PSY 232 Chapter 4
. Which of the following neurotransmitters is not a catecholamine? a. serotonin b. epinephrine c. dopamine d. norepinephrine
a
A brain structure that appears to be involved with addiction to nicotine is the a. nucleus accumbens. b. area postrema. c. locus coeruleus. d. raphe nucleus.
a
A neuropeptide involved with the perception of pain is a. substance P. b. CCK. c. oxytocin. d. vasopressin.
a
Adenosine is a. often found in neurons that also release catecholamines. b. often found in neurons that also release indoleamines. c. often found in neurons that also release GABA. d. never found in neurons that release another type of neurotransmitter.
a
Behaviors involving motivated behaviors and the processing of rewards often involve brain systems that use the neurotransmitter a. dopamine. b. norepinephrine. c. epinephrine. d. serotonin.
a
Black widow spider venom acts as a(n) a. acetylcholine agonist. b. acetylcholine antagonist. c. dopamine agonist. d. dopamine antagonist.
a
Caffeine use is correlated with lower rates of a. Parkinson's disease. b. Alzheimer's disease. c. Huntington's disease. d. multiple sclerosis.
a
Chemical messengers that act on neurons in the immediate vicinity of their release, generally at synapses, are a. neurotransmitters. b. neuromodulators. c. neurohormones. d. neuroenzymes.
a
Darrell is going through withdrawal from a drug and is showing symptoms of extreme excitation and seizures. The drug Darrell was using is most likely a. alcohol. b. amphetamine. c. LSD. d. marijuana.
a
Drugs that enhance the activity of a neurotransmitter are known as a. agonists. b. antagonists. c. facilitators. d. enablers.
a
Due to a very high level of stress and arousal, Kim is having difficulty getting to sleep at night. The activity of which of the following neurotransmitters might be participating in Kim's sleeping problem? a. norepinephrine b. acetylcholine c. dopamine d. GABA
a
Emily's physician prescribed a benzodiazepine (Valium) to treat an ongoing problem with anxiety. Before prescribing the new medication, the physician was concerned about possible drug interactions, and asked Emily to be very frank about her use of a. alcohol and barbiturates. b. tobacco and St. John's wort. c. methamphetamines. d. marijuana and ecstasy (MDMA).
a
Excess amounts of activity which of the following neurotransmitters can be toxic to neurons? a. glutamate b. GABA c. dopamine d. serotonin
a
Given the characteristics of small-molecule transmitters and neuropeptides, we can conclude that small-molecule transmitters a. are well-suited to roles as neurotransmitters, whereas neuropeptides are well-suited to roles as neuromodulators. b. are well-suited to roles as neuromodulators, whereas neuropeptides are well-suited to roles as neurotransmitters. c. and neuropeptides are equally well-suited to be either neurotransmitters or neuromodulators. d. and neuropeptides frequently act as neuromodulators and neurohormones, but rarely function as neurotransmitters.
a
In the process illustrated in this figure, the binding of neurotransmitter coupled with the activation of a nearby receptor leads to the ejection of a molecule of ____________________, allowing ____________________ and ____________________ to enter the cell.
Magnesium, sodium, calcium
Curare blocks receptors for acetylcholine. a. True b. False
True
Endorphins are a type of neuropeptide. a. True b. False
True
Release of norepinephrine by cells in the locus coeruleus results in arousal and vigilance. a. True b. False
True
The fact that THC in marijuana interacts with receptors in the brain suggests that we have some type of naturally-occurring substances that are chemically very similar to THC. a. True b. False
True
Adrenergic and noradrenergic receptor subtypes are a. always ionotropic. b. always metabotropic. c. ionotropic in synapses using norepinephrine and metabotropic in synapses using epinephrine. d. ionotropic in synapses using epinephrine and metabotropic in synapses using norepinephrine.
b
Alcohol's potentially life-threatening withdrawal syndrome results from its impact on _________ receptors a. serotonin and norepinephrine b. NMDA and GABA c. opiate d. dopamine
b
Amphetamine and cocaine a. activate dopamine receptors. b. inhibit dopamine reuptake. c. activate serotonin receptors. d. inhibit serotonin reuptake.
b
Anandamide may be an endogenous a. opiate. b. cannabinoid. c. amphetamine. d. nicotine.
b
Botulinum, and its deactivated version Botox, causes muscle paralysis by a. interfering with the synthesis of ACh. b. preventing the release of ACh. c. blocking ACh receptors. d. blocking the action of acetylcholinesterase.
