PSY 220 Exam 1

Seena likes to suck on a pacifier during naptime at her daycare. One day, her mother forgets to pack the pacifier so her teachers offer her a plastic toy to suck on instead. In learning to suck on this toy, Seena relies heavily on __________. a. accommodation b. assimilation c. object permanence d. maturation

A. Accommodation

In general, the higher the mother's age, educational level, and socioeconomic status, the more likely she is to _____. a. breast-feed b. formula feed c. be unable to breast-feed d. use supplements along with formula feeding

A. breast-feed

If Salma is typical of most infants, his first tooth will appear at ________ of age. a. 2 months b. 5 to 9 months c. 10 to 11 months d. 15 months

B. 5 to 9 months

Patrice is 6 months old and is quite talkative. She is now using repetitive consonant-vowel combinations, and her favorite appears to be ba-ba-ba-ba. Patrice has reached the ______________ milestone in language development. a. cooing b. babbling c. gurgling d. infant-directed speech

B. babbling.

____ of mothers and ____ of fathers feel overwhelmed by the burden of caring for a newborn in the United States and the United Kingdom. a. 20%; 60% b. 15%; 30% c. 10%; 4% d. 0 %; 5%

C. 10%; 4%

________________ is formed when the ovum and sperm unite and fertilization takes place. a. The blastula b. The blastocyst c. The zygote d. The embryo

C. The zygote

From infancy onward, ________ memory comes easier to us than ________ memory. a. social, recognition b. recall, recognition c. recognition, recall d. infantile amnesia, recall

C. recognition; recall.

What percent of the world's population lives on a family income of less than $6,000 per year? a.20% b.40% c.60% d.80%

D. 80%

During the embryonic period __________________. a. the blastocyst forms b. the zygote is created c. the zygote attaches to the uterine wall d. the major organs develop

D. The major organs develop

Which of the following questions would a behavior geneticist be most likely to ask? a. "Why are children in the same family so different from one another?" b. "Are preterm babies more likely to have learning difficulties during the school years?" c. "How can prenatal tests be used to detect Down syndrome?" d. "What effects does alcohol have on the developing organism?"

A. "Why are children in the same family so different from one another?"

Although women are capable of giving birth to at least eight children in the course of their reproductive lives, how many children do most women have today? a.0 to 3 b.4 c.5 d.6 or more

A. 0 to 3

Maha begins rooting while being held by her mother's friend, who quickly passes Maha back to her mother to be breast-fed. Based on Piaget's sensorimotor substages, how old is Maha? a. 0-1 months b. 1-4 months c. 4-8 months d. 8-12 months

A. 0-1 months

How long did it take the human population to double from 500 million to 1 billion? a.150 years b.300 years c.450 years d.600 years

A. 150 Years

Soon after birth, an infant will root for a nipple and begin to suckle. How long after birth is this likely to occur? a. 30 minutes b. 60 minutes c. 90 minutes d. 120 minutes

A. 30 minutes

In the United States and the United Kingdom, what percent of fathers experience postpartum depression? a. 4% b. 8% c. 12% d. 16%

A. 4%

What percent of the world's population lives in the United States? a.5% b.10% c.15% d.20%

A. 5%

____ is characterized by cities, written language, specialization of work, and differences among people with wealth and status. a.A civilization b.The ethnicity of a group c.Nationality d.A race of people

A. A civilization

Statistically speaking, a child born today will most likely be from ______. a. a developing country b. a developed country c. an economically wealthy country d. a high social economic status culture

A. A developing Country

What type of correlation describes the situation in which the more hours spent sitting or in sedentary activity on the job, the higher the person's body mass index (BMI)? a. A positive correlation b. A negative correlation c. No correlation d. A curved correlation

A. A positive correlation

Which of the following best illustrates a good fit between caregiver and child? a. A slow-to-warm up baby whose parents are patient and understanding b. An irritable baby who is reared by parents who are rigid and intolerant c. A "difficult" infant whose parents love their child, but respond with anger d. A shy and often fussy child whose parents try to overcome this by encouraging face-to-face interactions with others

A. A slow-to-warm up baby whose parents are patient and understanding.

In general, ___________ have the highest rates of DZ twins. a. African Americans b. European Americans c. Asian Americans d. Hispanic Americans

A. African Americans

______ is the most common cause of inability to ovulate. a. Age b. Cigarette smoking c. Alcohol abuse d. Being extremely overweight

A. Age

Which of the following is TRUE? a. All eggs in the mother contain an X chromosome. b. All sperm carry a Y chromosome. c. The Y chromosome is larger than the X chromosome. d. The X chromosome and Y chromosome carry the same amount of genetic material.

A. All eggs in the mother contain an X chromosome

Scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development ___________________. a. are useful as a screening tool because those who score very low may have developmental problems b. are predictive of later IQ or school performance c. are no longer used because they are considered out of date d. are calculated for use with children ages 3 months to 9 years

A. Are useful as a screening tool because those who score very low may have developmental problems.

One reflection of the development of infants' short-term memory is their improvement _______________. a. at the task of object permanence b. in their fine motor skills c. in their gross motor skills d. in their language skills

A. At the task of object permanence.

Which of the following statements about breast feeding is most accurate? a. Babies in developing countries are more at risk for health problems if their mothers do not breast feed them than are babies in developed countries. b. Breast feeding promotes better health in childhood, but does not have any influence on long-term health. c. Breast-fed babies are more likely than bottle-fed babies to become obese in childhood because they are used to eating on demand. d. The colostrum that mothers produce in the first weeks after birth can be dangerous to babies, so doctors advise using formula until the mother begins producing milk.

A. Babies in developing countries are more at risk for health problems if their mothers do not breast feed them than are babies in developed countries.

Carissa has a family history of Down syndrome and is in her 5th week of pregnancy. She decides that she would like to find out as early as possible whether her unborn child has Down syndrome or any other genetic abnormality. What test is she likely to get? a. Chorionic villus sampling b. Amniocentesis c. Sonogram d. Echocardiogram

A. Chronic villus sampling

What condition occurs when crying is of extreme duration? a. colic b. dysphoric crying c. intestinal inflammation d. infant abuse

A. Colic

A. and W. are brothers and work together. A. owns a cleaning business and his brother W. helps when the jobs are too big for A. to do alone. These brothers most likely live in a(n) _____________ culture. a.collectivistic b.individualistic c.conventional d.caste

A. Collectivistic

Your grandmother is convinced that formula is the best way to feed infants because that is the way that she was fed as an infant. Although you do not want to argue, why did her mother's generation formula feed rather than breast-feed? a. Companies that produced formula convinced the public that formula feeding was the healthiest way to feed infants. b. Your great-grandmother was correct, we should be formula feeding. c. In the 1930s and 1940s, it was much more difficult to breast-feed. d. Evidence is now beginning to emerge indicating that breast-feeding can be dangerous to infants.

