PSY 270 - Final
Which of the following theories assumes that to reduce discomfort, we justify our actions to ourselves?
cognitive dissonance theory
In comparison to women, men fall in love more _______ and out of love more _______.
readily; slowly
the perception that one is less well off than others is referred to as
relative deprivation
In a very early social psych experiment, Norman Triplett observed that the presence of other people
resulted in faster reeling of fishing reels
Self disclosure involves:
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave is what social psychologists call a(n)
role
John is nervous about his tennis match, but he still stays out late instead of getting a good night's sleep the night before the match. This could be an example of
self-handicapping
Which theory assumes that we observe our actions for clues about our own attitudes and beliefs?
self-perception
In the Prisoner's Dilemma, if both prisoners confess, each will get a ______________ sentence; if neither confess, each will get a ______________ sentence.
severe; light
An institutionalized practice that treats people unequal based on sex-like requiring police officers be a certain height- that is unrelated to job performance in an example of
sexism
Weapon of Influence: "I fought the law and the law won"
Authority
Assuming that you are far more likely to die of homicide than heart disease because so many examples of homicides (relative to heart disease) are displayed in the media is an example of the ____________ heuristic.
Availability
Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink? A. "We have made some stupid mistakes in the past. Let's work carefully to not make the same errors again." B. "We have been in agreement on matters in the past and I hope that will continue" C. "Joe, why dont you play devil's advocate and challenge the course of action most of us seem to prefer." D. "I think we need some outsiders to come in and critique our decision before we proceed"
B. "We have been in agreement on matters in the past and I hope that will continue" (maintaining group cohesion)
Research shows that giving people a chance to vent aggression does NOT reduce aggression and may increase it. This contradicts the _____________________ hypothesis. A. Sensitization B. Catharsis C. Frustration-Agression D. Social Learning
B. Catharsis
Research suggests that once we create mental categories (for any stimuli, be it lines or people), we: A. Take special note of overlapping or "fuzzy" boundaries B. Enhance (or exaggerate) the perceived distinctions between them C. Change the boundaries quickly when "exceptions" arise D. Ignore them when we encounter new exemplars
B. Enhance (or exaggerate) the perceived distinctions between them
Clark and Hatfield had male and female research assistants invite members of the opposite sex to sleep with them. the results showed clearly that: A. Both. male and female students were willing to go to bed with a stranger B. Far more men than women were willing to go to bed with a stranger C. Slightly more women than men were willing to go to bed with a stranger D. Far more women than men were willing to go to bed with a stranger
B. Far more men than women were willing to go to bed with a stranger
Equity exists when A. group members decide Amon themselves how rewards should be distributed B. rewards are distributed in proportion to individual's contributions C. rewards are distributed equally to all group members regardless of their contributions D. individuals are all equally satisfied with their rewards
B. rewards are distributed in proportion to individual's contributions
Research on implicit bias shows that people told to press a key to "shoot" when they see someone with a gun, are: A. slower to "shoot" blacks with guns than whites with guns B. more likely to "shoot" blacks without guns than whites without guns C. more likely to "shoot" women with guns than men without guns D. all of the above
B. more likely to "shoot" blacks without guns than whites without guns
That teenagers feel more "in love" when their parents oppose their relationship may be an example of: A. the acceptance of adult social roles B. psychological reactance C. a drive for uniqueness D. informational influences
B. psychological reactance
According to a study discussed in class, kids who watched a movie clip where a gun was used were more likely to _____________ with a (disabled) gun found in their playroom than kids who saw the same movie without the gun. A. turn the gun into an adult B. pull the trigger C. check to see if it was loaded D. all of the above
B. pull the trigger
Asking for something outrageous (with the expectation of being turned down), also known as the Door-in-the-face technique, relies on which of Cialdini's weapons on influence? A. Commitment/consistency B. Reciprocation C. Liking D. Scarcity
B. reciprocation
Weapon of Influence: "The best things come along in numbers of one"
Scarcity
the "girls all get prettier at closing tie study" documents which of Cialdini's six weapons of influence?
