Psy 210 - Final Exam

A mental representation of a physical object or event that is no longer present. a. representation b. imagination c. visual imagery d. perception

visual imagery

When the conclusion follows logically from the premises. a. inductive reasoning b. truth c. deductive reasoning d. validity

validity

The rule of the Wason four-card problem is, "If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side." Let's say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing a. 8 and M. b. A and 13. c. 8 and 13. d. A and M.

A and 13

Seeing a figure that both represents a duck and a rabbit; the idea that something can have multiple representations and supports propositional representation. a. Shepard and Metzler b. Chambers and Reizberg c. Finke and Pinker

Chambers and Reizberg

Newell and Simon's search a problem space is an example of the: a. Current Cognitive approach b. Early Behaviorist approach c. Gestalt approach

Current Cognitive approach

You use algorithms, heuristics, and analogies to reach your goal. You have an initial state and a goal state. a. Current Cognitive approach b. Early Behaviorist approach c. Gestalt approach

Current Cognitive approach

A problem is eventually solved through a process of trial-and-error. Each time you go to solve the problem, you will get faster with each try. This is an example of what type of problem solving? a. Current Cognitive approach b. Early Behaviorist approach c. Gestalt approach

Early Behaviorist approach

Thorndike's puzzle box is an example of the: a. Current Cognitive approach b. Early Behaviorist approach c. Gestalt approach

Early Behaviorist approach

Seeing a display of 4 dots, and once they disappear the subject decides if the arrow would have pointed to a dot. We assume that subjects make a mental image of dots to make the decision. a. Shepard and Metzler b. Chambers and Reizberg c. Finke and Pinker

Finke and Pinker

Chambers and Reizberg's experiment supports what type of representation that corresponds with Pylyshyn's idea of imagery? a. analogue b. propositional

propositional

Kohler's two-stick and box stacking problems are an example of the: a. Current Cognitive approach b. Early Behaviorist approach c. Gestalt approach

Gestalt approach

The two string, box and candle, 9-dot, and triangle problems are all examples of the: a. Current Cognitive approach b. Early Behaviorist approach c. Gestalt approach

Gestalt approach

There is a representation of the problem in your mind. If you reorganize or restructure the problem and gain insight or a sudden realization of how to solve the problem, this is an example of what type of problem solving? a. Current Cognitive approach b. Early Behaviorist approach c. Gestalt approach

Gestalt approach

An experiment where there were bananas hanging from the ceiling, and the monkeys were training to obtain the bananas. a. Kohler's two-stick problem b. Kohler's box stacking problem c. Thorndike's puzzle box

Kohler's box stacking problem

An experiment where there were bananas outside of a cage, and the monkeys were trying to obtain the bananas. a. Kohler's two-stick problem b. Kohler's box stacking problem c. Thorndike's puzzle box

Kohler's two-stick problem

Who proposed that imagery is picture-like and depicts the original form of an object? The same as perception. a. Pylyshyn b. Kosslyn

Kosslyn

Which of Kosslyn's studies found that when focusing on one part of an image, it takes longer to answer a question about another part? It suggests that people scan the mental image, as in perception. a. Kosslyn, Ball, and Reiser's imaginary island experiment b. Kosslyn's size in the visual field c. Kosslyn's image scanning experiment

Kosslyn's image scanning experiment

Which of Kosslyn's studies found that it is faster to answer questions about an image when it is larger in your mind, just like in real life? a. Kosslyn, Ball, and Reiser's imaginary island experiment b. Kosslyn's size in the visual field c. Kosslyn's image scanning experiment

Kosslyn's size in the visual field

Which of Kosslyn's studies found that it takes longer to scan across a longer distance than across shorter ones? a. Kosslyn, Ball, and Reiser's imaginary island experiment b. Kosslyn's size in the visual field c. Kosslyn's image scanning experiment

Kosslyn, Ball, and Reiser's imaginary island experiment

Who proposed that imagery is an abstract representation describing the object? It is different from perception and is a symbolic representation. a. Pylyshyn b. Kosslyn

