PSY 262 -- Chapter 3
If one structure is on the left side of the body and another is on the right, they are said to be ____ to each other.
contralateral
The term rhombencephalon refers to the ____.
hindbrain
In which area of the brain would one find the tectum, tegmentum, superior and inferior colliculi, and substantia nigra?
midbrain
The nuclei for cranial nerves I through IV are located in the ____.
midbrain and forebrain
The sweat glands, adrenal glands, and muscles that constrict blood vessels have input from only the ____ nervous system.
sympathetic
Suppose you are interested in determining if the volume of the hippocampus is associated with the amount of stress a person was experiencing. Which method would be the best choice?
CAT
Which statement is TRUE about laminae in the cerebral cortex?
The laminae vary in thickness in different areas.
Damage to the basal ganglia would most likely result in ____.
a movement disorder
Which structure is likely to be damaged in Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and other conditions that impair movement?
basal ganglia
Each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex receives most of its input from the ____ side of the body and controls the muscles on the ____ side.
contralateral; contralateral
After damage to the ventral roots of the spinal cord, an individual will suffer what kind of loss?
control of the peripheral muscles in the affected body area
Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from the front?
coronal
Olfactory information is processed by the ____.
cortex via the olfactory bulbs
The limbic system is most related to ____.
emotional behaviors
The ventricles, central canal, and subarachnoid space are all ____.
filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Research indicates that the behavioral effects of the cerebellum may be due to its role in ____.
focusing attention and organizing sensory inputs
Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from above?
horizontal
The ascending portion of the reticular formation ____.
increases arousal and attention
The only area of the cerebral cortex known to receive input from ALL sensory modalities is the ____.
prefrontal cortex
What is the primary target area in the cortex for information regarding muscle-stretch and joint receptors?
primary somatosensory cortex
Which part of the nervous system prepares the body for "fight or flight" activities?
sympathetic
Which lobe seems to be especially involved in the comprehension of spoken language in humans?
temporal
Which lobe contributes most to the perception of movement and recognition of faces?
temporal lobe
Acetylcholine is the only neurotransmitter released by ____.
the parasympathetic nervous system's postganglionic axons
Prefrontal lobotomies were conducted in the United States in an attempt to ____.
treat severe psychiatric disorders
Superior colliculus is to ____ as inferior colliculus is to ____.
vision; hearing
The prefrontal cortex is important for ____.
working memory
How many pairs of cranial nerves do humans have?
12
Evoked potentials in the brain are most likely to be detected by a(n) ____.
EEG
Which statement is TRUE of the cortical areas that are sometimes known as "association areas"?
They are best described as additional sensory areas
Which neurotransmitter is primarily used by the parasympathetic nervous system?
acetylcholine
Sympathetic ganglia ____.
are closely linked and often act as a single system
The precentral gyrus is essential for the ____.
control of fine movements
Cell bodies of motor neurons would most likely be found in ____.
gray matter
The cerebellum contributes to the control of what function?
movement
Sympathetic is to ____ as parasympathetic is to ____.
norepinephrine; acetylcholine
The basal ganglia are a related cluster of cell bodies that are lateral to the
thalamus
Computerized axial tomography creates an image from ____.
x-rays
You are walking after dark. A sudden noise frightens you. Your heart pounds, your pulse races, and your breathing rate increases. These responses are due to your ____.
sympathetic nervous system
Cortical blindness may result from the destruction of ____.
the occipital cortex
What causes hydrocephalus?
obstruction in the flow of cerebrospinal fluid
The central nervous system is composed of the ____.
brain and spinal cord
The reticular formation is contained within the ____.
brain stem
How does the method of transcranial magnetic stimulation of brain areas differ from magnetic inactivation?
Brain activation results from mild, brief magnetic stimulation
If you could selectively damage the individual laminae of the cortex, damage to which layer would most likely affect visual sensation?
Layer IV of the occipital cortex
Which method is dependent upon injecting a radioactive chemical into the blood to measure blood flow?
PET
What do the corpus callosum and anterior commissure have in common?
They both connect the two hemispheres.