A. Companies that produced formula convinces the public that formula feeding was the healthiest way to feed infants.

____ refers to the most affluent countries in the world. a.Developed countries b.Developing countries c.Collective cultures d.Individualistic cultures

A. Developed Countries

The most common classification for the babies in Thomas and Chess' original study were classified as _____________________. a. easy b. difficult c. moderate d. slow-to-warm-up

A. Easy

Phoebe is very proud of her ability to speak Japanese, her parents' native language, and she has taught herself a number of traditional Japanese dances and songs. Phoebe is proud of her _______________. a.ethnicity b.majority culture c.socioeconomic status d.caste status

A. Ethnicity

It is January 1989 in Beijing, China, and Huang and Jiao have just married. They want to conceive a child as soon as possible, as most newly married Chinese couples do. Considering it is the middle of winter, and fruits and vegetables are not readily available, what important nutrient in Huang's prenatal diet is likely to be missing, potentially causing her child to be born with spina bifida? a. Folic acid b. Potassium c. Calcium d. Vitamin D

A. Folic Acid

The blastocyst forms during the ___________. a. germinal period b. embryonic period c. fetal period d. second trimester

A. Germinal Stage

While on a walk with her mother, Sofia comes across a dog. She notices that her mother is smiling at the dog so Sofia also shows a positive reaction to it. Sofia's reaction illustrates _______________________. a. habituation b. emotional contagion c. social referencing d. infant-directed emotion

A. Habituation

Errol was adopted from a Romanian orphanage nine years ago. He was physically and emotionally deprived until a couple adopted him at age 2½. It is most likely that Errol _________________. a. had more cognitive impairment than he would have had if he had been adopted before 6 months of age b. will have greater brain plasticity than his counterparts who were not raised in impoverished conditions c. will show no signs of cognitive impairment because of overproduction of neurons d. stayed overweight for most of his life once he was no longer deprived of food

A. Had more cognitive impairment than he would have had if he had been adopted before 6 months of age.

Surita is a midwife in a traditional culture. She is most likely to _______________. a. have spent time as an apprentice to a more experienced midwife b. be childless, so that she is able to devote more time to this work c. be a young woman because she will be able to practice midwifery for longer than her older counterparts d. exclude other relatives from being present to reduce possible contamination

A. Have spent time as an apprentice to amore experienced midwife

Between now and 2050, what will the increase in population in the United States be nearly entirely due to? a.immigration b.minority fertility c.majority fertility d.in-vitro fertilization

A. Immigration

Where does the developmental life stage of emerging adulthood usually appear? a. In developed countries b. In traditional cultures c. In collectivistic cultures d. In developing countries

A. In developed countries

Why is it important for parents to remember that a lot of the crying that infants do in their early life occurs for no particular reason? a. It triggers distress in those around the infants. b. It is thought to communicate important information. c. It is just a way for infants to increase lung volume. d. It has no communicative purpose.

A. It triggers a distress in those around the infants.

The most common teratogen worldwide is ________. a. malnutrition b. rubella c. alcohol d. tobacco

A. Malnutrition

Kalid is an African American who was born in New York but is currently living in Alabama. When asked his political and religious beliefs, he describes himself as more similar to those who are located in the northeastern states than those who are located in the southern part of the United States. At times, his friends amuse themselves at Kalid's expense by mocking his Brooklyn accent. The above statements are describing Kalid's ______. a.nationality b.race c.ethnicity d.mainstream cultural group

A. Nationality

Charles Darwin, in his book The Origin of Species, first proposed the theory of _____. a.natural selection b.social Darwinism c.psychosocial reproduction d.the unconscious id

A. Natural Selection

The cultivation of plants and the domestication of animals occurred during the ____ period of evolutionary history. a.Neolithic b.Jurassic c.Paleolithic d.Monolithic

A. Neolithic

What term is used to describe the development of the individual? a.ontogenetic development b.phylogenetic development c.polygenetic development d.autogenetic development

A. Ontogenetic Development

What term is used to describe the development of the human species? a. ontogenetic development b. phylogenetic development c. polygenetic development d. autogenetic development

A. Ontogenetic development

John is short for his age and is very coordinated. Although exposed to a variety of activities, none has particularly interested him. His father, who used to wrestle when he was younger, signs John up for wrestling thinking this could be the perfect sport. He convinces John to give it a try and John goes on to become a champion wrestler. This is an example of __________. a. passive genotype-environment effects b. evocative genotype-environment effects c. active genotype-environment effects d. heritability

A. Passive genotype-environment effects

Your friend is very concerned because his wife seems to be overwhelmed by the responsibilities of caring for an infant. They were both extremely excited when they became pregnant, but now his wife is intensely sad and anxious and her emotions are interfering with her ability to function. What do you tell him she probably has? a. postpartum depression b. childcare depression c. parental neurosis d. infant abuse

A. Postpartum depression

Supported by research, UNICEF and the World Health Organization have begun a campaign to ____. a. promote breast-feeding b. improve the nutritional value of milk-based formula c. seek political asylum for those who are of childbearing age d. encourage the use of rice as a substitute for breast milk

A. Promote breast-feeding.

In Chess and Thomas' (1984) longitudinal study, they classified the infants into their three categories and then followed these infants as they developed into adulthood. What did they find? a. Temperament in infancy predicted later development in some respects. b. Infant temperament was only predictive of the later development of middle- and high- socioeconomic status individuals. c. Infant temperament was only predictive of the later development of the 35% who were not able to be classified into one of the three groups. d. It was impossible to predict later development from infant temperament.

