PSY 256--- Exam 1 (Ch1-4)

examples of teratogens

-Exposure to radiation -Toxic chemicals and metals, -Viruses and bacteria -Prescription and nonprescription drugs -Addictive drugs -Maternal smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke -Alcohol -Mother's psychological state, unhealthy behaviors -paternal factors

Four phases of brain development during prenatal period

1. formation of the neural tube 2. neurogenesis 3. neural migration 4. neural connectivity

postpartum depression

10%.....a mood disorder characterized by feelings of sadness and the loss of pleasure in normal activities that can occur shortly after giving birth

upper life expectancy

122

An fMRI study confirmed the capacity of the fetus to hear at __ into the prenatal period by assessing brain response to auditory stimuli.

33 to 34 weeks

The average North American newborn weighs ______ pounds.

7.5

Postpartum blues (baby blues)

70%....transient and brief; mild mood swings, irritability*, anxiety, decreased concentration, insomnia, tearfulness, crying spells; occur within 2-3 days pp (peak on 4th or 5th) and resolve within 2 wks; more common and less serious than PPD; do not impair normal daily functioning.

Average life expectancy in US

79

Chronological age is the only true way to measure age.

=n

Doula

A caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth.

the placenta

A flattened circular organ in the uterus that allows an embryo to be nourished with the mother's blood supply

Blastocyst

A fluid-filled sphere formed about 5 days after fertilization of an ovum that is made up of an outer ring of cells and inner cell mass. THis is the structure that implants in the endometrium of the uterus.

Which of the following best describes Erikson's theory of development?

A multistage theory in which a developmental task in each stage confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved.

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

A technique associated with prenatal diagnosis in which a small sample of the fetal portion of the placenta is removed for analysis to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus.

Which theorist believed that development reflects the influence of five environmental systems?

Bronfenbrenner

Method of childbirth

C cection or natural birth

bonding with infant

Develop bonds of attachment and feelings of love for the infant, Feels fetal movement, Feels an intimate connection with the unborn fetus, Emotional "binding-in" motivates the patient to be a good mother, and Patient's own mother is the strongest model (Mothering style either patterned after own mother or adjusted)

Which of the following statements are consistent with the basic premises of Erikson's psychosocial theory?

Developmental stages are characterized by developmental tasks that must be resolved. Developmental stages are turning points marked by increased vulnerability and enhanced potential.

Which of the following statements about ethnicity are true?

Ethnicity can include race and religion. Cultural heritage and language are aspects of ethnicity. There can be diversity within ethnic groups. nationality race cultural heritage

Which of the following can be inferred as an outcome of the research by DeCasper and Spence (1986) in which mothers read The Cat in the Hat to their fetuses and then to the children post-birth?

Fetuses can hear. Fetuses can learn.

Which of the following statements about gender is true?

Gender refers to the characteristics of people as females or males.

second stage of birth

Head moves through the cervix into the birth canal Birth of the infant 45 minutes long

Which of the following are characteristics of the life-span perspective of development?

It is multidimensional. It is lifelong. It is multidirectional.

According to life-span experts, which of the following is true of chronological age?

It is not relevant to the understanding of a person's psychological development.

First stage of birth process

Longest stage Uterine contractions begin at 15 to 20 minutes apart and last up to a minute each - allow cervix to open and dilate to 10 cm (4 inches) FIRST STAGE LASTS UP TO 6 to 12 HOURS

According to the life-span perspective, which age dominates development?

No age dominates development.

The father of psychoanalytic theory is

Sigmund Freud

trophoblast

The outer layer of cells that develops in the germinal period. These cells provide nutrition and support for the embryo.

development

The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span is known as

What are the purposes of reflexes?

They allow infants to respond adaptively to their environment. They are survival mechanisms, which are genetically carried.

Psychoanalytic

______ theories view development as being primarily the result of unconscious processes

Each of Piaget's age-related stages consists of

a distinct way of thinking

amniotic sac/fluid

a fluid-filled sac that cushions and protects a developing embryo and fetus in the uterus... humidity, temperature controlled

social policy

a government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens

C-section

a surgical method of birth

Teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

medication during childbirth

analgesia, Anastasia, oxytocin

The Apgar scale measures the:

appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration

A child sees a zebra for the first time. She says, "Horse!" What Piagetian concept does this example describe?

assimilation

Midwives

attendants trained to help women give birth and who believe that childbirth is a normal part of life

Reading and performing music are generally believed to involve ______ of the brain.

both

Research has shown that ______ has multiple benefits for infants, such as a lower risk of respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal infections.

breast feeding

Which of the following are examples of biological processes that affect development?

cardiovascular decline brain development hormonal changes of puberty genes inherited from parents weight gain

The rapid development of the brain in infancy can be attributed to the

cephalocaudal principle.

_________age refers to the number of years that one has lived since birth.

chronological

passive genotype-environment correlations

correlations that exist when the biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child

evocative genotype-environment correlations

correlations that exist when the child's genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments

As compared to Freud, today's psychoanalytic theorists place more emphasis on ______ as determinants of an individual's development.

cultural experiences

_________ encompasses the behavior patterns and beliefs that are passed from generation to generation

culture

formation of neural tube

day 22

high birth weight

describes baby who weighs more than 8.8 pounds at birth

The ______ period refers to a time frame in a person's life that is characterized by certain features

developmentAL

stages of birth

dilation, expulsion, placental

The perspective on motor development that seeks to explain how motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting is referred to as the ______ theory

dynamic systems

Once the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall, the mass of cells become known as a(n)

embryo

Joey is 21 years old. He is looking at his career options and who and what he wants to be. These choices are typical of an individual in the stage of Blank______adulthood.

emerging

embryo's three layers

endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm.