Pylyshyn

The time allowed to decide if two objects are the same increases with the amount of rotations needed to line the objects up; supports analogue representation. a. Shepard and Metzler b. Chambers and Reizberg c. Finke and Pinker

Shepard and Metzler

Through trial-and-error, a cat eventually escapes a box by triggering the release. It is able to get out faster each time it is placed back in the box. This is: a. Kohler's two-stick problem b. Kohler's box stacking problem c. Thorndike's puzzle box

Thorndike's puzzle box

The pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT a. associations. b. propositions. c. rhymes. d. visualizations.

propositions

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside a. another rabbit. b. a fly. c. a coyote. d. an elephant.

a fly

Mental-scanning experiments found a. a constant scanning time for all locations on an image. b. that imagery does not represent spatial relations in the same way perceptual information c. a negative linear relationship between scanning time and distance on the image. d. a positive linear relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.

a positive linear relationship between scanning time and distance on the image

______ is an average representation of a category. a. an exemplar b. a unit c. a component d. a prototype

a prototype

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be a. a fill-in-the-blank task where participants generate paired members within a category. b. a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title. c. a fill-in-the-blank task where participants generate the category classification for a list of members. d. a task where participants rate the extent to which category members resemble one another.

a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title

If you play with fire, you will get burned. You played with fire. Therefore, you got burned. This is an example of: a. affirming the antecedent b. affirming the consequent c. denying the antecedent d. denying the consequent

affirming the antecedent

If taxes are lowered, I will have more money to spend. I have more money to spend. Therefore, taxes must have been lowered. This is an example of: a. affirming the antecedent b. affirming the consequent c. denying the antecedent d. denying the consequent

affirming the consequent

A set of procedures that will always produce the correct answer. a. algorithms b. heuristics c. analogies

algorithms

The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT a. operations. b. goal state. c. all of the above are elements of the problem space. d. initial state.

all of the above are elements of the problem space

According to Chase and Simon's chess experiment, experts have a better memory than novices for chess pieces arranged in a real game position but not randomly. The more knowledge you have, the less your cognitive load. a. amount of knowledge b. organization of knowledge c. analysis of the problem

amount of knowledge

Carly is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using a. a proposition. b. tacit knowledge. c. the method of loci. d. an analogue representation.

an analogue representation

Drawing parallels between situations, or using a past solution to a problem to solve a new problem. a. algorithms b. heuristics c. analogies

analogies

Shepard and Metzler's experiment supports what type of representation that corresponds with Kosslyn's idea of imagery? a. analogue b. propositional

analogue

Experts take longer to start a problem, but then have a clear plan that they follow, whereas novices are more likely to search randomly as to how to solve the problem. a. amount of knowledge b. organization of knowledge c. analysis of the problem

analysis of the problem

Estimation begins with the initial anchor and is adjusted in light of incoming information. a. means and end analysis b. random search c. anchoring and adjustment d. availability e. representativeness

anchoring and adjustment

Subjects given this equation 1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8 give a lower estimation of what the total is, versus those that get this equation 8x7x6x5x4x3x2x1 give a higher estimation for what the total is. This is an example of: a. means and end analysis b. random search c. anchoring and adjustment d. availability e. representativeness

anchoring and adjustment

"If" part of a premise; "p". a. premise b. conclusion c. antecedent d. consequent

antecedent

IF A PROFESSOR COMES TO CLASS, then there will be a lecture. (What is the part in caps?) a. premise b. conclusion c. antecedent d. consequent

antecedent

Asked to determine whether ____n_ or ___ing has more words in the English language, when they are actually going to be the same amount. This is an example of: a. means and end analysis b. random search c. anchoring and adjustment d. availability e. representativeness

availability

The tendency to judge based on what readily comes to mind. a. means and end analysis b. random search c. anchoring and adjustment d. availability e. representativeness

availability

Experiment where subjects were asked to use various objects to mount a candle to the wall without wax dripping onto the floor, with the realization that the matchbox can be used as a support rather than as a container. a. two string problem b. box and candle problem c. 9-dot problem d. triangle problem