Scarcity
Miller and his colleagues (2001) reported that we are more empathic and helpful toward those who are _______ us.
similar to
In times of tension, such as during an international crisis, views of the opposing side become more________________.
simplistic
the tendency of people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present is the original meaning of
social facilitation
Assuming that everyone thinks you are a jerk because you forgot to show up at a dinner party with a gift for the host can be considered an example of the ____________ effect.
spotlight
Saying "I earned an A on my psychology test" versus "My instructor gave me a C on my psychology test" exemplifies how we associate ourselves with
success and distance ourselves from failure
Martha is excellent at organizing her employees, setting goals, and focusing on achieving those goals for the company. Martha excels in
task leadership
Injunctive norms...
tell us how people should behave
The "naturalistic fallacy" refers to the tendency to believe:
that what's natural is good/right
The self-referent effect refers to
the fact that we process information about the self more efficiently
Social psych is defined as the following items
think about, influence, and relate to one another
Studies have shown that if people are aware of opposing arguments, a __________ presentation is more persuasive and enduring.
two-sided
The planning fallacy is the tendency to
underestimate how long a task will take.
Myers indicates that, until recently, prejudice was greatest in regions where slavery was practiced. This fact is consistent with the principle that _______ breeds prejudice.
unequal status
what's makes for a good theory?
-Summarizes previous research findings -make predictions that generate new research -suggest practical applications (all of the above)
People who are quick to respond to peripheral cues, such as a communicator's attractiveness, are _______- in the need for cognition. A. Low B. Average C. High D. Slightly above average
A. Low
Which statement about predicting your own behaviors or relationships is TRUE? -You are the best predictor of your own behavior -you can predict the fate of your relationship but not your behaviors -the people who know you can probably predict your behaviors better than you -neither you nor the people who know you can predict your behaviors or the fates of your relationships
-the people who know you can probably predict your behaviors better than you
Based on research discussed in class, the "magic ratio" or number of positive interactions necessary to overcome a single negative interaction with a partner is _______ ; fewer than this may portend instability
5 (5:1)
When someone from ISU brags about going to school where Larry Bird went even though they never met him nor had any involvement in his success, social psychologists call it: A. BIRGing B. BOOSTing C. CORFing D. none of the above
A. BIRGing
Research from an evolutionary model suggests that ethnocentrism may have originally "evolved" in order to: A. Protect us from diseases for which we had no immunity B. Protect us from danger from strangers who would steal from us C. Increase cooperation among group members D. Decreed likelihood of abandonment by our group
A. Protect us from diseases for which we had no immunity
According to your instructor, like social psychologists, evolutionary psychologists emphasize the role of ___________ in understanding aggression. A. Situational factors B. Individual dispositions (personality traits) C. Social learning histories D. Parenting practices
A. Situational factors
Groupthink can be defined as A. a tendency to suppress dissent in the interests of group harmony B. a tendency to sacrifice group cohesiveness in favor of task orientation and problem focus C. enhancement of problem-solving capacity as a result of several persons joining together to work on the same problem D. reduced self-awareness as a result of group immersion and social anonymity
A. a tendency to suppress dissent in the interests of group harmony
According to research presented in class, who is at greatest risk of being killed: A. a two year old living with his biological mom and stepdad B. a 15 year old living with his stepmom and biological dad C. a 4 year old living with his biological mom and dad D. a 16 year old living with his biological mom and stepdad
A. a two year old living with his biological mom and stepdad
If victims seem to have created their own problems by laziness or lack of foresight, people are less willing to offer help. Helping responses are thus closely tied to A. attributions B. cognitive dissonance C. the overjustification effect D. self-concepts
A. attributions
Someone who brings a new vision to an organization that is communicated in such a way that inspires members and brings about a dramatic change is described as: A. charismatic leader B. conscientious leader C. purpose-oriented leader D. Social-oriented leader
A. charismatic leader
Which of the following is a method for resolving social dilemmas? A. communication B. competition C. increasing group size D. punishment
A. communication
Conformity is greater when people are in ambiguous (unclear) situations or feel incompetent. This pattern reflects the effect of: A. Informational influence B.Normative Influence C. compliance D. acceptance
A. informational influence