b
Chemical messengers that communicate with target cells more distant than the synapse by diffusing away from their point of release are known as a. neurotransmitters. b. neuromodulators. c. neurohormones. d. neuroenzymes.
b
Jessica is worried about the impact of her smoking habit on her health. After studying biological psychology, she knows that nicotine would have an effect on a. her peripheral nervous system only. b. her central nervous system only. c. both her peripheral and central nervous systems. d. neither her peripheral nor central nervous systems, because she only smokes a couple of cigarettes with friends during weekend parties.
c
LSD is structurally similar to the neurotransmitter a. dopamine. b. glutamate. c. serotonin. d. GABA.
c
Methylphenidate (Ritalin) produces its stimulant effects by a. promoting dopamine synthesis. b. promoting dopamine release. c. inhibiting the reuptake of dopamine. d. activating dopamine receptors.
c
Modern antidepressants such as fluoxetine (Prozac) exert their effects by a. promoting serotonin synthesis. b. enhancing serotonin release. c. inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin. d. activating serotonin receptors.
c
Nicotine produces its effects by a. increasing the synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh). b. preventing the release of acetylcholine (ACh). c. activating receptors for acetylcholine (ACh). d. interfering with the action of acetylcholinesterase (AChE).
c
Organophosphates (used as pesticides and as biological weapons) are a. agonists that promote ACh production. b. antagonists that block ACh release. c. agonists that interfere with acetylcholinesterase. d. antagonists that block ACh receptors.
c
People with low levels of the liver enzyme ALDH a. typically are heavy drinkers. b. metabolize alcohol more rapidly than normal. c. experience rapid heartbeat and dizziness when they consume alcohol. d. have a genetic predisposition for alcohol abuse.
c
Professor Murphy is studying neurons that release a particular small-molecule neurotransmitter. In these many of these neurons, the professor should expect to see a. no other types of neurotransmitters. b. a second type of small-molecule neurotransmitter. c. at least one type of neuropeptide neurotransmitter. d. at least one other type of small-molecule neurotransmitter and multiple types of neuropeptides neurotransmitters.
c
Sarin gas is a type of organophosphate. It was released in a Tokyo subway in 1995 by a religious sect, killing 12 people. Organophosphates are dangerous because they a. prevent the reuptake of acetylcholine (ACh), reducing the amount available for subsequent signaling. b. stimulate an larger than normal release of acetylcholine (ACh), leading to convulsions and death. c. interfere with acetylcholinesterase (AChE), allowing acetylcholine (ACh) to overstimulate muscle fibers. d. occupy receptor sites for acetylcholine (ACh), preventing further signaling and paralyzing muscles.
c
Stan, an aging Hollywood actor, uses Botox treatments to reduce wrinkling. These treatments work, because Botox a. blocks nicotinic receptors on muscle fibers, reducing their rate of contraction. b. breaks down acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the synaptic gap, leading to stronger contraction of facial muscles. c. reduces the release of acetylcholine (ACh) and which paralyzes facial muscles. d. increases the release of acetylcholine (ACh) and the subsequent contraction of facial muscles.
c
The NMDA receptor, kainate receptor, and AMPA receptor all respond to a. serotonin. b. epinephrine. c. glutamate. d. GABA.
c
The nigrostriatal pathway uses the neurotransmitter a. dopamine, and is important in movement. b. dopamine, and is important in the development of Parkinson's disease. c. norepinephrine, and is important in vigilance. d. serotonin, and is important in mood.
b
The primary location of serotonergic neurons in the brain is the a. substantia nigra. b. raphe nucleus. c. locus coeruleus. d. nucleus accumbens.
b
This chemical is released from a neuron and diffuses away to influence neurons somewhat distant from the releasing neuron. The chemical is a(n) a. neurotransmitter. b. neuromodulator. c. neurohormone. d. enzyme.
b
This chemical is released from the adrenal gland and travels through the bloodstream. It fits into the receptors on almost every cell in the body. The chemical is a(n) a. neurotransmitter. b. neurohormone. c. neuromodulator. d. antagonist.
b
Vaccinations against drugs of abuse a. are unlikely to be effective. b. stimulate the immune system to delay or prevent effects of the problem drug. c. provide a general protection against all drugs of abuse. d. are unlikely to interfere with pain medications and other legitimate pharmaceuticals.