box and candle problem

How is cognitive economy represented in the following example? The property _____ is stored at the _____ node. a. bird; penguin b. can fly; bird c. has feathers; ostrich d. can fly; canary

can fly; bird

The process by which things are placed into categories; the "pointers to knowledge." a. conceptual knowledge b. concept c. category d. categorization

categorization

All possible examples of a particular concept. a. conceptual knowledge b. concept c. category d. categorization

category

Siamese, Tabby, and Persian would all be examples of: a. conceptual knowledge b. concept c. category d. categorization

category

A grandfather is a parent of a parent that is a male. A father would not fit into that category, since they are male and are only a parent. This is an example of the: a. classic view b. probabilistic view c. knowledge-based view

classic view

Which view of placing objects into categories states that all instances of a concept share common properties and if an instance has ALL properties, then it is a member; if not, then it is not a member? a. classic view b. probabilistic view c. knowledge-based view

classic view

A cat would be considered a: a. conceptual knowledge b. concept c. category d. categorization

concept

A mental representation of a class or individual and the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas; provides the rules for creating categories. a. conceptual knowledge b. concept c. category d. categorization

concept

A(n) ____ is a mental representation used for a variety of cognitive functions, including memory, reasoning, and using and understanding language. a. exemplar b. prototype c. unit d. concept

concept

Knowledge that enables us to recognize objects and events and to make inferences about their properties. a. conceptual knowledge b. concept c. category d. categorization

conceptual knowledge

Something we derive from the premises. a. premise b. conclusion c. antecedent d. consequent

conclusion

Therefore, all birds eat food is an example of a: a. premise b. conclusion c. antecedent d. consequent

conclusion

The tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses. a. confirmation bias b. ignoring base rates c. conjunction fallacy d. misconception of chance/gambler's fallacy

confirmation bias

If you say that Sarah has a higher likelihood of being a banker, rather than being a banker that owns a pet shop is an example of: a. confirmation bias b. ignoring base rates c. conjunction fallacy d. misconception of chance/gambler's fallacy

conjunction fallacy

Saying that 2 events have a greater chance of co-occurring than either by themselves. a. confirmation bias b. ignoring base rates c. conjunction fallacy d. misconception of chance/gambler's fallacy

conjunction fallacy

"Then" part of a premise; "q". a. premise b. conclusion c. antecedent d. consequent

consequent

If a professor comes to class, THEN THERE WILL BE A LECTURE. (What is the part in caps) a. premise b. conclusion c. antecedent d. consequent

consequent

What type of mnemonic strategy are items placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout? a. method of loci b. pegword technique c. interactive imagery

method of loci

If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using _____ reasoning a. descriptive b. conjunctive c. deductive d. inductive

deductive

Leads to conclusions that are definite and starts with a theory that you make predictions from. a. inductive reasoning b. truth c. deductive reasoning d. validity

deductive reasoning

If I have cable, then I have seen a naked lady. I don't have cable. Therefore, I have never seen a naked lady. This is an example of: a. affirming the antecedent b. affirming the consequent c. denying the antecedent d. denying the consequent

denying the antecedent

If it is raining, then I will take my umbrella. It is not raining. Therefore, I didn't take my umbrella. This syllogism is an example of a. denying the consequent. b. denying the antecedent. c. affirming the consequent. d. affirming the antecedent.

denying the antecedent

If you pass the test, then you'll get an A for the course. You didn't get an A for this course. Therefore you didn't pass the test. This is an example of: a. affirming the antecedent b. affirming the consequent c. denying the antecedent d. denying the consequent

denying the consequent

The idea that concepts are represented across multiple nodes. a. spreading activation theories b. hierarchical theories c. distributed representation theories

distributed representation theories

What is a problem with the distributed representation theory? a. the basic level may not be the same for everyone b. too powerful (can explain anything by adjusting length and size of links and nodes) and is too flexible c. doesn't explain what humans are doing

doesn't explain what humans are doing

The definitional approach to categorization a. doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants. b. is not well suited for geometrical objects but works for familiar everyday objects. c. was proposed to replace the prototype approach. d. sets definite criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have.

doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants

Actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past. a. exemplar b. typicality c. prototype d. resemblance

exemplar

If you live in Australia and the most common type of birds that you see are Kookaburras, that will be your representation of a bird. This is an example of an: a. exemplar b. typicality c. prototype d. resemblance

exemplar

_______ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past. a. Icons b. Exemplars c. Units d. Prototypes

exemplars

Mental imagery involves a. experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input. b. sensory representations of a stimulus. c. mental representations of the current sensory inputs. d. all of these

experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input

If Carla sees a crime, what would we be relying on in order to catch the criminal? a. power of suggestion b. eyewitness memory c. misinformation effect d. memory impairment

eyewitness memory

Incident is seen once and it is not expected, is very short in duration, criminals minimize chances of being recognized, you add information to make the story coherent, and the testimony is given a long time after the incident. a. power of suggestion b. eyewitness memory c. misinformation effect d. memory impairment

eyewitness memory

An advantage of the prototype approach over the exemplar approach is that the prototype approach provides a better explanation of the typicality effect. a. True b. False

false

Saying that all living room furniture has two arms and four legs. a. definitional approach to categorization b. family resemblance c. prototype approach to categorization d. prototype

family resemblance

The idea that things in a particular category resemble one another in a number of ways (similarities, relationships, something in common); allows for variation within a category. a. definitional approach to categorization b. family resemblance c. prototype approach to categorization d. prototype

family resemblance

How people react to choice in different ways, depending on how it is presented. a. representativeness of observations b. number of observations c. framing effects

framing effects

When choosing between gains, people prefer sure gain over risk; while choosing between loses, people prefer risk over sure loss (the outcomes are the same regardless). This is an example of: a. representativeness of observations b. number of observations c. framing effects

framing effects

Seeing objects in terms of only its most common use, like in the two string and box and candle problems. a. mental set b. functional fixedness

functional fixedness

Solution of the problem, or where you want to be in regards to problem solving. a. goal state b. operation c. initial state

goal state

Rules of thumb that usually give the correct answer. a. algorithms b. heuristics c. analogies

heuristics

Deciding if both words are real or gibberish and if they are related to one another is an example of: a. spreading activation theories b. hierarchical theories c. distributed representation theories

hierarchical theories

What type of organization has larger, more general categories that are divided into smaller, more specific categories (creating a number of levels of categories)? a. spreading activation theories b. hierarchical theories c. distributed representation theories

hierarchical theories

If people watched a video of a bird chirping and the tester then told the subjects after the video that the bird was speaking Spanish, what is the likelihood that they would adopt that information into their memory of the video? a. highly likely b. likely c. unlikely d. highly unlikely

highly unlikely

When someone ignores the relative proportion of the different classes in the population. a. confirmation bias b. ignoring base rates c. conjunction fallacy d. misconception of chance/gambler's fallacy

ignoring base rates

Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated a. that humans cannot successfully rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees. b. that humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects. c. imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms. d. how easy mental rotation is for humans.

imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _____ reasoning. a. deductive b. inductive c. syllogistic d. connective

inductive

Leads to conclusions that are probable and you generalize from observation of cases to a general conclusion. a. inductive reasoning b. truth c. deductive reasoning d. validity

inductive reasoning

Conditions at the beginning of a problem, or where you currently are in regards to problem solving. a. goal state b. operation c. initial state

initial state

What type of mnemonic strategy do you create an interactive image between objects that enhances memory? a. method of loci b. pegword technique c. interactive imagery

interactive imagery

Affirming the consequent is: a. valid b. invalid

invalid

Denying the antecedent is: a. valid b. invalid

invalid

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery a. is based on abstract symbols. b. is similar for all people. c. can be used to solve spatial problems. d. actually exists.

is based on abstract symbols

The validity of a syllogism depends on a. the truth of its conclusion. b. both the truth of its premises and the truth of its conclusion. c. the truth of its premises. d. its form.