One way to stimulate people's thinking so that they become more committed to their positions is to A. mildly attack their position (with weak arguments) B. Strongly attack with good arguments C. mildly support with weak arguments D. strongly support with good arguments
A. mildly attack their position with weak arguments
John believes that he is hardworking and his wife Rachel is lazy. Rachel believes the opposite. This is an example of A. mirror-image perceptions B. perceived injustice C. an equitable relationships D. a social trap
A. mirror-image perceptions
As presented in class, data collected by Kendrick and Sheets on homicidal fantasies suggests that relative to women, men report having _________________ homicidal fantasies. A. more B. the same number C. slightly fewer D. far fewer
A. more
The social responsibility norm refers to the expectation that A. people will help those needing help B. to receive help, people must ask for it C. future exchanges of help must exist D. all of the above
A. people will help those needing help
Conflict is defined as: A. perceived incompatibility of actions or goals B. competition for mutually exclusive goals C. dissatisfaction with relationship outcomes D. hostility that results from frustrating interaction
A. perceived incompatibility of actions or goals
Aronson created "jigsaw groups" in which each member had important information that needed to be used to complete a classroom assignment. The technique, in which people from various groups, share a common goal, is expected to: A. reduce prejudice B. increase competition C. increase prejudice D. increase a sense of deprivation
A. reduce prejudice
Research described in class found that, in contrast to behaving altruistically to one's relatives, behaving altruistically toward non-relatives: A. required cognitive effort B. was automatic C. depended on one's social status D. was viewed through a religious "lens"
A. required cognitive effort
The smaller the group, the more A. responsible each person feels for it B. apathetic people are about its preservation C. likler communication will take the form of intimidation and deception D. intense the conflict among individual members
A. responsible each person feels for it
Kevin wants his parents to extend his curfew for one hour this weekend. Kevin is most likely to persuade his parents if he A. tells them about his A he got on his physics test B. promises to do his homework before he goes out C. threatens to run away D. asks them after he shows them the dent he put in their car
A. tells them about the A he got on his physics test
According to Social Learning Theory, which of the following is an important factor in determining whether people will copy modeled aggression: A. the consequences (reward or punishment) B. one's level of testosterone C. the presence of others D. the initial provocation
A. the consequences (reward or punishment)
As presented in class, studies of homicidal fantasies and actual homicides suggest that: A. People are most often killed by strangers B. Homicides are often triggered by something "trivial" that escalates as each party strives to "save face" (and avoid being publicly humiliated) C. Most killings occur as acts of self-defense when the victim attempts to rob them D. none of the above
B. Homicides are often triggered by something "trivial" that escalates as each party strives to "save face" (and avoid being publicly humiliated)
The students in Jane Elliot's 3rd grade classroom experienced a demonstration that social psychologists refer to as a _______________________ in which groups are created on a dimension that was previously unknown/unimportant to the subjects A. in-group homogeneity B. Minimal intergroup paradigm C. Automaticity effect D. Social facilitation
B. Minimal intergroup paradigm
An evolutionary theory that proposes sex differences in sensitivity to a partner's sexual infidelity is: A. Kin selection theory B. Paternal uncertainty theory C. Parental investment theory D. social learning theory
B. Paternal uncertainty theory
Despite impressions you might get from the media, the greatest number of terrorist acts in the US seem to be committed by ___________________. A. islamic radicals B. Right-wing extremists C. Middle-Eastern drug cartels D. Environmentalist groups
B. Right-wing extremists
Descriptive norms are __________________, and injunctive norms are _________________. A. Trans-situational; situation-specific B. Situation-specific; trans-situational C. Prescriptive; proscriptive D. Proscriptive; prescriptive
B. Situation-specific; trans-situational
The tendency to see external/situational causes of our own behavior (even while we attribute others' behavior to their dispositions) is called the: A. Self-Serving Bias B. Actor-observer difference C. Fundamental Attribution error D. Non-causal effect
B. actor-observer difference
Someone who is strongly supportive of social policies that maintain social hierarchies that they think protect them is likely ____________________ which is linked to higher levels of prejudice: A. a high self-monitor B. an authoritarian personality C. an internal (locus of control) D. a collectivist
B. an authoritarian personality
____________ occurs when a neutral third party studies both sides of a conflict and imposes a settlement. A. mediation B. arbitration C. bargaining D. amelioration
B. arbitration