b
When at rest, the NMDA receptor is blocked by ________ ions. a. sodium b. magnesium c. potassium d. calcium
b
Which of the following drugs act as reuptake inhibitors? a. organophosphates and reserpine b. cocaine and Prozac® c. nicotine and curare d. Botox® and apomorphine
b
Which of the following is the true statement about gaseous neurotransmitters? a. They are contained in synaptic vesicles. b. They may transfer information from a postsynaptic neuron to a presynaptic neuron. c. They interact with receptors embedded in neural membranes. d. They are deactivated by enzymes in the synaptic gap.
b
Which of the following neurotransmitters is not a monoamine? a. serotonin b. dopamine c. acetylcholine (ACh) d. norepinephrine
b
Which of the following neurotransmitters undergoes its final synthesis step within synaptic vesicles? a. ACh b. norepinephrine c. epinephrine d. dopamine
b
Frequent use of which of the following drugs might increase a young person's risk for developing schizophrenia? a. tobacco b. alcohol c. marijuana d. heroin
c
If a drug blocks the action of acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine, it will serve as a(n) _________ for acetylcholine. a. antagonist b. modulator c. agonist d. mimic
c
If a newly developed drug activated receptors for a neurotransmitter, the drug would be considered a(n) _________ for that neurotransmitter. a. antagonist b. prototype c. agonist d. blocker
c
The drug AMPT serves as a dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine antagonist by a. preventing the storage of the neurotransmitters in vesicles. b. blocking the release of the neurotransmitters. c. interfering with the synthesis of the neurotransmitters. d. blocking the receptors for the neurotransmitters.
c
The primary neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction is a. dopamine. b. GABA. c. acetylcholine (ACh). d. serotonin.
c
The primary source of norepinephrine in the brain is the ________, which is located in the ________. a. substantia nigra; occipital lobe b. raphe nucleus; reticular activating system c. locus coeruleus; pons d. nucleus accumbens; cerebellum
c
Tolerance develops for the use of some drugs because a. over time, the blood-brain barrier more effectively blocks the movement of the drug from the blood supply into the brain. b. more of the drug is absorbed by the body's fat stores, leading to the need to use more to get the same effects. c. the body's compensation for the drug cancels out its effects. d. the experienced user's expectations cancel out the drug's effects.
c
Viagra and other erectile dysfunction medications usually act by enhancing the activity of a. substance P. b. oxytocin. c. nitric oxide (NO). d. CCK.
c
Which of the following neurotransmitters is an indoleamine? a. epinephrine b. norepinephrine c. serotonin d. dopamine
c
Which of the following substances is involved most directly with the perception of pain? a. GABA b. glutamate c. ATP d. cholecystokinin
c
Zoloft® is a drug that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin. This action makes this drug a(n) _________ for serotonin. a. antagonist. b. modulator c. agonist d. mimic
c
Neurons using which of the following neurotransmitters are especially likely to deteriorate in cases of Alzheimer's disease? a. dopamine b. GABA c. acetylcholine (ACh) d. serotonin
c
. Euphoria, lack of anxiety, and relaxation are typical effects of a. cocaine. b. ecstasy. c. PCP. d. opioids.
d
31. Rob and his friends were experimenting with the hallucinogenic Amanita mushrooms, and he experienced a sudden drop in blood pressure. Which of the following is the best explanation for Rob's symptoms? a. The muscarine in the mushrooms interacted with dopaminergic receptors in Rob's peripheral nervous system. b. The nicotine in the mushrooms interacted with cholinergic receptors in Rob's central nervous system. c. The muscarine in the mushrooms interacted with cholinergic receptors in Rob's peripheral nervous system. d. The muscarine in the mushrooms interacted with cholinergic receptors in Rob's central nervous system. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Application
d
Acetylcholine (ACh) released into the synaptic gap is deactivated primarily by a. diffusion away from the synapse. b. absorption by astrocytes. c. reuptake. d. enzymes.
d
Benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and alcohol have binding sites on the _________receptor. a. cholinergic b. glutamate c. dopaminergic d. GABA
d
Caffeine's stimulant effects occur because it is an _________ neurotransmitter adenosine. a. agonist for the excitatory b. antagonist for the excitatory c. agonist for the inhibitory d. antagonist for the inhibitory
d
Cocaine and amphetamine differ from one another in that a. cocaine serves as a reuptake inhibitor and amphetamine does not. b. amphetamine serves as a reuptake inhibitor and cocaine does not. c. cocaine stimulates neurotransmitter release and amphetamine does not. d. amphetamine stimulates neurotransmitter release and cocaine does not.