its form

The application of a(n) ____ makes it easier to solve the "drinking beer" version of the Wason problem. a. conditional syllogism b. knowledge c. availability heuristic d. conjunction rule

knowledge

Which view is organized by theories and no longer by matching similarities? a. classic view b. probabilistic view c. knowledge-based view

knowledge-based view

Which view of placing objects into categories states that concepts are embedded in general knowledge, which indicate what features are important and what to consider? a. classic view b. probabilistic view c. knowledge-based view

knowledge-based view

Correspondences between domains; connecting elements of the source problem to the target problem. a. source b. target c. mappings

mappings

The solution to the candle problem involves realizing that the a. match box can be used as a shelf. b. candle can be cut in half. c. candle can be oriented horizontally or diagonally. d. match box can be used as a container for tacks.

match box can be used as a shelf

Breaking a problem into sub-problems or sub-goals to reduce the difference between the initial and goal states. a. means and end analysis b. random search c. anchoring and adjustment d. availability e. representativeness

means and end analysis

Your initial state is to get into college, with your goal state as graduating college. You break this into completing each year with a good GPA. This is an example of: a. means and end analysis b. random search c. anchoring and adjustment d. availability e. representativeness

means and end analysis

When misinformation repairs or replaces the initial memory. a. power of suggestion b. eyewitness memory c. misinformation effect d. memory impairment

memory impairment

Responding in a certain way based on past experience, like in the water jug problem. a. mental set b. functional fixedness

mental set

Sometimes __________ prevent(s) people from using the most efficient solution. a. means-end analysis b. functional fixedness c. mental sets d. analogies

mental sets

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as a. paired-associate learning. b. the pegword technique. c. method of loci. d. a propositional representation.

method of loci

Your professor tells you to place images of the words they are saying throughout a familiar layout. Once they are done saying the words, you are supposed to go on a mental walk throughout the layout, picking up the words as you go. This is an example of: a. method of loci b. pegword technique c. interactive imagery

method of loci

Believing that prior outcomes can influence the outcome of an event. a. confirmation bias b. ignoring base rates c. conjunction fallacy d. misconception of chance/gambler's fallacy

misconception of chance/gambler's fallacy

When playing a card game and you win the first couple of rounds, you are likely to believe that you will continue that streak. This is an example of: a. confirmation bias b. ignoring base rates c. conjunction fallacy d. misconception of chance/gambler's fallacy

misconception of chance/gambler's fallacy

According to Loftus, if we give a person information that is not necessarily true after they witness an event, they are likely to add that information when they recall the event. a. power of suggestion b. eyewitness memory c. misinformation effect d. memory impairment

misinformation effect

Post-event misleading information alters the memory of the event. a. power of suggestion b. eyewitness memory c. misinformation effect d. memory impairment

misinformation effect

If you commit to something publicly, are you more or less likely to stand by it, even if it isn't true?

more likely

I described imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself walking in a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows a. neglect occurred in imagery so that the patient, imagining the walk from one direction and neglecting the left side of the plaza, was then unable to imagine walking the plaza from the other direction. b. neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was walking. c. neglect manifests itself in perception only, not in imagery. d. neglect occurred in imagery such that some objects in the plaza were never reported.

neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was walking

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n) a. new object. b. familiar object. c. frequently used object. d. object with a specific function.

new object

According to Gick and Holyoak, what is the process to analogical problem solving? a. applying the mapping to generate a solution, mapping the correspondence, and then noticing the analogy between the source and target problems b. mapping the correspondence, noticing the analogy between the source and target problems, and then applying the mapping to generate a solution c. noticing the analogy between the source and target problems, mapping the correspondence, and then applying the mapping to generate a solution d. mapping the correspondence, applying the mapping to generate a solution, and then noticing the analogy between the source and target problems

noticing the analogy between the source and target problems, mapping the correspondence, and then applying the mapping to generate a solution