Imagine that a president and his closest advisors feel a great deal of pressure to accomplish something; and because they feel embattled by the press, they draw up the plans in secret (to unveil them to the public and detractors only at the end) although the president weighs in on options even during development. According to social psychologists these conditions may create ________________ that may lead to a ________________ policy than would have been created otherwise. A. social facilitation; better B. groupthink; worse C. social loafing; worse D. compromise and cooperation; better
B. groupthink; worse
According to research, it seems that just knowing about the dire consequences of noncooperation in a social dilemma A. leads to greater mistrust of others B. has little real effect on people's behavior C. tends to foster greater self-interest and competition D. encourages people to do what is good
B. has little real effect on people's behavior
Latane and Darley attempted to explain people's failure to intervene in cases like that of Kitty Genovese in terms of A. personality traits B. situational factors C. selfish genes D. mood factors
B. situational factors
During a conversation, men are more likely that women to do all of the following EXCEPT: A. talk assertively B. smile more C. interrupt intrusively D. stare more
B. smile more
In Jane Elliot's classic demonstration fo the experience of prejudice in her 3rd-grade students, it was observed that the academic performance of the group assigned a lower status for the day was lower, demonstrating something called A. scapegoating B. stereotype threat C. social loafing D. floor effects
B. stereotype threat
A politician's belief that homosexuals who get sick are being punished by God for their sins best illustrates A. Gause's law B. the just-world phenomenon C. an in-group bias D. stereotype vulnerability
B. the just-world phenomenon
According to Sheets, Zimbardo's prison study is important because it demonstrates: A. How people's "true" personalities come out when they are put in authority over others B. the power of the situation (and its associated roles/rules) to override personal dispositions C. how difficult it is for scientists to maintain perspective when testing their hypothesis D. how few people will object when an authority instructs them to be cruel
B. the power of the situation (and its associated roles/rules) to override personal dispositions
According to conflict researchers, you are more likely to divulge your needs and concerns if your relationship with your partner includes__________. A. the threat of withdrawal B. trust C. mediation D. passion
B. trust
How did Asch's study of conformity (in reporting judgments of the lengths of lines) differ from those of Sherif (which relied on the autokinetic effect)? A. Asch's participants faced a more ambiguous task B. Sherif's participants were dealing with facts rather than opinions C. Asch's participants could clearly see the correct judgment D. Sherif's participants were in the physical presence of the pressuring group, while Asch's were not
C. Asch's participants could clearly see the correct judgment
From an evolutionary perspective, the ultimate reason we like sex is that: A. we (consciously) want to have kids B. Cultural messages reinforce sexual desire from an early age C. Humans who didn't like sex didn't leave any descendants (that is, sex is the route by which genes survive) D. our brains are wired to respond favorably to genital touching
C. Humans who didn't like sex didn't leave any descendants (that is, sex is the route by which genes survive)
All else equal, who will be seen as most credible as the present arguments for the local republican candidate? A. Jake, a basketball player who supports the candidate because he supports building a new arena B. Ellis, a policeman and lifelong republican, who speaks slowly and thoughtfully, emphasizing the candidates' law and order image C. James, a union member and lifelong democrat, who speaks confidently and quickly about the candidates strong stance on environmental issues D. Jeanie, a teacher, who speaks about the candidates commitment to improve teacher salaries
C. James, a union member and lifelong democrat, who speaks confidently and quickly about the candidates strong stance on environmental issues
If a political ad (a) highlights the differences between high and low status group, (b) implies that the groups are in competition for the same resources, and/or (c) suggests that the low status group brings disease, based on your knowledge of social psychology, you can surmise that the ad will ________________________. A. encourage the high status group to help those in the low status group B. generate reactance by those in the high status group C. Promote prejudice against the low status group members D. Promote acceptance of the social hierarchy by the low status group members
C. Promote prejudice against the low status group members
From an evolutionary perspective, it would be most difficult to explain why: A. John paid his son's hospital bills B. Phyllis helped her mother clean the house C. Ruth risked her life to save a stranger from being murdered D. William helped his next-door neighbor paint his house
C. Ruth risked her life to save a stranger from being murdered
While _________________ seems to account for gradual changes in attitudes, _______________ seems to explain more radical shifts. A. Fundamental attitude theory; Self perception theory B. Implicit attitudes shift; Cognitive dissonance theory C. Self-perception theory; cognitive dissonance D. cognitive dissonance; overconfidence phenomenon