d
Cocaine and amphetamine produce their stimulant actions by serving as _________agonists. a. serotonin b. norepinephrine c. glutamate d. dopamine
d
When the body's compensation for a drug cancels out most of the drug's effects, ________ occurs, and when the compensatory effects occur alone, ________ occurs.
tolerance, withdrawal
. Men and women of the same weight drinking 2 beverages in one hour will have the same blood alcohol readings. a. True b. False
False
Agonists always have a beneficial effect on neural activity, but antagonists are always poisonous. a. True b. False
False
Among the criteria for determining whether a substance acts as a neurotransmitter is the rule that a real neurotransmitter cannot be found in the same cell with any other type of neurotransmitter. a. True b. False
False
LSD produces its effects by stimulating the release of GABA. a. True b. False
False
Neurohormones produce their effects by traveling to target areas through the blood supply. a. True b. False
False
Small molecule neurotransmitters must be synthesized in the cell body, whereas neuropeptides can be synthesized anywhere in the neuron. a. True b. False
False
Glutamate can be toxic to neurons because a. NMDA receptors allow calcium into a cell, and excess calcium can stimulate harmful levels of enzyme activity. b. NMDA receptors block the movement of calcium into a cell, preventing the release of other neurotransmitters. c. it blocks receptors for other types of neurotransmitters, preventing effective communication between cells. d. its breakdown in the synaptic gap produces harmful free radicals.
a
In the human brain, about how many neurons use serotonin as their primary neurotransmitter? a. 200,000 b. 1 million c. 200 million d. 1 billion
a
Karl has been told that his family produces low levels of the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Consequently, we would expect Karl to react to consuming his first alcohol a. with negative symptoms, including flushing and rapid heartbeat. b. completely normally, as ALDH affects a person's response to nicotine, not alcohol. c. by becoming an alcoholic unusually quickly. d. by experiencing hallucinations.
a
MDMA (ecstasy) produces its effects by influencing the activity of a. serotonin and oxytocin. b. dopamine and norepinephrine. c. acetylcholine (ACh) and dopamine. d. glutamate and serotonin.
a
Once in the bloodstream, the magnitude of a drug's effect is most directly a result of a. the concentration of the drug in the blood supply. b. the gender of the user. c. whether the drug is an agonist or an antagonist. d. whether or not the drug is fat soluble.
a
Opiates, such as morphine and heroin, act by a. interacting with endorphin receptors. b. stimulating endorphin release. c. promoting endorphin synthesis. d. inhibiting endorphin reuptake.
a
Oxycodone (Oxycontin) is a frequently abused drug that is in the same drug category as a. heroin. b. methamphetamine. c. ecstasy. d. cocaine.
a
Parkinson's disease typically results from degeneration of brain systems using the neurotransmitter a. dopamine. b. norepinephrine. c. epinephrine. d. serotonin.
a
Professor Stevenson and his colleagues observed the motor behavior of children following the administration of a drink with food additives or a drink without the additives. Neither the children nor their observers knew which kind of drink each consumed. This experimental procedure is designed to control for a. placebo effects. b. tolerance. c. withdrawal. d. the likelihood that some of the children might have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
a
Reserpine acts as a monoamine antagonist by a. preventing the reuptake of the neurotransmitters in vesicles. b. blocking the release of the neurotransmitters. c. interfering with the synthesis of the neurotransmitters. d. blocking the receptors for the neurotransmitters.
a
The alertness associated with nicotine use probably arises from nicotine's ability to a. activate the cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain. b. stimulate muscles. c. influence the autonomic nervous system. d. stimulate the nucleus accumbens.
a
The negative impact of THC on memory may be due to its effect on the a. hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. b. hypothalamus. c. amygdala. d. thalamus.
a
The regulation of sleep, mood, and appetite involve brain systems using the neurotransmitter a. serotonin. b. dopamine. c. norepinephrine. d. epinephrine.
a
The release of vesicles containing neuropeptides requires a. higher levels of calcium than the release of small-molecule neurotransmitters. b. lower levels of calcium than the release of small-molecule neurotransmitters. c. approximately equal levels of calcium as the release of small-molecule neurotransmitters. d. no calcium at all.