Michael observed 12 different court cases while Stephen only observed 7. Michael probably has a better argument over what occurs during court based on: a. representativeness of observations b. number of observations c. framing effects

number of observations

The more numbers of observations, the better the argument. a. representativeness of observations b. number of observations c. framing effects

number of observations

Inductive reasoning involves a. definite conclusions. b. observational premises. c. logical certainty. d. factual premises.

observational premises

Actions that take the problem from one state to another, or the actions towards the goal related to problem solving. a. goal state b. operation c. initial state

operation

According to the Chi and coworkers physics experiment where experts and novices sorted problems into groups, novices categorized based on surface features, whereas experts categorized based on structure. a. amount of knowledge b. organization of knowledge c. analysis of the problem

organization of knowledge

Are we able to see more differences when looking at people of our own race or of different races?

own race

What type of mnemonic strategy do you associate each word with a word on a previously memorized list, forming an image? a. method of loci b. pegword technique c. interactive imagery

pegword technique

You are asked to associate numbers with a letter that rhymes with them (1, bun; 2, shoe; etc.). You are then asked to associate the rhyming word with on a new list; imagining a bun on a tree and a shoe on a door. This is an example of: a. method of loci b. pegword technique c. interactive imagery

pegword technique

A statement. a. premise b. conclusion c. antecedent d. consequent

premise

All birds are animals and all animals eat food is an example of a: a. premise b. conclusion c. antecedent d. consequent

premise

Spreading activation a. inhibits unrelated concepts. b. creates new links between associated concepts. c. weakens the link between unrelated concepts d. primes associated concepts.

primes associated concepts

Prototypes and exemplars are part of which view? a. classic view b. probabilistic view c. knowledge-based view

probabilistic view

Which view of placing objects into categories states that classification into categories are determined by level of similarity to that representation? Representation includes features usually true for instances of a concept. a. classic view b. probabilistic view c. knowledge-based view

probabilistic view

Averaging all of the birds that you typically see on a day to day basis to be the general term for "bird" would be a: a. definitional approach to categorization b. family resemblance c. prototype approach to categorization d. prototype

prototype

The "typical" member of the category; based on an average of members of a category that are commonly experienced. a. definitional approach to categorization b. family resemblance c. prototype approach to categorization d. prototype

prototype

Membership in a category is determined by comparing the object to a prototype that represents the category. a. definitional approach to categorization b. family resemblance c. prototype approach to categorization d. prototype

prototype approach to categorization

Essentially trial and error, where the solver randomly picks a move and tests to see if the goal is achieved. a. means and end analysis b. random search c. anchoring and adjustment d. availability e. representativeness

random search

Not knowing the answers to an online quiz, so you take the quiz multiple times until you get 100% without actually studying the material. This is an example of: a. means and end analysis b. random search c. anchoring and adjustment d. availability e. representativeness

random search

Estimating that something is more likely if it has many typical features of its category. a. means and end analysis b. random search c. anchoring and adjustment d. availability e. representativeness

representativeness

How well observations about a category represent all members of a category. a. representativeness of observations b. number of observations c. framing effects

representativeness of observations

When doing a project on farming, you should think about animals as well as food as indicators of being a farmer. This is an example of: a. representativeness of observations b. number of observations c. framing effects

representativeness of observations

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving a. sensory operators. b. restructuring. c. multiple goal states. d. continuity and form

restructuring

The information processing approach describes problem solving as a process involving a. insight. b. design fixation. c. gestalt. d. search.

search

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from a. understanding why the procedure works successfully. b. discriminating between well- and ill-defined problems. c. being able to solve other problems at all. d. seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem

A domain you have knowledge about; a problem that shares some similarities with the target problem and illustrates a way to solve the target problem. a. source b. target c. mappings

source

Seeing the how the castle problem was solved and then asked to answer the tumor problem again would be an example of what type of problem? a. source b. target c. mappings

source

Abandoning hierarchical structure and replacing it with experience-based structure. You are more likely to remember things that are similar due to your personal experience, rather than the amount of similarities between them is an example of: a. spreading activation theories b. hierarchical theories c. distributed representation theories

spreading activation theories

You think that a pig and a duck are more similar than a duck and a penguin, because you live on a farm and have never seen a penguin before. This is an example of: a. spreading activation theories b. hierarchical theories c. distributed representation theories

spreading activation theories

A domain you are trying to think about; a problem the subject is trying to solve. a. source b. target c. mappings

target

The tumor problem that can be solved by lasers in an example of what type of problem? a. source b. target c. mappings

target

Consider the following argument: Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow. a. The argument is strong because the premise includes scientific evidence. b. The argument is weak because the observation does not consider other cities. c. The argument is weak because there is only one specific case. d. The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations.

the argument is strong because there are a large number of observations

Premise 1: all birds are animals Premise 2: all animals have 4 legs Conclusion: therefore, all birds have 4 legs a. inductive reasoning b. truth c. deductive reasoning d. validity

validity

What is a problem with the hierarchical theory? a. the basic level may not be the same for everyone b. too powerful (can explain anything by adjusting length and size of links and nodes) and is too flexible c. doesn't explain what humans are doing

the basic level may not be the same for everyone

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by a. the representativeness of the information contained in each concept. b. the distance that must be traveled through the network. c. the typicality of the information contained in each concept. d. the amount of information contained in each concept.

the distance that must be traveled through the network

The key to solving the Wason four-card problem is a. the falsification principle. b. inductive reasoning. c. a categorical syllogism. d. the law of large numbers.

the falsification principle

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is _____ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird." a. slower than b. faster than c. the same as

the same as

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because a. the goal state is not clearly defined. b. there is an obstacle between the present state and the goal state. c. the initial state is not clearly defined. d. the solution is immediately obvious.

the solution is immediately obvious

Insight refers to a. prior learning facilitating problem solving. b. the tendency to respond in a certain manner, based on past experience. c. prior learning hindering problem solving. d. the sudden realization of a problem's solution.

the sudden realization of a problem's solution

Which of the following has been used as an argument AGAINST the idea that imagery is spatial in nature? a. Depictive representations b. The tacit-knowledge explanation c. The results of scanning experiments

the tacit-knowledge explanation

What is wrong with the probabilistic view of placing objects into categories? a. too flexible b. too inflexible c. doesn't include all categories d. there is more than similarity

there is more than similarity

What is wrong with the classic view of placing objects into categories? a. too flexible b. too inflexible c. doesn't include all categories d. there is more than similarity

too inflexible

What is a problem with the spreading activation theory? a. the basic level may not be the same for everyone b. too powerful (can explain anything by adjusting length and size of links and nodes) and is too flexible c. doesn't explain what humans are doing

too powerful (can explain anything by adjusting length and size of links and nodes) and is too flexible

Depends on the content of the premises; are the premises consistent with facts? a. inductive reasoning b. truth c. deductive reasoning d. validity

truth

Experiment where subjects were asked to tie together two strings hanging from the ceiling, but the strings are too far apart to reach one while holding the other. You can tie the pliers to one string to create a pendulum. a. two string problem b. box and candle problem c. 9-dot problem d. triangle problem

two string problem

Saying Steven Tyler is a bad representation of a grandfather, but George H. Bush is a good representation is an example of: a. exemplar b. typicality c. prototype d. resemblance

typicality

Whether a category member closely resembles the category prototype. a. exemplar b. typicality c. prototype d. resemblance

typicality

When you ignore one half of the space that you are viewing (typically the left side). There is nothing wrong with your vision, as it is an attentional issue; you see everything, but your vision ignores it. a. inattentional blindness b. visual neglect c. lateral blindness d. unilateral neglect

unilateral neglect

Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness? a. Using a tire as a swing seat and as a football practice target b. Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice c. Using a pair of pliers as a paperweight d. Using a wine bottle as a vase

using a juice glass as a container for orange juice

Affirming the antecedent is: a. valid b. invalid

valid

Consider the following syllogism: All cats are birds. All birds have wings. All cats have wings. This syllogism is: a. valid b. invalid c. both valid and true d. true

valid

Denying the consequent is: a. valid b. invalid

valid