A. Temperament in infancy predicted later develop tin some respects.

In the book ____, Charles Darwin proposes the theory of natural selection. a.The Origin of Species b.Principles of Psychology c.On Becoming a Person d.Walden Two

A. The Origin of Species

What country allows for more legal immigrations than most other countries and has tens of millions of illegal immigrants as well? a. the United States b. Canada c. Germany d. Japan

A. The United States

After fertilization, the first 2 weeks of pregnancy is called ___________. a. the germinal period b. the embryonic period c. the fetal period d. the first trimester

A. The germinal Period

____ is the number of births per woman. a. Total fertility rate b. Expressive births c. Implicit calculation of replacement d. The sum of replacement

A. Total fertility Rate

Given what is known about the population changes in the past 10 years, which country is likely to see the highest total fertility rate (TFR)? a.United States b.Canada c.South Korea d.India

A. United States

It is clear that during the ____ human began to use boats and trade with others. a.Upper Paleolithic period b.Lower Mesozoic period c.Middle Cenozoic period d.Lower Jurassic period

A. Upper Paleolithic period

What name is given to a lactating woman who breast-feeds an infant but is not the infant's mother? a. wet nurse b. breast-feeding nurse c. surrogate mother d. lactating non-mother

A. Wet nurse

C-sections __________________________. a. are performed when the baby is in the breech position and attempts to turn the baby into a head-first position have not been successful b. require the same recovery time as a vaginal birth if they are performed correctly c. have only been proven safe in the cases where there is a failure to progress d. are performed at equally small rates around the world because they are seen as a last resort

A. are performed when the baby is in the breech position and attempts to turn the baby into a head-first position have not been successful.

Speed of ________ is a good predictor of later memory and intelligence. a. habituation b. making the A-not-B error c. accommodation d. secondary circular reactions

A. habituation

Combining what scholars have learned from observing infants in a variety of different cultures today, along with what other scholars have learned from studying human evolutionary history and the history of human societies, what is one of the things that infants' social worlds have in common across most cultures? a. Infants are with their mothers almost constantly during the early months of life. b. Infants see few people other than their own mother for the first year. c. Fathers are very hands on with infants, especially during the first year. d. Infants are put down in a quiet space for most of the day while the rest of the family goes about its daily routines.

A. infants are with their mothers almost constantly during the early months of life.

Biruk is a two-month old infant. He _______________________. a. needs more fat in his diet than at any other time of life b. does not eat as often as he will when he is a toddler c. has nutritional energy needs that are less than they will be at any other time in life d. will probably be introduced to solid foods at about the same age regardless of the culture in which he is raised

A. needs more fat in his diet than any other time of life

If current trends continue, when will the worldwide total fertility rate (TFR) reach the replacement rate? a. 2020 b. 2050 c. 2080 d. 3010

B. 2050

At what month of gestation in humans are the breasts ready to produce milk? a. 2 b. 4 c. 8 d. 10

B. 4

What percent of children in developing countries are enrolled in secondary education? a.30% b.50% c.70% d.90%

B. 50%

Nursing helps the mother return to her pre-pregnancy weight. Nursing requires the mother to burn how many additional calories per day? a. 10-400 b. 500-1,000 c. 2,000-2,500 d. 4,000-4,500

B. 500-1,000

Who has the greatest risk of developing hemophilia, which is an X-linked recessive disorder? a. A female who has one X chromosome that contains the gene for this disorder b. A male who has one X chromosome that contains the gene for this disorder c. Males and females with one X chromosome that contains the gene for the disorder will have equal risk. d. Only Native Americans, due to their unique genetic makeup

B. A male who has one X-chromosome that contains the gene for this disorder.

Errol's father carries two recessive genes for sickle-cell anemia, and Errol's mother carries two normal dominant genes. Therefore, Errol has inherited _______________ from his parents. a. anemia b. A resistance to malaria c. Sickle-cell anemia d. Huntington's chorea

B. A resistance to malaria

________ generates hypotheses that can be tested in research. a.An unbiased sample b.A theory c.The research design d.The research method

B. A theory

Compared to breast milk, formula lacks which of the following? a. protein b. antibodies c. calcium d. vitamin D

B. Antibodies

Shonda and Trinity have been a couple for eight years, and they are now excited to take the leap into parenthood together. Because they are both women, they have decided to use ________________, which would involve injecting a donor's sperm into Shonda's uterus while she is ovulating. a. epidurals b. artificial insemination c. in vitro fertilization d. chorionic villus sampling

B. Artificial insemination

A child who has an X0 chromosomal makeup (where 0 denotes a missing chromosome where there is supposed to be a 23rd pair) will most likely __________________. a. be a male with Down syndrome b. be a female who will later experience problems in the development of the reproductive system c. be a typical female who will not experience cognitive or physical problems d. not survive past the age of 3

B. Be a female who will later experience problems in the development of the reproductive system.

If Susan learns that her infertility problem is due to a problem with the ________ successfully implanting, something went wrong during the germinal period. a. zygote b. blastocyst c. fetus d. trophoblast

B. Blastocyst

The rules of threes: If the crying goes on for more than three hours a day, over more than three days at a time, and for more than three weeks, then the infant is ____. a. easy tempered b. colicky c. overly gassy d. melancholy

B. Colicky

____ is a thick, yellowish liquid that is extremely rich in protein and antibodies that strengthen the neonate's immune system. a. Epidural b. Colostrum c. Lanugo d. Rh factor

B. Colostrum

Fertility drugs ___________________. a. lead to pregnancy in virtually all women if they take them long enough b. decrease a woman's chances of having DZ twins c. are also known in the medical community as in vitro fertilization d. carry risks such as blood clots and kidney damage

B. Decrease a woman's chances of having DZ twins

Nearly all of the population growth in the decades to come will take place in ____. a.developed countries b.developing countries c.emerging countries d.South American countries

B. Developing countries

Your neighbor who just gave birth has always been a health nut, is very careful what she eats, and is interested in getting back to her pre-pregnancy weight. What advice could you give her? a. Go on a restrictive diet and reduce her caloric intake by 500 calories. b. Eat regularly and breast-feed, which burns approximately 500 to 1,000 calories. c. Consider taking diet pills. d. Run at least 5 miles a day to burn an extra 500 calories.