C. Self-perception; cognitive dissonance
When a choice concerns matters of personal value or ways of life, _______ communicators have more influence. A. dissimilar B. expert C. similar D. disinterested
C. Similar
Mary saw Peter trip and immediately formed a mental schema of him as "clumsy." Mary has just engaged in a(n): A. Self-fulfilling prophecy B. Availability attribution C. Spontaneous trait inference D. Self-serving bias
C. Spontaneous trait inference
Zoe has lived in the United States all of her life, yet her Greek grandmother made sure that Zoe was fluent in the Greek language so she would understand the Greek way of life. What has Zoe's grandmother passed on to her? A. a belief B. a norm C. a culture D. a value
C. a culture
A person who is both ___________ would be considered androgynous. A. intelligent and athletic B. moral and competent C. assertive and nurturing D. good and evil
C. assertive and nurturing
Baumeister and others (2001) sum up research by noting in everyday life, _____ events have stronger and more lasting consequences than _____ events. A. fun; sad B. sad; fun C. bad; good D. good; bad
C. bad; good
The bait and switch technique (offering a low-price offer, but then making the product unavailable and offering a cheaper, less quality substitute) works because of our tendency to: A. follow the crowd B. reciprocate favors C. be consistent with stated commitments D. Like salespeople who try to help us
C. be consistent with stated commitments
Changing your attitudes or behavior after thinking about the strength and logic of someones arguments is the definition of _________________ route persuasion. A. peripheral B. cognitive C. central D. self
C. central
After learning about a former co-worker who recently passed away due to cancer, you call a loved one. In the context of attraction and intimacy, this is an example of how reminders of death... A. cause social tension B. make us depressed C. heighten our need to belong D. encourage solitude
C. heighten our need to belong
If people remember the message better than the reason for discounting it, the impact of a noncredible person may _______ over time. A. change B. stay the same C. increase D. decrease
C. increase
The idea that evolution has selected altruism toward one's close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes is referred to as: A. nominative determinism B. altruistic selection C. kin selection D. self-serving helpfulness
C. kin selection
Which of the following represents an "I-sharing" experience as described in class? A. self-disclosing to someone new B. learning that you grew up in the same town as someone else C. laughing at the same joke as someone else (when no one else does) D. finding out there is only one supermarket that carries your vegan pizza
C. laughing at the same joke as someone else (when no one else does)
Vivian and Pearl, who have been a couple for many years, are having a conflict they have been unable to resolve, so they make an appointment with a counselor. The counselor helps facilitate communication between Vivian and Pearl and offers suggestions for dealing with future conflicts. What form of communication have they used to resolve their conflict? A. bargaining B. amelioration C. mediation D. arbitration
C. mediation
All of the conditions below support "groupthink" except A. group cohesiveness B. isolation of the group from dissenting views C. members being well-informed regarding the issues D. a directive leader who signals what they favor
C. members being well-informed regarding the issues
According to the text, __________ are less likely to describe themselves as having empathy. A. the young B. the elderly C. men D. women
C. men
The fact that people prefer letters appearing in their own name illustrates the __________ effect. A. proximity B. matching C. mere exposure D. belongingness
C. mere exposure
Harris suggested that if children were left with their same schools, neighborhoods, and peers, but their parents were switched, the children would develop into the same sort of adults. This conclusion reflects the power of A. parents B. siblings C. peers D. teachers
C. peers
The idea that good deeds done now will be repaid in the future, when you are in need, is central to the ___________________ model of altruism. A. kin selection B. social responsibility C. reciprocal altruism D. reinforcement
C. reciprocal altruism
The central notion of egoism is that A. the healthy personality has a strong ego B. self-esteem is a more important motive than social approval C. self-interest motivates all behavior D. our self concept is determined by others' evaluation of us
C. self-interest motivates all behavior
As men and women perform similar roles, their psychological differences: A. Magnify B. stay the same C. shrink D. are unknown
C. shrink
Compared to boys, girls: A. play more aggressively B. play in larger groups C. talk more intimately D. spend less time on social networking sites
C. talk more intimately
Company A describes its cars' reliability, mileage, and durability. Company B's ads show people having a good time driving around in their cars. A's ads focus on ____-route processing; B's ads use ____-route processing.
Central; peripheral
Weapon of Influence: "Do what you say; say what you mean. One thing leads to another"
Consistency
In a classic study of a doomsday cult, Festinger observed that when confronted with evidence that their beliefs were wrong...