a
This image illustrates the activation of which of the following types of receptor? a. an NMDA glutamate receptor b. a kainate glutamate receptor c. a nicotinic dopamine receptor d. a GABAA receptor
a
Tryptophan serves as a precursor in the synthesis of a. serotonin. b. dopamine. c. norepinephrine. d. epinephrine.
a
Use of MDMA (ecstasy) may damage neurons using the neurotransmitter a. serotonin. b. dopamine. c. ACh. d. glutamate.
a
Which of the following receptors is both voltage-dependent and ligand-dependent? a. NMDA b. AMPA c. kainate d. muscarinic
a
Which of the following statements about nicotinic and muscarinic receptors is true? a. Nicotinic receptors are ionotropic, whereas muscarinic receptors are metabotropic. b. Nicotinic receptors are metabotropic, whereas muscarinic receptors are ionotropic. c. Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are both ionotropic. d. Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are both metabotropic.
a
Which of the following statements accurately describes the locations of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors? a. Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors are found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. b. Muscarinic receptors are found in the central nervous system only, whereas nicotinic receptors are found in the peripheral nervous system only. c. Nicotinic receptors are found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, whereas muscarinic receptors are found in the central nervous system only. d. Muscarinic receptors are found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, whereas nicotinic receptors are found in the central nervous system only.
a
With repeated use of a drug, more of the drug is necessary to achieve the same effects. This demonstrates the development of a. tolerance. b. withdrawal. c. sensitization. d. cross-tolerance.
a
Within a synaptic gap, monoamines are deactivated in the synaptic gap by a. reuptake. b. diffusion. c. enzymes. d. enzymes and reuptake.
a
Your friend has a prescription for Valium that she takes for anxiety. She has taken Valium before the party you and she are attending. When she gets to the party, you see her heading for the bar. Based on what you have learned so far in this course, which of the following would you tell her? a. You should probably not drink any alcohol because both alcohol and Valium act on the same system and their additive effects could be very dangerous. b. You should limit yourself to six drinks because too much of the two drugs together could make you very ill. c. Alcohol is not a drug, so there really isn't any reason to worry as long as you don't get drunk. d. Don't worry, alcohol and valium act on very different neurotransmitters, so a drug interaction is very unlikely.
a
At the dopaminergic synapse illustrated in this figure, cocaine, amphetamine, and methylphenidate act as ____________________ by ____________________ reuptake.
agonists, inhibiting
115. In a medication trial, a participant with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) acted very relaxed and focused after trying a new medication that he believed would calm him down. However, the "medication" was really just a sugar pill. Given what you've learned in this chapter, which of the following explanations makes the most sense? a. This would not have happened, because you have to have had a drug in order to feel its effects. b. This could happen because the placebo effect is real and can result in actual physical symptoms. c. The only way this could happen would be if the participant really didn't have Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). d. The participant didn't really feel relaxed and focused, but didn't want to disappoint the doctors.
b
Acetylcholine (ACh) is synthesized from a. acetyl coenzyme A, usually found in dietary fats, and choline, a substance formed by the actions of mitochondria within cells. b. choline from dietary fats and acetyl coenzyme A, both of which are acted on by choline acetyltransferase. c. the amino acid tyrosine, synthesized from the phenylalanine found in foods. d. tryptophans, amino acids found in chocolate, milk, and poultry.
b
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) a. acts on the precursors of acetylcholine (ACh) to produce the final form of the neurotransmitter. b. breaks down acetylcholine (ACh) in the synaptic gap. c. acts on acetylcholine (ACh) to produce choline. d. acts on choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) to produce acetylcholine (ACh).
b
Adenosine often acts to _________ of other neurochemicals. a. stimulate the release b. inhibit the release c. inhibit the reuptake d. enhance the reuptake
b
Cindy abuses barbiturates and she continually increases her doses. What is the likely outcome of this practice for Cindy's health? a. She is not at risk of overdose, because her body continually increases its tolerance to match her intake. b. She is very likely to overdose, because some barbiturate effects show tolerance while others do not. c. She is not at risk of overdose, because barbiturates do not have life-threatening effects, even at high doses. d. She is very likely to overdose, because barbiturates do not produce tolerance.