B. Eat regularly and breast-feed, which burns approximately 500 to 1,000 calories.

Marie is a heavy drinker and managed to stop drinking for most of her pregnancy. If she drank alcohol during the ________ period, her baby would be most at risk of structural damage. a. prenatal b. embryonic c. germinal d. blastula

B. Embryonic

Your sister is pregnant. She has always been health-conscious and exercises regularly. She is planning on engaging in aerobic exercise by continuing to go to her exercise classes. According to most physicians, she should _________________. a. be very careful as this type of exercise during pregnancy could lower muscle mass b. exercise regularly as she will stimulate the circulatory system and muscles c. exercise regularly because it lowers the chances of teratogens reaching the fetus d. avoid aerobic exercise as it has been shown to dangerously increase fetal heart rate

B. Exercise regularly as she will stimulate the circulatory system and muscles.

Early in their lives, four out of five American infants have frequent episodes of crying that last for 15 or more minutes ____. a. because of separation anxiety b. for no apparent cause c. as a function of frustration for lack of parental attention d. because their environment is not warm enough

B. For no apparent cause

One critique of Freud's theory is that ______________. a.it reduced human behavior to only one motive: the need to be integrated into the social environment b.Freud never studied children c.it was derived from studying his own patients, most of whom were middle-class men d.he focused on culture much more than other aspects of development

B. Freud never studied children

Enrico's biological parents were both musicians, so he was born with a(n) __________ that included exceptional musical ability, but because he was never exposed to musical instruments or instruction when he was adopted, he never developed his musical ability. a. allele b. genotype c. phenotype d. heritability

B. Genotype

Temperament _________________________. a. has been measured using the same nineteen components across various studies b. has only been assessed using cross-sectional methods c. is considered to have a biological basis d. has no bearing whatsoever on later development

B. Has only been assessed using cross-sectional methods.

Researchers have proposed that the immaturity of the ________ at birth is why humans show infantile amnesia. a. cingulate gyrus b. hippocampus c. frontal lobe d. temporal lobe

B. Hippocampus

Unlike other animals, human infants do not ____. a. seek b. imprint c. attach d. connect

B. Imprint

What is the instant and enduring bond to the first moving object that geese see after hatching? a. attachment b. imprinting c. mother-offspring relationship d. mother-offspring reunion

B. Imprinting

Fertilization can take place only __________________. a. within three days after the ovum enters the fallopian tube b. in the first 24 hours after the ovum enters the fallopian tube c. in the first 2 hours after the ovum enters the fallopian tube d. if intercourse occurs on the day of ovulation

B. In the first 24 hours after the ovum enters the fallopian tube

The three traditional conceptions of life (in the Dharmashastras, the Talmud, and as proposed by Solon) differ _____________________. a. in that only one is a view of how we develop if all goes well b. in the way that they divide the life span c. in the level of maturity they attribute to youth d. in the stage of life when wisdom is evident

B. In the way that they divide the life span

Keisha has inherited one recessive gene for the sickle-cell trait along with one normal dominant gene. As a result of this ________, she is resistant to malaria and does not have sickle-cell anemia. a. dominant-recessive inheritance b. incomplete dominance c. polygenic inheritance d. reaction range

B. Incomplete dominance

Mahori was strapped to his mother's back for the first year of his life. Which of the following is LEAST LIKELY? a. He will have some muscle atrophy that will cause him to be delayed in walking by a few years. b. Mahori's motor development will be similar to an American child if they are compared during kindergarten. c. The sequence of his motor development will be the same as that of babies in cultures where walking during infancy is actively encouraged. d. Both genes and environment play a role in his motor development.

B. Maori's motor development will be similar to an American child if they are compared during kindergarten.

Infants who are irritable, have problems eating and sleeping, and have difficulty forming attachments are more likely to have mothers who have ____. a. schizophrenia b. postpartum depression c. no health insurance d. no support from their partners

B. Postpartum depression

According to Freud, _______ is the driving force behind human development. a.attachment to one's mother b.sexual desire c.cognitive development d.trust

B. Sexual Desire

Of the emotions listed below, _______________ is the emotion an infant would likely display later in development than the others. a. fear b. shame c. disgust d. anger

B. Shame

When mothers show negative emotions in relation to a toy in the laboratory, infants will avoid the toy, which illustrates _____________________. a. habituation b. social referencing c. the still-face paradigm d. goodness of fit

B. Social referencing

Of the benefits listed below, which one has NOT been associated with breast-feeding and health in adolescence and adulthood? a. superior bone density b. taller stature c. enhanced vision d. improved cardiovascular functioning

B. Taller Stature

The human population began to increase noticeably around 10,000 years ago. What has been hypothesized as the reason for the population increase at that time? a.the discovery of medicine b.the development of agriculture and the domestication of animals c.an increase in the size of women's pelvic openings that assisted in labor d.construction techniques that allowed for stronger homes that were better heated

B. The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals

Both Erikson and Bowlby viewed _____ as crucial to future emotional and social development. a. language ability b. the first attachment relationship c. an easy or slow-to-warm-up temperament d. one's biological makeup

B. The first attachment relationship.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding research methods? a. The most commonly used method in social science research is the open-ended interview. b. The main drawback of the experimental method is that the findings may not generalize in real-life settings. c. The strength of the case study approach is the ability to generalize the findings. d. The main advantage of gathering non-numerical data from interviews is that coding is relatively quick and inexpensive.

B. The main drawback of the experimental method is that the findings may not generalize in real-life settings.

The earliest sense to develop is _____________________________. a. taste b. touch c. vision d. hearing

B. Touch

S. is a young girl who lives in a rural area of a developing country. Her family adheres strongly to the historical traditions of their culture. S. lives in a(n) ____________ culture. a.conservative b.traditional c.archaic d.conventional

B. Traditional

Use of infant-directed speech ________________________. a. leads to slower development of language than the more sophisticated style of language typically spoken with adults b. varies from culture to culture outside the West c. involves speaking in a low tone that infants are better able to hear d. has been shown to be less interesting to babies than normal speech; a reason why many parents do not use this "baby talk"

B. Varies form culture to culture outside the West.

The Dharmashastras, the Talmud, and the conception of life proposed by Solon ______. a.were written within a year of one another b.were written by men c.each divide the life span into 5-year periods d.are all sacred law books of the Hindu religion

B. Were written by men

In the experiment by Hunziker and Barr (1986), mothers in Group A were instructed to carry their infants for at least three hours a day, while the mothers in Group B were not given any special instructions. What were the results? a. There were no differences between Group A and B infants. b. Both groups of infants cried the same number of times, but Group A infants cried half as long Group B infants. c. Group B infants learned to soothe themselves and cried less than Group A infants. d. Group B infants cried many more times during the day than Group A infants.