Cult members added new elements (beliefs) that reduced any tension (dissonance) they might have been feeling
Which of the following proverbs is clearly NOT supported by the research findings? A. "Familiarity breeds fondness" B. "Even virtue is fairer in a fair body" C. "Out of sight, out of mind" D. "Opposites attract"
D. "Opposites attract"
In Milgram's classic studies of obedience, what percent of people were willing to give the highest levels of shock, levels they believed were "extremely dangerous" just because the authority told them to? A. 1% B. 12% C. 28% D. 63%
D. 63%
According to lecture, "contact" between groups may not reduce stereotyping unless: A. Contact occurs between multiple group members B. Groups/members are of equal status C. Contact between members is informal D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following circumstances contributes to people becoming deindividuated? A. they are immersed in a large group B. they are physically anonymous C. they are involved in arousing, distracting activities D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Dre wasn't planning on killing Stan, but Stan tried to block the door when Dre tried to leave with the money. Social psychologists would consider Dre's behavior to be: A. terrorism B. hostile aggression C. displacement D. instrumental aggression
D. instrumental aggression
How might evolution explain differences in behavior in different cultures? A. Evolution is not relevant for understanding the differences in behavior in different cultures B. Evolution may be the origin of an underlying motive that is achieved differently in different. groups (in other words, observed differences may be superficial and mask the underlying universality) C. Evolution may determine which behaviors are learnable/learned and when D. B + C E. All of the above
D. B + C B. Evolution may be the origin of an underlying motive that is achieved differently in different. groups (in other words, observed differences may be superficial and mask the underlying universality) C. Evolution may determine which behaviors are learnable/learned and when
Jacob seems to overreact to even the slightest frustration. He sees each event as a provocation directed specifically at him. Jacob seems to have a(n): A. authoritarian personality B. Internal locus of control C. High level of just-world beliefs D. Hostile attribution bias
D. Hostile attribution bias
The evolutionary theory that suggests that sex differences in behavior originate in differences in the "costs" of reproduction for men and women is know as: A. Reciprocal Concession Theory B. Ecological Niche Theory C. The naturalistic fallacy D. Parental investment theory
D. Parental investment theory
Which of the following recycling messages presents a descriptive norm that would likely backfire? (reducing rather than increasing an audiences commitment to recycling) A. Your neighbors support recycling B. Recycle, Its the law C. Its a free call to get your recyclables picked up for free D. Too many people are mixing recyclables in their normal trash
D. Too many people are mixing recyclables in their normal trash
According to Sheets, when you find yourself in need of help, to maximize your chance of gettin it, you should: A. pick someone from the crowd to ask for help B. define your situation (as an emergency) for bystanders C. tell the potential helpers what you want done D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Cults offer a message that: A. contains a vision of a wonderful future that must be prepared for B. emphasizes warmth and acceptance C. provides a sense of security in exchange for decision-making responsibility D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Which of the following beliefs do social psychologists have about the self? A. people have not one, but many selves B. the self concept is partly built from others' appraisals/judgements of us C. the self concept emerges from comparisons with others D. All of the above
D. all of the above
Which of the following factors will increase the likelihood of an aggressive reaction to someone pushing you unexpectedly at a Frat party? A. Having been insulted by someone in a passing car on your way in (unable to respond) B. Being drunk C. having a toothache D. all of the above
D. all of the above
The motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests defines A. egoism B. narcissism C. hedonism D. altruism
D. altruism
In the Tragedy of the Commons , the "commons" refers to A. stolen goods or winnings B. private property that repeatedly changes ownership C. disrupted border territory D. any jointly use, finite resource
D. any jointly use, finite resource
In a non-zero-sum game, A. one's gains equal another's losses B. altruistic motives dominate C. one side wins and the other loses D. both can win and both can lose
D. both can win and both can lose
Publicly ridiculing one's partner is an example of a negative communication style known as ______________, one of Gottman's four horsemen of the apocalypse A. complaint B. conciliation C. criticism D. contempt
D. contempt
Kurt Lewin and Margaret Mead found that having women ________________ resulted in more willingness to use organ meats when preparing a family meal A. listen to a lecture by a nutrition expert B. read a report on the need to ration meat for the army C. watch a demonstration of how the meats could be prepared D. engage in a discussion with other housewives about how to change their behavior
D. engage in a discussion with other housewives about how to change their behavior
The fact that people associate mostly with others whose attitudes are similar to their own suggests the prevalence of fo naturally occurring A. groupthink B. minority influence C. social facilitation D. group polarization
D. group polarization
Which statement is NOT true according to attitude research? -Attitudes predict behavior when they are... A. formed by direct experience B. thought about (salient) C. specific to the behavior D. learned from parents
D. learned from parents
Research on energy conservation found that people tended to rank social proof messages as ______________ as a reason for their action and these messages tended to be the __________ predictors fo their behavior. A. most important; strongest B. least important; weakest C. most important; strongest D. least important; strongest