b
Dopaminergic receptor subtypes are a. always fast ionotropic. b. always slow metabotropic. c. fast metabotropic in systems involved with reward, but slow ionotropic in systems involved with movement. d. slow and fast metabotropic in systems involved with movement, but fast ionotropic in systems involved with reward.
b
Drugs that interfere with the activity of a neurochemical are known as a. agonists. b. antagonists. c. facilitators. d. enablers.
b
Eating carbohydrates before bed may promote sleep, because carbohydrates raise brain levels of tryptophans, which a. are serotonergic antagonists. b. are precursors for the synthesis of serotonin. c. are a form of serotonin. d. prevent the reuptake of serotonin.
b
Given the typical symptoms of attention deficit disorder (ADHD), the primary of which involves difficulty paying attention, which of the following neurotransmitters do you think would be involved? a. serotonin b. dopamine c. norepinephrine d. epinephrine
b
Henry Dale's assertion that neurons could contain only one type of chemical messenger is a. correct. b. incorrect, as some neurons can release two small molecules in different locations. c. partially correct, in that neuropeptides are never found in the same neuron as amines or amino acids. d. partially correct, as neurons nearly always release more than a dozen neurotransmitters whenever stimulated.
b
In the process illustrated in this figure, which drugs act as antagonists? a. Additional l-dopa, amphetamine, cocaine, and methylphenidate b. Reserpine and most traditional medications used to treat schizophrenia c. Cocaine, amphetamine, and methylphenidate d. Apomorphine and most traditional medications used to treat schizophrenia
b
Jennifer enjoys Asian food, but carefully avoids the food additive MSG. If she eats it by mistake, she experiences a rapid pulse, chest pain, and nausea. Jennifer's symptoms result from activity of which of the following neurotransmitters? a. GABA b. glutamate c. serotonin d. dopamine
b
Jonathan is being treated for high blood pressure and heart disease with the drug reserpine. Which of the following side effects should Jonathan and his physician expect to see? a. hyperactivity b. muscle weakness and fatigue c. severe depression d. memory deficits
b
Josh enjoys chewing tobacco, while his friend Amy smokes cigarettes. One half hour after each has used tobacco, a. all of the effects of the nicotine will have worn off. b. they are likely to have very different levels of nicotine in their circulation, due to the different methods of administration. c. their circulating levels of nicotine will be very similar. d. Amy will need to smoke again, because cigarettes are addictive and chewing tobacco is not.
b
LSD produces a. neither tolerance nor withdrawal. b. tolerance, but not withdrawal. c. withdrawal, but not tolerance. d. tolerance and withdrawal.
b
MDMA (ecstasy) is most similar in chemical structure to which of the following drugs? a. LSD b. methamphetamine and mescaline c. nicotine d. gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
b
Memory problems associated with alcohol may result from its activity at _________receptors. a. GABA b. NMDA glutamate c. opiate d. dopamine
b
Muscarinic receptors respond to a. muscarine, a substance found in tobacco, and acetylcholine. b. muscarine, a substance found in some mushrooms, and acetylcholine. c. muscarine, nicotine, and acetylcholine. d. acetylcholine only.
b
Neurons releasing acetylcholine are found in the a. preganglionic and postganglionic synapses of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. b. preganglionic synapses of the sympathetic nervous system and both the preganglionic and postganglionic synapses of the parasympathetic nervous system. c. preganglionic synapses of the parasympathetic nervous system and both the preganglionic and postganglionic synapses of the sympathetic nervous system. d. postganglionic synapses of the sympathetic nervous system and the preganglionic synapses of the parasympathetic nervous system.
b
Rats receiving overdoses of heroin a. were more likely to die in their home cage than in an unfamiliar cage. b. were less likely to die in their home cage than in an unfamiliar cage. c. were equally likely to die in their home cage as in an unfamiliar cage. d. all died regardless of location.
b
Relative to neurons using other neurotransmitters, serotonergic neurons a. are quite numerous. b. are surprisingly few in number. c. project to very limited parts of the brain. d. do not have different receptor subtypes.
b
Rita is going through withdrawal from a drug and is showing symptoms of lethargy. The drug Rita was using is most likely a. alcohol. b. amphetamine. c. LSD. d. marijuana.
b
Symptoms of caffeine withdrawal include a. cardiac arrhythmias. b. severe headaches. c. muscle tremors. d. lack of sleep.
b
The ingestion of toxins may trigger a vomiting reflex controlled by the a. locus coeruleus. b. area postrema. c. raphe nucleus. d. ventral tegmentum.