B. both groups of infants cried the same number of times, but Group A infants cried half as long as Group B infants.

Social smiles first appear ________________________. a. within the first two weeks after birth b. in the second or third month c. later in the first year d. after 18 months

B. in the second or third month

An association has been found between postpartum depression and infant characteristics. What is a major difficulty involved in interpreting this relationship? a. There has been no genotype discovered that is directly linked with postpartum depression. b. It cannot be determined if the postpartum depression caused poor infant characteristics or if the poor infant characteristics caused postpartum depression. c. There has been no genotype discovered that is directly linked with poor infant characteristics. d. The mother's and infant's genotype are too closely related to interpret the relationship.

B. it cannot be determined if the postpartum depression cause poor infant characteristics or if the poor infant characteristics caused postpartum depression.

Use of infant-directed speech _______________________. a. is less common outside the developed countries b. leads to slower development of language than the style of language typically spoken with adults c. involves speaking in a lower than normal tone and using less repetition than in normal speech d. has been shown to be less interesting to babies than normal speech; a reason why many parents do not use this type of "baby talk"

B. leads to slower development of language than the style of language typically spoken with adults

Mahori was strapped to his mother's back for the first year of his life. Which of the following statements is true? a. Mahori's parents gave him extra "tummy time" to develop his muscles. b. Mahori's motor development will be similar to an American child if they are compared during kindergarten. c. The sequence of his motor development will be different from that of babies in cultures where walking during infancy is actively encouraged. d. When it comes to Mahori's motor development, environment plays a stronger role than genetics.

B. maori's motor development will be similar to an American child if they are compared during kindergarten.

Which of the following is analogous to, and was the model for, the information processing approach? a. The circuits of a radio b. The computer c. The human brain d. The animal brain

B. the computer

What is a risk factor for postpartum depression? a. The mother has lower intelligence and less education. b. The mother had symptoms of major depression before pregnancy. c. The mother had no support from her partner. d. The mother smoked.

B. the mother has symptoms of major depression before pregnancy

In the United States, about ________ of couples are infertile. a. 1-2% b. 4-5% c. 10-15% d. 14-27%

C. 10-15%

According to the World Health Organization, it is recommended that women breast-feed for a period of ____. a. 6 months, with solid foods being introduced immediately b. 1 year, with solid foods being introduced at 3 months c. 2 years, with solid foods being introduced at 6 months d. 3 years, with solid foods being introduced at 1 year

C. 2 years with solid foods being introduced at 6 months

Based on research, if Ru Fong, an infant with a difficult temperament, were to be adopted by parents that show a lot of anger and frustration we might predict which of the following outcomes? a. A child who is outgoing b. A child who is high in self-confidence but low in sociability c. A child who is defiant and disobedient d. An easy going child who is good at self-regulating

C. A child who is defiant and disobedient.

When motor development of infants is compared among cultures, it is clear that environment has _______________________. a. no effect on gross motor development b. a large effect on gross motor development c. a relatively small effect on gross motor development d. more of an effect on males than on females

C. A relatively small effect on gross motor skills.

Individuals of ______________ descent are most likely to have sickle-cell anemia. a. Asian b. Hispanic c. African d. Native American

C. African

Marasmus is _____________________. a. a disease common among malnourished women with HIV b. most common during childhood and contracted through breast milk c. an infant disease characterized by muscle atrophy and abnormal drowsiness d. a deadly disease resulting from contaminated water being used to dilute formula

C. An infant disease characterized by muscle atrophy and abnormal drowsiness.

Little Rupert goes to the market with his mother and calls all men he sees "Dada." This is an example of _____________________. a. a secondary circular reaction b. the A-not-B error c. assimilation d. coordination of secondary schemes

C. Assimilation

Which of the following reflexes has no apparent survival value? a. Rooting reflex b. Moro reflex c. Babinski reflex d. Grasping reflex

C. Babinski Reflex

The origins of Bowlby's theory were in ________ theory. a. information processing b. Piagetian c. behaviorist d. evolutionary

C. Behaviorist

Without ________ babies would not have depth perception. a. color vision b. 20/20 vision c. binocular vision d. intermodal perception

C. Binocular vision

What is a hypothesis regarding why breast-fed infants tend to score higher than bottle-fed infants on measures of cognitive functioning? a. They actually do not; this has been an artifact of research. b. Mothers who breast-feed are considerably more intelligent than those who do not breast-feed. c. Breast milk contains nutrients that promote early brain development. d. Mothers play with their infants during breast-feeding.

C. Breast milk contains nutrients that promote early brain development

Who first wrote about the principles of evolution in his book The Origin of Species? a.Alfred Binet b.Francis Galton c.Charles Darwin d.Robert Hook

C. Charles Darwin

Which of the following best describes the Piagetian term of "schemes"? a. When new information is altered to fit existing information b. When a person's self-concept is changed to adapt to new information c. Cognitive structures for processing, organizing, and interpreting information d. When a mental structure is changed to adapt to new information

C. Cognitive structures for processing, organizing, and interpreting information.

Over the course of history, which of the following have been common substitutes for breast milk? a. sheep's and dog's milk b. goat's and elephant's milk c. cow's and goat's milk d. cat's and cow's milk

C. Cow's and goat's milk

Which of the following best represents the impact of evolution on human development? a.Biologically, humans have changed drastically since the origin of Homo sapiens. b.Our development of bipedal locomotion is the most distinctive characteristic of our species. c.Cultures shape the raw material of biology into widely different paths throughout the life span. d.Instincts reduce humans' capacity for cultural learning more than they reduce animals' capacity for cultural learning.

