Psy 236 final exam

Wk 15 Th lecture #3 What does Professor Hayes say is highly predictive of a wide range of positive outcomes?

Psychological flexibility

Wk 13 Th lecture #3 In a study of predictors of maintaining sobriety for participants in Alcoholics Anonymous

Redemption sequences predicted sobriety several months later, over and above trait level affect and controllability attributions

Wk 14 T reading #3 What is the name of the bias in self-report that is the tendency to describe oneself in ways that would meet with the social approval of others?

Social desirability

Wk 15 Th lecture #2 Which behavioral change strategy am I using if I post reminders of my specific goals on my refrigerator so that I will see them everyday?

Stimulus control

Wk 13 Th lecture #2 Adler's 2012 psychotherapy study demonstrated the incremental validity of motivation themes in life stories because

The agency -well being correlation remained even after statistically controlling for level of neuroticism

Wk 15 T reading #6 The maturity principle of adult personality development accounts for

The pattern of positive average changes in personality during early adulthood

Wk 15 Th Reading #5 According to the Hennecke et al model, Which of the following is NOT one of the three conditions necessary for self-regulated personality development?

The person must get to the root of what causes them to have unsatisfactory levels of a trait.

Wk 14 Th reading #9 Which types of Big 5 traits have the strongest relative stability over time?

Those that are defined by emotionality Those that have a clear biological core

Wk 11 Th lecture #3 Which of the following influences the activation of personal goals

Trait-related difference in the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) Trait-related difference in the Behavioral Activation System (BAS) The degree to which the relevant motivations are prevention- vs. promotion- focused

Wk 15 Reading #3 True or False: Goals are generally consciously accessible and can be expressed through language.

True

Wk 15 Th Reading #4 Goals can be

Very concrete Very abstract Somewhere between concrete and abstract

Wk 14 T reading #10 Which famous psychologist argued that the empirical data being collected on how personality predicted behavior did not support the claim of personality psychologists of behavioral consistencies driven by individual differences in stable dispositions.

Walter Mischel

Wk 14 Th reading #1 William James argued that personality was fixed by be early adulthood and unchangeable thereafter. Your textbook author characterizes this statement as

a myth

Wk 14 Th reading #6 Imagine that everyone in a high school class is participating in a prospective study of Big 5 personality traits. Everyone took a Big 5 test during their senior year. Everyone took the same test again at their 10-year-class reunion. If everyone's score stayed basically the same over this ten year period, these findings would demonstrate

absolute stability

Wk 14 Th reading #2 Retrospective research designs (for example, people giving ratings about what their traits were like in the past)

artificially inflate estimates of personality stability

Wk 11 T reading #3 Extrinsic motivation refers to experiencing

benefits associated with the process of achieving a goal

Wk 11 T reading #2 Intrinsic motivation refers to experiencing

benefits associated with the process of pursuing a goal

Wk 15 T reading #7 The most active period of time for observing average changes in personality occurs

between the ages of 18 and 29

Wk 11 Th reading #5 Which narrative characteristic is most associated with greater psychological well-being and less psychopathology?

coherence

Wk 12 T reading #5 In narrative identity research, the degree to which protagonists demonstrate or experience interpersonal connection through love, friendship, dialogue, or connection to a broad collective is referred to as

communion

Wk 14 T reading #5 If I want to predict work performance the best way to do so is with

conscientiousness ratings provided by people's coworkers

Wk 12 T reading #7 In narrative identity research, scenes in which a good or positive event turns dramatically bad or negative, such that the negative affect overwhelms, destroys, or erases the effects of the preceding positivity.

contamination

Wk 12 T reading #1 In narrative identity research, the degree to which protagonists are able to affect change in their own lives or influence others in their environment is referred to as

contamination agency

Wk 14 Th reading #10 If I compare mean level personality traits in a sample of college-students with mean level personality traits of people in their 40's, I am using a

cross-sectional design

Wk 15 T reading #3 Consistency over time in in one's level of a trait in comparison to a reference group is sometimes called rank order stability. It is also known as

differential stability

Wk 15 T reading #9 The cumulative continuity principle of personality development accounts for the finding that

differential stability (rank order stability) increases with age

Wk 12 T lecture #3 Which identity status is associated with apathy toward relationships and school

diffusion

Wk 11 T Reading #6 Self-control is viewed as a limited resource. A term that is used to describe the experience of exhausting one's cognitive and emotional resources due to chronic resistance to temptation is known as

ego depletion

Wk 13 Th lecture #1 The positive sense people get when they believe that their life has meaning and purpose is called

eudaimonic well-being

Wk 12 T reading #4 The following element of a life story would earn a high score on which life-story construct in narrative identity research: "I knew I reached an emotional bottom that year . . . but I began making a stable life again, as a more stable independent person . . . it was a period full of pain, experimentation, and growth, but in retrospect it was necessary for me to become anything like the woman I am today."