b
The major inhibitory neurochemical of the central nervous system is a. glutamate. b. GABA. c. serotonin. d. acetylcholine (ACh).
b
Which of the following statements regarding the synthesis of neurotransmitters is true? a. Both small-molecule neurotransmitters and neuropeptides may be synthesized anywhere in the neuron. b. Small-molecule neurotransmitters are typically synthesized in the axon terminal, but neuropeptides must be synthesized in the cell body. c. Neuropeptides may be synthesized anywhere in the neuron, but small-molecule neurotransmitters must be synthesized in the cell body. d. Both small-molecule neurotransmitters and neuropeptides must be synthesized in the cell body.
b
Which of the following substances is not a neuropeptide? a. oxytocin b. adenosine c. vasopressin d. insulin
b
109. John participates in a drinking game at a friend's weekend party and after a while, finds himself vomiting uncontrollably. Which of the following statements is the best description of John's situation? a. There is nothing to worry about. Everybody vomits when they drink alcohol at parties. b. John's blood-brain barrier must be malfunctioning, as this normally would prevent the initiation of vomiting. c. John has ingested a dangerous amount of alcohol, and his area postrema has initiated vomiting in order to remove remaining alcohol from his stomach. d. John must have ingested other drugs in addition to alcohol, because alcohol alone will not initiate vomiting.
c
Alcohol probably produces its main effects by acting as an agonist at the ________ receptors. a. serotonin b. glutamate c. GABA d. dopamine
c
Cannabinoids probably produce their effects by a. stimulating neurotransmitter release. b. blocking neurotransmitter reuptake. c. acting as an agonist at receptor sites. d. promoting neurotransmitter synthesis.
c
Chemical messengers that often travel in the blood supply in order to affect target neurons that are quite distant are known as a. neurotransmitters. b. neuromodulators. c. neurohormones. d. neuroenzymes.
c
Cholinergic neurons in the brain are important to which of the following behaviors? a. regulating mood and appetite b. processing olfaction c. learning and memory d. maintaining homeostasis
c
Christina was bitten by a black widow spider while retrieving some wood for her fireplace. Her abdominal muscles began to contract painfully, which was to be expected because black widow spider venom a. inhibits release of acetylcholine (ACh) at the neuromuscular junction. b. competes with acetylcholine (ACh) at nicotinic receptor sites. c. promotes greater than normal release of acetylcholine (ACh) at the neuromuscular junction. d. interferes with GABA inhibition of the motor system by blocking receptors.
c
Chronic users of cocaine and amphetamine frequently show symptoms similar to a. major depressive disorder. b. obsessive-compulsive disorder. c. schizophrenia. d. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
c
Curare causes muscle paralysis by a. interfering with the synthesis of ACh. b. preventing the release of ACh. c. blocking ACh receptors. d. blocking the action of acetylcholinesterase.
c
Drugs that are most likely to produce addiction have an effect on a. acetylcholine (ACh). b. serotonin. c. dopamine. d. norepinephrine.
c
During the synthesis of the neurotransmitter _________, a precursor is released from synaptic vesicles back into the intracellular fluid for conversion by the enzyme PNMT. a. dopamine b. norepinephrine c. epinephrine d. serotonin
c
Following release from the presynaptic cell, neuropeptides a. cannot be deactivated by enzymes, whereas small-molecule transmitters diffuse away or are deactivated by reuptake. b. are deactivated by reuptake, whereas small-molecule transmitters diffuse away or are deactivated by enzymes. c. can diffuse away from synapses, whereas small-molecule transmitters are deactivated by reuptake. d. and small-molecule transmitters can be deactivated by diffusion, enzymes, or reuptake.
c
Compared with civilians suffering from addiction, returning vets from Vietnam who had used heroin while overseas had a. less success in recovering from addiction, because they used more potent forms of the drug. b. less success in recovering from addiction, due to the complications of posttraumatic stress disorder. c. about the same rate of success in recovering from addiction. d. much more success in recovering from addiction.
d
Dr. Simmons synthesized a new drug in her laboratory, and discovered that it enhanced dopamine activity in the mesolimbic system of rats. What conclusions should Dr. Simmons draw from this finding? a. There is no risk that the drug would be addictive to humans, because rats and humans respond to substances very differently. b. Dr. Simmons should immediately try out the drug on some human volunteers to assess whether or not the drug is addictive. c. Based on the information she has, Dr. Simmons cannot draw any conclusions about the addictive potential of her new drug. d. There is a significant risk that the drug would be addictive to humans.