C. Culture shape the raw material of biology into widely different paths throughout the life span.

During the ____ period of prenatal development nearly all the major organs are formed. a. germinal b. zygotic c. embryonic d. fetal

C. Embryonic

You are watching your next-door neighbor's 8-month-old infant. You notice that she is getting increasingly social. She directs her attention not just to whatever sensations are most stimulating, but to what the people around her are doing. She is ____________. a. showing the A-not-B error b. displaying object permanence c. engaging in joint attention d. showing recognition

C. Engaging in joint attention

Girls normally begin menstruating around age 11-16, toward the lower end of this range under healthy conditions and toward the higher end when nutrition is insufficient. This is an example of __________________. a. a high concordance rate b. a low concordance rate c. epigenesis d. heritability

C. Epigenesis

If the primary problem is that the woman cannot ovulate properly, the most common fertility treatment is _______________. a. chorionic villus treatment b. artificial insemination c. fertility drugs d. in vitro fertilization

C. Fertility drugs

Hypotheses refer to _________. a. developing a research design b. creating unbiased questions on a questionnaire c. forming a possible answer to a research question d. choosing a research method

C. Forming a possible answer to a research question

The Dharmashastras, the sacred law books of the Hindu religion, describe _____ stages of a person's life. a.ten b.two c.four d.twelve

C. Four

Individuals from collectivist cultures would be most likely to value: a.making independent decisions. b.spending time alone. c.getting along with their family members. d.receiving praise for hard work on an academic exam.

C. Getting along with their family members.

K.L.'s baby was born blind, deaf, and with intellectual disability. It is most likely that during her pregnancy she _____________________. a. contracted AIDS b. had rubella c. had a severe nutritional deficiency d. ate foods that were too high in folic acid

C. Had a severe nutritional deficiency

In traditional cultures, prenatal massage _________________________. a. is usually done only when there is reason to believe that the fetus is not developing properly b. is usually considered dangerous c. has beneficial effects for both mother and fetus d. is almost exclusively performed by the pregnant mother herself in complete isolation

C. Has beneficial effects for both mother and fetus.

Based on research, it would appear that educational media products __________________. a. greatly accelerate the cognitive development of infants b. are used by almost 50% of babies in the United States c. have no effect on infants' cognitive development d. develop better attention spans in babies

C. Have no effects on infants' cognitive development.

Schaffer loves it when his mother puts a towel over her face and then quickly pulls it down. His big belly laugh at this game of peek-a-boo indicates that _________________. a. he is assimilating rather than accommodating b. he has made the A-not-B error c. he has a limited understanding of object permanence d. he lacks intermodal perception

C. He has a limited understanding of object permanence

Cressida talks to her 5-month-old baby in a sweet, high-pitched, exaggerated manner and says things like, "Good girl, you ate your sweet potatoes! You're a good girl, yes you are!" This special way of speaking to infants is called __________________ a. speech praise b. simplified speech c. infant-directed speech d. intimate speech

C. Infant-direct speech.

What developed country is projected to have the steepest decline in population between now and 2050? a.the United States b.Germany c.Japan d.Canada

C. Japan

Research examining postpartum depression has found that mothers with postpartum depression talk to, look at, touch, and smile ____. a. more at their infants than mothers who do not have postpartum depression b. the exact same amount as mothers without postpartum depression c. less at their infants than mothers who do not have postpartum depression d. the same amount as mothers without postpartum depression, but hold and rock them more

C. Less at their infants than mothers who do not have postpartum depression

Maddox, a baby born 6 weeks prematurely, is more at risk of not surviving than his sister, Shekia, who was born full term because Maddox's __________ is/are still immature. a. heart b. intestines c. lungs d. pancreas

C. Lungs

Saad, a baby born 6 weeks prematurely, is more at risk of not surviving than Nona, a baby who is full term, because Saad's ________ is/are still immature. a. small intestines b. heart c. lungs d. spleen

C. Lungs

The human population doubled from 1 to 2 billion between 1800 and 1930. What led to this increase in population? a.government-controlled farming b.globalization and shared resources c.medical advances that eliminated many diseases d.people had more children

C. Medical advances that eliminated many diseases.

Belinda's parents are divorced, but they work together to be sure that they have open lines of communication with their daughter's teacher and attend as many school functions as possible. The strong interconnection between Belinda's parents and the various aspects of her school is an example of the ___________________. a.microsystem b.macrosystem c.mesosystem d.exosystem

C. Mesosystem

In ____, the young of any species are born with variations on a wide range of characteristics. Among the young, those who will be ____ until they can reproduce will be the ones whose variations are best adapted to their environment. a.Social Darwinism; able to gain financial resources b.the Theory of Psychoanalysis; controlled by their unconscious c.natural selection; most likely to survive d.Humanistic Psychology; congruent between their different "selves"

C. Natural Selection; most likely to survive

Based on the research, do media products created for infants enhance their cognitive functioning? a. Yes. Studies show that infants who watch or listen to media products have enhanced cognitive functioning. b. Yes, but they only show beneficial effects if used since birth. c. No. Studies have concluded that educational media products have no effect on infants' cognitive development. d. Yes, but the beneficial effects are only for language development.

C. No studies have concluded that educational media products have no effects on infants' cognitive development.

What type of cry has a sudden onset with no initial fussing? The baby takes a large intake of breath and holds it then lets loose. a. happy b. anger c. pain d. fussing

C. Pain

Why has there been little change in the average height in Western countries over the last few decades? a. The population has become overweight or obese, which negatively affects height. b. People in Western countries have been exposed to more diseases. c. People have reached the upper boundary of their reaction range for height. d. Evolutionary influences are causing all populations to decrease in height.

C. People have reached the upper boundary of their reaction range for height.

Which of the following are known benefits for the mother who breast-feeds? a. stress reduction, increased development of a mild personality, and weight reduction b. the slowing of metabolism, increased patience, and increased bonding c. reduction in bleeding of the uterus, increased weight loss, and increased release of oxytocin d. reduction of white blood cells, increased lactation, and weight reduction

C. Reduction in bleeding of the uterus, increased weight loss, and increased release of oxytocin.

As compared to developing nations, in developed nations the benefits of breast-feeding are ____. a. greater b. the same c. relatively small d. nonexistent

C. Relatively small

Your friend is breast-feeding although no one in her family ever has. She is very concerned because it seems like whenever her infant cries, breast milk begins to flow even when she has not picked her baby up yet. What would you tell her is happening? a. She is having a breast-swelling reflex. b. She is experiencing a milking reflex. c. She is experiencing the let-down reflex. d. She is having a lactation reflex.

C. She is experiencing the let-down reflex

Shaleen is a student in an Introductory Psychology class and is participating in a study at her university. Which of the following is likely to happen first? a. Her demographic data will be analyzed. b. She will be debriefed so that she can decide whether she wants to participate. c. She will sign a consent form. d. She will answer questions in a questionnaire booklet.