exploratory narrative processing

Wk 14 T lecture #1 Which two personality traits have a stronger relationship to mortality than BOTH socioeconomic status and intelligence?

extraversion and conscientiousness

Wk 15 Th Reading #6 TRUE OR FALSE: While there are age-related mean level increases in emotional stability, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, there is no evidence that these traits are viewed as more desirable as people get older.

false

Wk 14 Th lecture #1 Erikson's name for the personal and societal goal of providing for the next generation is

generativity

Wk 11 T reading #1 30 QUESTIONS ON FINAL FROM HERE UNTIL 15 The cognitive representation of a desired state is called a(n)

goal

Wk 15 Th Reading #2 "Cognitive representations of personally desired (or dreaded) end-states to be approached (or avoided) through action" is a definition of

goals

Wk 15 T Reading #1 Assume that there is a set of internal processes associated with neuroticism. If the underlying processes are similar at different ages, but neuroticism has different behavioral manifestations at different ages, this would be an example of

heterotypic stability

Wk 14 T reading #6 Which personality traits are most strongly related to attractiveness as a potential mate

high agreeableness and high extraversion

Wk 14 T Reading #7 Relationships are likely to be sustained for longer periods of time when the participants are

high on agreeableness and low on neuroticism

Wk 15 T reading #2 Assume that the behaviors associated with conscientiousness are pretty much the same at all stages of development. This would be an example of

homotypic stability

Wk 15 T reading #8 In order to demonstrate rank-order stability of a trait, which type of research design will I need to use?

longitudinal

Wk 14 T reading #9 Which combination of traits is predictive of involvement in criminal behavior?

low agreeablenss and low conscientiousness

Wk 14 Th reading #7 Imagine that everyone in a high school class is participating in a prospective study of Big 5 personality traits. Everyone took a Big 5 test during their senior year. Everyone took the same test again at their 10-year-class reunion. People's scores were significantly different over this period of time and people who were highest on extraversion during senior year are no longer the highest on extraversion. These findings demonstrate

low relative stability low absolute stability

Wk 12 T reading #8 In narrative identity research the degree to which the protagonist learns something or gleans a message from an event. Coding ranges from no meaning (low score) to learning a concrete lesson (moderate score) to gaining a deep insight about life (high score).

meaning making

Wk 13 T lecture #3 In narrative identity research the degree to which the protagonist learns something or gleans a message from an event. Coding ranges from no meaning (low score) to learning a concrete lesson (moderate score) to gaining a deep insight about life (high score).

meaning making

Wk 14 Th reading #8 Personality traits from the Big Five (and similar models), as measured by self-report, show

moderate to high rank order stability from childhood through adulthood

Wk 15 Th reading #1 Hennecke et al suggest that a comprehensive model of of personality development needs to take into account the active role of the individual in explaining personality stability and change. That account would need to investigate which processes?

motivation self-regulation

Wk 11 Th reading #1 In the McAdams model of personality development,the manner and which we talk about ourselves and our lives is known as

narrative identity

Wk 12 T reading #2 McAdams reported that conversations with parents about personal events are critical to the development of children's

narrative skills

Wk 14 Th lecture #2 Which of the following personality traits is NEGATIVELY correlated with generativity?

neuroticism

Wk 14 Th lecture #3 Which Big 5 trait shows, on average, declines during emerging adulthood

neuroticism

Wk 11 T reading #4 Goals related to safety, responsibility and security needs are referred to as *** goals

prevention

Wk 11 Th lecture #1 Which hormone level is most directly associated with intimacy motivation?

progesterone

Wk 11 T reading #5 Goals that emphasize hopes, accomplishment, and advancement needs are known as *** goals

promotion

Wk 14 Th reading #3 The best research design for understanding how personality changes over time is

prospective (also known as longitudinal)

Wk 14 Th reading #4 Which type of stability is most important in understanding how personality changes over time?