Thus far, it appears that the brain feature most strongly correlated with IQ in humans is the ____.
amount of gray matter
Sympathetic is to ____ as parasympathetic is to ____.
arousal; relaxation
The nucleus basalis is a key part of the brain's system for ____.
attention
Which division of the nervous system consists of neurons that control the heart, intestines, and other organs?
autonomic
What structure is composed of the medulla, pons, the midbrain, and certain central structures of the forebrain?
brain stem
Vision is to ____ as hearing is to ____.
cranial nerve II; cranial nerve VIII
The medulla controls a number of reflexes through ____.
cranial nerves
A function of the cerebrospinal fluid is to ____.
cushion the brain
A cross section of the spinal cord indicates that gray matter is ____.
densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites
What type of pathway in the substantia nigra deteriorates in Parkinson's disease?
dopamine
Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the ____.
dorsal root ganglia
The cell bodies of sensory neurons that are in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord are called ____.
dorsal root ganglia
Which technique is dependent upon the release of oxygen from hemoglobin molecules?
fMRI
The choroid plexus ____.
forms the cerebrospinal fluid
If the prefrontal cortex is damaged, an individual may ____.
have difficulty remembering where s/he just placed the keys
Neurons in the prefrontal cortex ____ than neurons in other cortical areas.
have more dendritic spines
Which structure consists of the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum?
hindbrain
An individual has difficulty remembering certain things after brain damage, but all memories stored before the damage are intact. The brain area most likely damaged is the ____.
hippocampus
An impairment of eating, drinking, temperature regulation, or sexual behavior suggests possible damage to which brain structure?
hypothalamus
The pituitary gland synthesizes and releases hormones ____.
into the bloodstream
The medulla is considered part of the brain rather than the spinal cord because it ____.
is contained in the skull
The large-scale integration problem is the difficulty of ____.
knowing how the areas of your brain work together to create a combined perception
A group of forebrain structures is important for motivated and emotional behavior. What term refers to this group of structures?
limbic system
People with damage of the parietal cortex tend to have trouble ____
locating objects in space
The parasympathetic nervous system has ____.
long preganglionic and short postganglionic axons
As axons from the spinal cord enter the skull, which structure do they enter?
medulla
Breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing are all controlled by which structure?
medulla
The hindbrain consists of the ____.
medulla, pons, and cerebellum
Meningitis is an inflammation of the ____.
membranes surrounding the brain
The hippocampus plays a major role in ____.
memory
Membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord are called ____.
meninges
Which structure receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia and sends axons that release acetylcholine to widespread areas in the cerebral cortex?
nucleus basilis
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most important for visual information?
occipital
Where would you find the dorsal root ganglia?
outside, but near, the spinal cord
Someone who suddenly loses the ability to identify objects by feeling them has probably suffered damage to what area of the cerebral cortex?
parietal lobe
The ____ monitors all the information about eye, head, and body positions and passes it on to brain areas that control movement.
parietal lobe
Which part of the cerebral cortex is most important for the sense of touch?
parietal lobe
The "binding problem" is the issue of how we ____.
perceive visual, auditory and other aspects of a stimulus as a single object
Together, the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system make up the ____ nervous system
peripheral
By both neural and hormonal pathways, the hypothalamus regulates activity of the ____.
pituitary gland
Secretions from which gland will also affect the secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland, adrenal gland, and ovaries or testes?
pituitary gland
A stereotaxic instrument would most likely be used for ____.
placing an electrode in the brain
The nuclei for most of the cranial nerves are located in the ____.
pons and medulla
emotional behaviors
relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex
After damage to the dorsal roots of the spinal cord, an individual will suffer what kind of loss?
sensation from the affected body area
The spinal cord communicates with ____.
sense organs and muscles below the level of the head
The somatic nervous system carries signals from the ____ and is part of the ____.
senses; peripheral nervous system
In addition to problems with balance and coordination, a person with damage to the cerebellum will likely have problems with ____.
shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli
Which division of the nervous system consists of neurons that deliver messages from the sensory organs to the central nervous system?
somatic
What is the primary area of the cerebral cortex for auditory sensations?
temporal
Women on the average have a greater density of neurons in part of the ____.
temporal lobe
Which structure provides the main source of input to the cerebral cortex?
thalamus
An electroencephalograph measures ____.
the average activity of the cells in a given region of the brain