C. She will sign a consent form

The _____ form from the outer layer of the embryonic disk. a. digestive and respiratory systems b. brain and spinal cord c. skin, hair, nails, sensory organs, and nervous system d. lungs and heart

C. Skin, hair, nails, sensory organs, and nervous system.

Research has shown that _______ is a risk factor for SIDS. a. sleeping on the right side b. sleeping on the back c. sleeping on the stomach d. sleeping on the left side

C. Sleeping on the stomach

In collectivistic cultures infertility is often __________________. a. accepted b. less common c. stigmatized d. blamed on both parents

C. Stigmatized

There are two main types of chromosomal disorders, those that take place on the 21st pair of chromosomes and those ______. a. that take place on the 20th pair b. that take place on the 22nd pair c. that involve the sex chromosomes d. that involve rapidly developing chromosomes

C. That involve the sex chromosomes

Sadie carries the recessive gene for hemophilia, a disorder in which the blood does not clot properly. If Sadie had two children, a boy and a girl, and passed the recessive gene for the disorder to both children, which of her children would develop hemophilia if the father does not have hemophilia himself? a. Neither of the two children b. Both children c. The boy d. The girl

C. The boy

Which of the following statements is true regarding research methods? a.Qualitative data is considered unscientific among most researchers in the field of psychology. b.The strength of the case study approach is the ability to generalize the findings. c.The ethnographic method allows the researcher to learn how people behave in their daily lives. d.The most commonly used method in social science research is the open-ended interview.

C. The ethnographic method allows the researcher to learn how people behave in their daily lives

As a result of the process of crossing over _____________________. a. the risk of sickle-cell anemia decreases b. boys are more likely to be born with a learning disability c. the genetic material that originated from the mother and father is rearranged d. women are at increased risk for infertility

C. The genetic material that originated form the mother and father is rearranged.

Which of the following is a reason why a mother should not breast-feed? a. The World Health Organization recommends breast-feeding should only occur as a last resort. b. Modern formula is far better than breast milk. c. The mother has an infectious disease such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, or West Nile virus. d. The American Pediatric Association supports the use of high-protein milk-based formula.

C. The mother has an infectious disease such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, or West Nile virus.

In recent decades in Western countries, there has been little change in average height, indicating that the populations of these countries have reached the upper boundary of __________ for height. a. their concordance rate b. their heritability c. their reaction range d. their polygenic inheritance

C. Their reaction range

Which of the following is TRUE regarding people with Down syndrome? a. They are at increased risk for an abnormality in the development of the reproductive system. b. Their total brain volume tends to increase in their twenties. c. They age faster than other people. d. With advances in medical treatment, their life expectancy is now about the same as in the general population.

C. They age faster than other people.

The Gusii of Kenya, like people in many traditional cultures, are in physical contact with their children nearly constantly. How do they view talking to children? a. They speak only to the upper caste infants. b. They speak to the male infants directly, but hardly ever to the females. c. They do not think that it is necessary or useful to speak to infants. d. They speak to them much more than in Western cultures.

C. They do not think that it is necessary or useful to speak to infants

Which of the following is safest in terms of risk of miscarriage? a. Chorionic villus sampling b. Amniocentesis c. Ultrasound d. They all carry about the same level of risk for miscarriage.

C. Ultrasound

SIDS is almost unknown in cultures ________________________. a. where babies sleep in cribs in a separate room from their parents b. where infants and children sleep on soft mattresses c. where cosleeping is the norm d. where most mothers do not breastfeed their babies

C. Where cosleeping is the norm

Breast feeding __________________________. a. is more common among women from low socioeconomic status groups b. increased in popularity as formulas came on to the market because the formulas were very expensive and women worried about product quality c. is something both mother and baby are biologically prepared to do d. rates have stayed about the same in the United States since the 1940s

C. is something both mother and babu are biologically prepared to do.

In most cultures, ________ take the lead in assisting the birth. a. older men b. younger women c. older women d. religious figures

C. older women

The higher the concordance rate, _______________. a. the more similar the two persons are b. the more different the two persons are c. the higher the person's chances of having twins d. the higher the person's quality of life is likely to be

C. the higher the person's chance of having twins.

Which the following are three major benefits of breast-feeding? a. increased bonding, weight reduction, and lower prevalence of diabetes b. convenience, overwhelming popularity, and economically viability c. the passing of antibodies, increased cognitive development, and reduced childhood obesity d. a lower prevalence of personality disorders, increased cognitive development, and an increased frequency of mild temperament

C. the passing of antibodies, increased cognitive development, and reduced childhood obesity.

Baby Hibiki feels safe and secure with his mother and knows that she will feed him, keep him warm, and love him. Because of the solid emotional foundation he has at home, Hibiki will come to believe that he can count on others in his social world and that they too are worthy of love. Hibiki will successfully resolve what Erik Erikson called the ____________ crisis. a. ego integrity versus despair b. industry versus inferiority c. trust versus mistrust d. intimacy versus isolation

C. trust versus mistrust

Breast-feeding in developing countries is extremely important. UNICEF estimates that ____ babies die each year because they are bottle-fed rather than breast-fed. a. 100,000 b. 150,000 c. 1 million d. 1.5 million

D. 1.5 million

When was the Neolithic Period? a. 100,000 to 70,000 years ago b. 80,000 to 60,000 years ago c. 40,000 to 10,000 years ago d. 10,000 to 5,000 years ago

D. 10,000 to 5,000 years ago

Which of the following best illustrates a good fit between caregiver and child? a. An irritable baby who is reared by parents who are rigid and intolerant b. A "difficult" infant whose parents respond with anger and frustration c. A slow-to-warm-up baby whose parents are understanding and tolerant d. A baby with a tendency toward negative emotions whose parents try to overcome this by encouraging face-to-face interactions with others

D. A baby with a tendency toward negative emotions whose parents try to overcome this by encouraging face-to-face interactions with others.