D. least important; strongest
The idea that we may behave altruistically primarily to relieve our own distress is central to which of the following? A. Social responsibility B. Kin-selection C. reward model D. negative state relief
D. negative state relief
Hatfield and her colleagues (1966) matched the University of Minnesota freshmen for a Welcome Week dance. When the students were asked to evaluate their dates, what determined whether they liked each other? A. similarity of academic competence B. common family background C. similarity of values D. physical attractiveness
D. physical attractiveness
When a president blames illegal immigrants for his country's problems when they are not really the cause is referred to as A. projection B. the Just-World effect C. social loafing D. scapegoating
D. scapegoating
Research by Phillips on the "Sorrows of Young Werther" effect suggests that others may even model the acceptability of A. Love B. Job choice C. Divorce D. suicide
D. suicide
Through the use of _____________, Sherif made boy camper enemies into friends. A. bargaining B. conciliation C. contact D. superordinate goals
D. superordinate goals
In a study conducted by Lassiter and his colleagues (2005), participants observed a suspect confessing during a police interview. The results indicated that participants were more likely to perceive the confession as coerced when they viewed the confession A. Live B. through a two-way mirror C. through a camera focused on the subject D. through a camera focused on the detective
D. through a camera focused on the detective
Which theory suggests that love is a function of physiological arousal along with the label that we give to our arousal? A. correspondant interference B. reward theory C. triangle theory D. two-factor theory of emotion
D. two-factor theory of emotion
The realistic group conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises: A. whenever people try to live together B. when a new group moves into an area C. between groups who fail to communicate clearly with each other D. when groups compete for scarce resources
D. when groups compete for scarce resources
John displays more anger at his daughter's misbehavior on days he is reprimanded by his boss. This is an example of
Displacement
Which of the following factors are related to killing (and being killed) in the US, according to data presented in class A. being young (18-24) B. Being single C. being unemployed D. being male E. All of the above
E. all of the above
____________ is the vicarious experience of another's feelings and putting oneself in another's shoes.
Empathy
Widely known as the "Father of Modern Social Psychology"
Kurt Lewin
Weapon of Influence: "You make me feel so good"
Liking
"Them"- a group that people perceive as being distinctively different or apart from you and those you identify with
Outgroup
The group, led by Rev. Jim Jones, who committed mass suicide in 1978 by drinking cyanide-laced Kool-Aid was called:
People's Temple
According to Myers, advertisers for beverages and clothing tend to adopt marketing strategies that use the _______ route to persuasion.
Peripheral
Weapon of Influence: "Everything I do, I do it for you"
Reciprocation
When advertisers "sweeten the deal" by offering an additional product or "free gifts" to get you to make the purchase is an example of which type of social influence? (you feel their doing you a favor so you do one for them)
Reciprocation
Our sense of self-worth is also called our
Self-esteem
___________ is defined as the beliefs about the self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information.
Self-schema (self-concept)
A demonstration of the "Small-World" problem Milgram may have been responsible for popularizing the notion that everyone is separated from everyone else by just_____ people
Six
Weapon of Influence: "Don't want to be all by myself"
Social Proof
Your psych professor has assigned group projects to your class. She has chosen to individually grade each student's contribution to the assignment as an attempt to reduce_____________________.
Social loafing
Ian is from England, Dan is from America, and Tam is from India. Which one of these people is most likely to support and act on the norm of social responsibility?
Tam (collectivistic culture)
According to D Cohen, people from _____________ seem to display a great concern about their reputation, and overreact to insults as a part of a "culture of honor"
The southern United States
When a message is difficult to comprehend, persuasion appears greatest when the message is:
Written
You attend a party where you do not know anyone, but expect that people will be friendly. You behave in a warm and sociable manner. Your behavior, in turn, leads to other people being friendly to you. The tendency for other people to confirm your expectations because of your initial behavior is referred to as a(n):
a self-fulfilling prophecy
The term gender role refers to
a set of behavior expectations for males and females
Some individuals have many children so that they can ensure someone will take care of them in the future. However, this contributes to the collective devastation of overpopulation. This is an example of
a social dilemma
A politician gives a speech in which he says that all Muslims are violent extremists. This is an example of
a stereotype
(High) self-monitoring is
adjusting one's behavior in response to external situations to create the desired impression
In the ABC's of attitudes, "A" stands for
affect
Which of the following situation will lead people to favor internal (dispositional) attributions? A. when they are short on time (as opposed to having time to think) B. when they grow up in an individualistic (as opposed to collectivistic) culture C. when they are explaining someone's actual behavior (as opposed to explaining their emotional response) D. all of the above
all of the above
Research has shown that. other things being equal, we guess __________ people are happier, sexually warmer, more outgoing, and successful.
beautiful
Sometimes the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives. Social psychologists refer to this as
belief perseverance (persistence)
People who live in _________ are least likely to relay a phone message, mail lost letters, cooperate with survey interviewers, do small favors, or help a lost child.
