute interval, and a third food pellet for the first response following a three-minute interval.

positive reinforcement

occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus - adding something rewarding to the situation

negative reinforcement

occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an adverse (unpleasant) stimulus - removing something

shaping

operant responses are usually established through a gradual process called shaping, which consists of repeatedly reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desired response unit the desired response is achieved

negative punishment

remove pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior - remove something good - take away dessert, tv