rank order stability absolute stability

Wk 14 Th reading #5 Imagine that everyone in a high school class is participating in a prospective study of Big 5 personality traits. Everyone took a Big 5 test during their senior year. Everyone took the same test again at their 10-year-class reunion. If the people who scored the highest on extraversion during senior year score the highest on extraversion at the 10-year reunion, this finding demonstrates

rank-order stability

Wk 12 T reading #3 Middle-aged adults who have a strong commitment to improving society and promoting the well-being of future generations produce life stories that include many instances of

redemption

Wk 12 T reading #6 In narrative identity research, the degree to which scenes in which a demonstrably "bad" or emotionally negative event or circumstance leads to a demonstrably "good" or emotionally positive outcome is referred to as

redemption

Wk 13 T lecture #2 In narrative identity research, the degree to which scenes in which a demonstrably "bad" or emotionally negative event or circumstance leads to a demonstrably "good" or emotionally positive outcome is referred to as

redemption

Wk 11 Th reading #6 If I wondered whether a middle-aged adult was likely to having a strong investment in the well-being of future generations, what element of a life story would suggest the likelihood of such an investment?

redemption sequences

Wk 12 T lecture #1 Which of the following phrases is NOT an element of McAdams's formal definition of personality

subject to modification by situational characteristics

Wk 11 Th reading #4 The network of memories, beliefs, and schemes that are specific to self-knowledge is referred to as

the autobiographical self

Wk 14 T reading #2 The conceptual relevance of personality variables (as opposed to the applied relevance) refers to

the degree to which they allow personality scientists to test theoretical models of personality processes

Wk 11 Th reading #2 Reminiscence bump refers to the fact that in people's life stories, scenes that people discuss are most frequently scenes from

the time between adolescence and young adult years

Wk 14 T reading #1 The applied relevance of personality variables (as opposed to the conceptual relevance) refers to

whether they allow us to predict matters of personal and social significance

Wk 15 T reading #10 Which of the following person-environment transactions produce personality stability

Attraction Selection Manipulation Attrition

Wk 12 T lecture #2 In relation to narrative identity, which cognitive skill emerges early in adolescence and continues to develop until around age 25?

Autobiographical reasoning

Wk 5 Th Reading #7 Hennecke et al argue that trait change possible but infrequent. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons they give for people not deliberately attempting trait change.

Because traits have a heritable component they cannot change.

Wk 15 T Reading #4 Suppose that I am conducting a study of trait stability using a cross-sectional design. I enroll a large number of 20-year-olds and a large number of 40-year-olds in the study. Differences between the two groups might be due to

Both age and cohort effects are possible explanations

Wk 14 Th reading #11 Identify all of the personality traits showing large and identifiable changes from late adolescence through the mid-20's. (There are multiple correct answers and you must get them all right to get credit for this question.)

Conscientiousness increases The PEM-A aspect of extraversion increases Neuroticism decreases

Wk 11 Th reading #3 TRUE OR FALSE:The information obtained in a life story interview is only of value to personality scientists if it is objectively accurate and factual.

False

Wk 14 T reading #8 Which is the most potent contributor to living a long life?

High conscientiousness

Wk 11 Th lecture #2 What is it that Moral Foundation Theory tries to explain?

How humans developed basic moral standards over the course of evolution

Wk 15 Th lecture #1 Which of the following is NOT one of the stages in the stages of change model?

Identification

Wk 13 T lecture #1 The life story interview

Is used as a tool to investigate both internal dynamics of life stories and external factors that shape the stories

Wk 14 T reading #11 Which of the following was NOT one of personality scientists arguments against the situationist critique of personality psychology?

Mischel was not a serious researcher and was not in a position to comment on the field of psychology.

Wk 14 T lecture #3 Which of the following conclusions is supported by the results presented from the Life Outcomes of Personality Replication Project?

Most of the replication studies have replicated statistical significance and effect size findings from the original studies

Wk 14 T reading #4 If we compare conscientiousness to other Big 5 traits, who well does it predict work performance

Of the Big 5 traits, it is the best predictor of work performance

Wk 15 T Reading #5 Which of the Big 5 traits declines with age, especially after mid-life?

Openness

Wk 14 T lecture #2 In which way (s) is (are) agreeableness related to what happens during situations of marital conflict

People low on agreeableness are more prone to escalating the intensity of emotional conflicts People low on agreeableness are more likely to avoid conversations in which conflict might arise. People high on agreeableness never get into conflict situations. People high on agreeableness are more likely to effectively self-regulate in conflict situations

Wk 14 Th Reading #12 From the perspective of the personality maturation view of personality change during the period of late adolescence to the late 20's, who is LEAST likely to change.

People who are already high on conscientiousness and PEM-A, and low on neuroticism