big cities
Defining one's identity in terms of one's role in a family and community of others rather than one's personality traits is the essence of
collectivism
The affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined is called (a type of love)
companionate love
In Sherif's research, the camper groups became hostile towards each other when
competition between the groups was introduced
Jason was doing a study on "first impressions." Subjects came to the lab and were asked to sit in a waiting room with Keith. Subjects thought Keith was actually part of the research team and would act "warm" or "cold" to the subject. In social psychological research, Keith is described as a:
confederate
Sharon typically watches televised news stations that support her existing political beliefs. She is less inclined to watch the news on other stations, as it may disprove her preconceptions. Sharon's approach illustrates the
confirmation bias
According to research done by Miller and his colleagues (1975), if you want young children to put trash in wastebaskets, you should repeatedly
congratulate them for being neat and tidy
You've noticed that as the temperature drops outside, you see more students wearing sweaters and heavy coats. Your observation is most similar to ___________ research.
correlational research
The tendency to imagine alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened but did not is called
counterfactual thinking
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next is referred to as
culture
When people experience a loss of sense of individuality and self-awareness, they are in a state of
deindividuation
When Bush called Iraq "evil" in the buildup to the invasion, he was making which common misperception?
demonizing the enemy
Your boss is always cranky. You assume this is because he has not had a raise in 10 years. What type of attribution are you making to explain his behavior? A. motivational B. dispositional C. situational D. common sense
dispositional
Barbara was really shocked when her candidate was not elected. She had assumed that everyone felt as she did and supported her candidate's ideas. This is an example of the
false consensus effect
Standing in the campus courtyard with a clipboard to record your observations of university students' usage of cellular phones is an example of what type of research?
field research
Jason's girlfriend Amy wants to talk through things, but he runs away feeling "attacked." Amy may think he is stonewalling her, but he may be experiencing ________________.
flooding
The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior is called the
fundamental attribution error
According to research by Berkowitz and Lepage, frustrated people show more aggression when what is present
guns (weapons)
another name for the "I-Knew-it-all-along phenomenon" is the
hindsight bias
Violent crimes are more likely committed when the weather is ________.
hot
You trip over a fallen branch and sprain your ankle. According to research on the bystander effect, a stranger who sees your plight will be most likely to offer aid if there are _______ others present.
no
If a politician highlights immigrants who commit crimes, but ignore similar crimes committed by natural citizens, the public may form an association between these variables that doesn't exist in reality; this is called an
illusory correlation
An experimenter exposed participants to different room temperatures to determine their effects on aggression. the room temperature was the _________ variable
independent variable
The smallest incentive that will get people to do something is usually the most effective in getting them to like the activity and keep doing it. This is best explained by the
insufficient justification effect
Kenrick and his colleagues (1989) found that to men who have recently been viewing a television show featuring three beautiful women, average women seem _______ attractive.
less
The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is used to
measure unconscious attitudes
The major purpose of random assignment in an experiment is to
minimize the differences between groups
Consistent with what is known about group polarization, Schkade and Sunstein found that on federal appellate court cases, a Republican judge siting with two other Republican judges voted _____________ than when sitting with one Democratic judge.
more conservatively (republican)
Studies of deindividuation show that people become ____________ to cues presented in a situation, whether negative or positive.
more responsive
If you are new in the office and want to make new friends, your best bet is to get a desk
near where people hang out
Rules for accepted and expected behaviors are called
norms
You used to envy your brother because he was always so confident when talking to others. Yet the older you become, the more you realize that your brother is more often convinced of things rather than accurate about things. Your brother's behavior can be explained by the
overconfidence phenomenon
Hatfield defines _____ as a state of intense longing for union with another. (a type of love)
passionate love
The attitudes-follow-behavior effect is strongest when
people feel that they have some choice in their behavior
In his classic study, Sherif had participants in groups call out estimates of the distance that a small point of light appeared to move in a dark room. His study demonstrated that in a few days, _______________.
people's answers moved closer together
People's attitude towards religion is a(n) ____________ predictor of wether they will go to worship next weekend. A. strong B. average C. poor D. inconsistent
poor
A preconceived negative feeling about a group and its members is called:
prejudice
The overweighting of first information is known as the
primacy effect
Ingham (1974) found that when blindfolded participants thought they were pulling a tug of war with other participants, they _______ than when they thought they were pulling alone.
pulled less strongly
According to conformity research, a group's social power over you is lost when
when even one person, besides you, disagrees with the majority