Which of the following are correlating factors as to whether a mother will breast-feed? a. socioeconomic status, age, and personality traits b. family income, temperament, and level of education c. geographical location, level of education, and temperament d. age, level of education, and socioeconomic status

D. Age, level of education, and socioeconomic status

The key to depth perception is _________________________. a. the development of the pincer grasp b. the development of intermodal perception c. being able to walk d. binocular vision

D. Binocular vision

Carissa has a family history of Down syndrome and is in her 5th week of pregnancy. She decides that she would like to find out as early as possible whether her unborn child has Down syndrome or any genetic abnormality. What test is she most likely to get? a. Fetal monitoring b. Ultrasound c. Amniocentesis d. Chorionic villus sampling

D. Chronic Villus sampling

Julie was a 47-year-old college professor who was shocked to find out she was pregnant. Although she was elated at the idea of having another child, she was worried about having a child with _______ as the chances increase dramatically after age 45. a. anencephaly b. spina bifida c. cystic fibrosis d. Down syndrome

D. Down Syndrome

Melinda is a healthy woman who just found out she was pregnant and went for her first prenatal visit. Which of the following pieces of advice is she most likely to receive from her physician? a. Avoid even mild exercise. b. Avoid Kegel exercises. c. Drink slightly less fluids than usual. d. Eat foods with sufficient iodine.

D. Eat foods with sufficient iodine

Across cultures ____________________. a. infants are cared for by their older brothers so that the mother can devote time and energy to her work b. infants are usually relatively isolated during the course of the day to decrease the chance of infection c. infants are hardly ever carried out of concern that they may become spoiled d. fathers are usually remote or absent during the first year

D. Fathers are usually remote or absent during the first year.

Which of the following is a common feature of infant social life in most cultures throughout history? a. Infants spend a lot of their day in the company of their fathers. b. Infants are cared for exclusively by the mothers until they become old enough to walk. c. Infants are often kept away from older adults so that they will be less vulnerable to the spread of disease. d. Infants are surrounded by others and carried or held almost constantly.

D. Infants are surrounded by others and carried or help almost constantly

Babbling ____________________. a. is found only in infants from the Western Hemisphere b. occurs only if the infant can hear c. develops before cooing d. is universal

D. Is universal

The United States' belief in the value of individual freedom, as demonstrated in its capitalist economic system and its governmental system of representative democracy, reflects which system of Bronfenbrenner's theory? a.Exosystem b.Chronosystem c.Microsystem d.Macrosystem

D. Macrosystem

What expands greatly in size as milk-producing cells multiply and mature? a. areolas b. Montgomery glands c. milk cells d. mammary glands

D. Mammary glands

What mothers in developing countries would be advised not to breast-feed? a. very poor mothers b. mothers who could afford to formula feed c. mothers with small breasts d. mothers with infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS

D. Mothers with infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS

The three main scales on the Bayley-III are the cognitive scale, language scale, and _______ scale. a. temperament b. personality c. attachment d. motor

D. Motor

A toddler from the Hamer tribe in Ethiopia was adopted by an American couple who described themselves as "non-athletes." This tribe was known for having members who are exceptionally tall. Once she started school, she asked to play in the after-school basketball program, tried out for the team in middle school and high school and eventually went on to earn a scholarship to play in college. This is an example of __________. a. polygenic inheritance b. incomplete dominance c. a self-fulfilling prophecy d. niche picking

D. Niche Picking

It was discovered at birth that there was significant cell death in Brittany's _________. Her parents were worried that she would be born blind because this part of the brain processes visual information. Luckily, this was not the case because other parts of her brain compensated for this cell loss. a. temporal lobe b. frontal lobe c. parietal lobe d. occipital lobe

D. Occipital lobe.

Atika's trunk and arms grow faster than his hands and fingers. This progression of motor development is called the __________________. a. cephalocaudal principle b. phalange-metatarsal principle c. dynamic movement principle d. proximodistal principle

D. Proximodistal principle

What term is used to refer to people in the rural areas of developing countries, who tend to adhere more closely to the historical aspects of their culture than do people in urban areas? a.agrarian cultures b.conventional cultures c.traditional cultures d.rural cultures

D. Rural cultures

A married woman from a non-Western, collectivistic culture has been unable to have a child for over 3 years. Which of the following is most likely? a. She will have a higher status relative to her husband. b. She will get a lot of social support from her mother-in-law and father-in-law. c. She will try IVF. d. She will be blamed for this "problem."

D. She will be blamed for this "problem".

At what age do most women run out of ova? a. In their late 20's b. Some time in their 30's c. In their late 30's d. Some time in their 40's

D. Some time in their 40's

Which of the following is true about birthing practices? a. Recently, midwifery has seen a revival, and about 50% of births in the United States are assisted by midwifes. b. In the early 1900s, the intervention of doctors often made the birth process less dangerous because they now had better expertise and medical equipment. c. In the 1960s, doctors began administering drugs such as ether and chloroform, which offered pain relief without any side effects. d. Twilight Sleep was a drug method used in the early 20th century that promoted dilation of the cervix and resulted in mothers forgetting the events of birth.

D. Twilight Sleep was a drug method used i the early 20th century that promoted dilation of the cervix and resulted in mothers forgetting the events of birth.

As a result of the process of crossing over ________________. a. the risk of Down syndrome is increased b. boys are more likely to be born with a learning disability c. women are at increased risk for infertility d. each child born to a set of parents is genetically unique (with the exception of identical twins)

D. each child born to a set of parents is genetically unique (with the exception of identical twins)

What type of cry is a "warm-up" cry that occurs when babies are mildly distressed? a. happy b. pain c. anger d. fussing

D. fussing

American infants _________________________________. a. are less likely to experience colic than are babies in non-Western cultures b. typically experience colic until they are about a year of age c. show the same frequency, intensity, and duration of crying as babies from all over the world d. have been found to cry more than babies from cultures where they are held or carried for much of the day

D. have been found to cry more than babies form cultures where they are held or carried for much of the day.

S.J. is most likely to have DZ twins if _____________________. a. she has Asian biological parents b. she is in her late teens c. she is concerned about gaining too much weight and severely restricts her calorie intake d. her mother had DZ twins

D. her mother has DZ twins.

Infant mortality in the United States is higher among ____ families than in ____ families, in part because ____. a.middle-SES; low-SES; middle-SES mothers are more likely to live in rural parts of the country b.middle-SES; high-SES; middle-SES fathers are more likely to be absent from the family c.high-SES; low-SES; high-SES mothers are not likely to consume fluoride in their drinking water d.low-SES; high-SES; low-SES mothers are less likely to receive prenatal care

D. low-SES; high-SES; low-SES mothers are less likely to receive prenatal care

Why is breastfeeding even more crucial in developing countries than in developed countries?

Risks to early development are higher