d
Endogenous morphines (endorphins) are examples of a. monoamines. b. catecholamines. c. indoleamines. d. neuropeptides.
d
In a double-blind experimental procedure a. both the participant and experimenter know whether the participant received a drug or a placebo. b. the participant, but not the experimenter, knows whether he/she received a drug or a placebo. c. the experimenter, but not the participant, knows whether the participant received a drug or a placebo. d. neither the participant nor the experimenter knows whether the participant received a drug or a placebo.
d
In posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), people often feel hypervigilant, or unable to relax even when they're in a very safe situation. Which of the following neurotransmitters might be involved in this unusual state? a. acetylcholine b. serotonin c. dopamine d. norepinephrine
d
Kerry's little brother was recently prescribed methylphenidate (Ritalin) for his attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Having completed her biological psychology course, Kerry was able to explain to her parents that Ritalin was most similar in its actions at the synapse to a. reserpine. b. black widow venom and botulin toxin. c. nicotine and curare. d. cocaine and amphetamine.
d
L-dopa participates in the synthesis of a. dopamine only. b. dopamine and epinephrine. c. dopamine and norepinephrine. d. dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.
d
Lisa and Tom both weigh 160 pounds, and both consumed two beers in the last hour. What can we conclude about their blood alcohol levels? a. Because they are the same weight, both should have the same blood alcohol levels. b. Neither will show any evidence of having consumed alcohol, because one hour is plenty of time for a 160 lb. person to metabolize the alcohol contained in two beers. c. Tom's blood alcohol level will probably be higher than Lisa's, because alcohol is absorbed by fat, and women usually have more fat than men. d. Lisa's blood alcohol level will probably be higher than Tom's, because alcohol is diluted by muscle, and men usually have more muscle than women.
d
Marcia was born with an abnormality in her adrenal glands that results in the production of excess catecholamines. Which of the following medications might be most useful for treating her condition? a. There is no possible way to treat Marcia's condition. b. amphetamine, because it is a potent catecholamine reuptake inhibitor c. Botox, because it will prevent the release of catecholamines d. AMPT, because it interferes with the production of catecholamines
d
Monoamine oxidase would break down all of the following neurotransmitters except a. serotonin. b. epinephrine. c. norepinephrine. d. acetylcholine (ACh).
d
Nicotinic receptors are sensitive to both nicotine and a. muscarine. b. norepinephrine. c. serotonin. d. ACh.
d
People with diagnosed psychological disorders are very likely to use which of the following substances? a. LSD b. heroin c. ecstasy d. nicotine
d
Perceived benefits from the administration of an inactive substance are referred to as a. tolerance. b. withdrawal. c. addiction. d. placebo effects.
d
The "lock and key" analogy relates to the a. degradation of neurotransmitters by enzymes. b. activation of the nerve impulse. c. reuptake of neurotransmitters. d. action of neurotransmitters on receptor sites.
d
The formation of long-term memories may involve ________ receptors. a. dopamine b. muscarinic c. nicotinic d. NMDA
d
The most common excitatory neurochemical in the central nervous system is a. serotonin. b. ACh. c. GABA. d. glutamate.
d
The tendency for experienced cocaine users to undergo a drop in core body temperature while viewing paraphernalia associated with cocaine use probably results from a. changes in enzymes. b. changes in the number of receptor sites. c. changes in receptor sensitivity. d. classical conditioning.
d
Tyrosine serves as a substrate or building block for the synthesis of which of the following neurotransmitters? a. acetylcholine (ACh) b. indoleamines c. histamines d. catecholamines
d
When NMDA channels are opened, they allow the passage of charged _________ ions. a. chloride b. sodium and chloride c. calcium d. sodium and calcium
d
Which of the following neurotransmitters is a byproduct of the energy molecule ATP? a. glycine b. GABA c. glutamate d. adenosine
d
Which of the following substances is found only in neurons that produce acetylcholine? a. choline b. acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) c. tryptophan d. choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)
d
Within the brain, nitric oxide (NO) a. does not appear to play an important role in any system. b. appears to play an important role in regulating breathing and blood pressure. c. appears to play an important role in higher cognitive functions, such as attention. d. appears to play an important role in regulating sensory input to the cortex.
d