Which of the following are components of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory? (Choose every correct answer.)

exosystem macrosystem microsystem mesosystem chronosystem

Research has found that the MOST important visual stimuli in children's social environment are quite possibly

faces

True or false: Infants do not show interest in human faces until they reach 12 months of age.

false

True or false: Life-span development focuses mostly on the rapid growth and development that occurs during childhood.

false

True or false: The life-span perspective involves sociocultural and individual factors, but not biological factors.

false

true or false: The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth occurs in the middle trunk and progresses outward to the head and feet. True false question.

false

prenatal tests

fetal MRI, ultrasound, amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling

Which of the following are outcomes of breast feeding for children?

fewer gastrointestinal infections increased maturation of the immune system less chance of becoming overweight or obese

studying life-span development we learn information about ourselves, including which of the following?

how we will age who we are how we came to be this way

The action of a child crawling across the room to grab a colorful toy would be an example of intermodal perception because it

integrates information from multiple sensory modalities.

When watching a hockey game, spectators can hear the sound of the stick hitting the puck and see the puck slide across the ice. This ability is known as

intermodal perception.

According to the epigenetic view, development is

is due to heredity and environment each affecting the other

Which of the following concepts refers to the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex?

lateralization

low birth weight

less than 5.5 pounds

In the life-span perspective, no age period dominates development. This highlights the view that development is considered to be

lifelong

Which of the following have been linked to infant sleep problems?

maternal depression and screen time

One of the key debates in developmental psychology as it relates to perceptual development is the longstanding issue of

nature v nurture

In the field of perceptual development, those who emphasize the role of nature are referred to as

naturists

amniocentesis

needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis

The most common infant sleep-related problem is

night time waking

Nick's mother and mother-in-law are both in their 50s and are currently both experiencing menopausal symptoms. This would be an example of a _______ influence.

normative age-graded

Most children in the United States start school when they are 5 or 6 years of age. This occurrence is an example of a

normative age-graded influence.

Events or trends (such as social or economic trends) that are common to members of a particular generation are known as ______ influences.

normative history-graded

active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlations

occurs when individuals seek out environments that support their genetic tendencies. This is also referred to as niche picking. For example, children who are musically inclined seek out music instruction and opportunities that facilitate their natural musical ability.J

organgenesis

organ formation that takes place during the first two months of prenatal development

The main theme of the ecological approach of Eleanor and James J. Gibson is that ______ and action are coupled.

perception

Gross motor skills

physical skills that involve the large muscles

The periods of development in the human life span are

produced by an interplay of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes.

A government's social policy is the course of action taken by the government to

promote the welfare of the country's citizens.

According to Erikson, humans develop in ______ stages.

psychosocial

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, a child's cognition is ______ different in one stage compared with another.

qualitatively

Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development is associated with

reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference.

Behaviors that are built-in reactions to stimuli that allow infants to respond to their environment before they have learned the behavior are called

reflexes

Which of the following activities is NOT considered a fine motor skill?

riding a tricycle

In Piaget's theory, actions or mental representations that organize knowledge are called

schemes.

The eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin are all considered to be

sensory receptors.

Freud believed that the primary motivation for human behavior is ______ in nature, whereas Erikson believed that is was ______.

sexual; social

According to Vygotsky, which of the following is crucial to children's cognitive development?

social interaction with more-skilled adults and peers

Which four of the following concepts are particularly useful when studying the sociocultural context?

socioeconomic status gender ethnicity culture

the issues of development among the following

stability and change nature and nurture continuity and discontinuity

behavioral geneticists

study the role played by our genes and our environment in mental ability, emotional stability, temperament, personality, interests, etc.; they look at the causes of our individual differences

germinal stage

the 2-week period of prenatal development that begins at conception

psychosexual stages

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

neural connectivity

the connections between neurons through which brain systems interact

neurogenesis

the development of new neurons

The current view of perceptual-motor coupling in infants is

the dynamic systems view.

neural migration

the movement of neurons from one part of the fetal brain to their more permanent destination; occurs during months 3-5 of the fetal stage.

embryonic period

the period from two to eight weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop

embryo's three life support systems

the placenta, the umbilical cord, and the amniotic sac

prenatal care

the steps that a pregnant female can take to provide for her own health and the health of her baby ... exersize...

umbillical cord

the structure that attaches the placenta to the fetus, through which nutrients are passed and fetal wastes are removed

fetal period

the time from about eight weeks after conception until the birth of the child

ethological

theory states that behavior is tied to evolution, is strongly affected by biological influence, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.

Which of the following activities is NOT a gross motor skill?

tying shoes

The sensation of _______ occurs as rays of light contact the eyes, become focused on the retina, and are transmitted by the optic nerve to the visual centers of the brain.

vision

water birthing

woman enters a pool to give birth. The warmth and buoyancy of the water is soothing, easing the length and pain of labor