Psy 303 Ch 5

epinephrine (EP, or adrenaline)

Chemical messenger that acts as a neurotransmitter in the CNS and as a hormone to mobilize the body for fight or flight during times of stress.

Parkinson disease is most closely associated with: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. adrenaline. norepinephrine. serotonin. dopamine.

D

presynaptic membrane

Axon terminal membrane on the transmitter, or output, side of a synapse.

Repeated habituations may trigger a _____ neuron to _____ synapses. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. motor; develop new sensory; lose motor; lose sensory; develop new

B

Acetylcholine

First neurotransmitter discovered in the PNS and CNS; activates skeletal muscles in the SNS; may either excite or inhibit internal organs in the ANS.

The nervous system has evolved a variety of synapses: ________ between axon terminals and dendrites, ________ between axon terminals and cell bodies, ________ between axon terminals and muscles, ________ between axon terminals and other axons, ________ between axon terminals and other synapses. A(n) _______ synapse releases chemical transmitters into extracellular fluid, a(n) ________ synapse releases transmitter into the bloodstream as hormones, and still another, the ______ synapse, connects dendrites to other dendrites.

axodendritic; axosomatic; axomuscular; axoaxonic; axosynaptic; axoextracellular; axosecretory; dendrodendritic

Aplysia's synaptic function mediates two basic forms of learning: _______and _______.

habituation sensitization

2 types of graded potentials

hyperpolarization depolarization

The two principal small-molecule transmitters used by the enteric nervous system are _______ and _______.

serotonin or 5-HT dopamine or DA

Experience alters the _______, the site of the neural basis of _______, a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience.

synapse; learning

Neurotransmitters are identified using four experimental criteria: ______, ______, ______, and ______.

synthesis release receptor action inactivation

After repeated stimulation of a sea slug: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the motor and sensory neurons both lose the ability to make action potentials. the motor neurons lose all ability to make action potentials; the sensory neurons are unaffected. the sensory neurons lose all ability to make action potentials; the motor neurons are unaffected. the sensory and motor neurons retain the ability to make an action potential.

D

Because _____ neurotransmitters are broken down in the digestive tract, drugs consisting of these can't be taken orally. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. gaseous lipid short-molecule neuropeptide

D

If a postsynaptic cell is depolarized it will: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. initiate a chemical reaction that modulates inhibition. have an inhibitory action on the postsynaptic membrane. initiate a chemical reaction that influences the function of the receiving neuron. have an excitatory action on the postsynaptic membrane.

D

reuptake

Deactivation of a neurotransmitter when membrane transporter proteins bring the transmitter back into the presynaptic axon terminal for reuse.

Jill is conducting an experiment to confirm the notion that a metabotropic receptor that activates a DNA will ultimately: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. cause an influx or efflux of sodium ions. create an ion channel. produce an alpha subunit. either produce or cease to produce proteins.

D

Most scientists agree that the maximum number of neurotransmitters that may exist is approximately: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. 50. 200. 150. 100.

D

Muscle contractions are caused by _____ neurons. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. autonomic bipolar sensory cholinergic

D

One way a neurotransmitter can be deactivated is through _____, where transporters at the membrane bring the neurotransmitter back into the presynaptic terminal. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. astrocyte uptake diffusion degradation reuptake

D

Professor Yates explains that neurotransmitters can be found in three locations in the axon terminal: in granules, attached to microfilaments, and attached to: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the synaptic cleft. the dendrites. the receptors. the presynaptic membrane.

D

The _____ nervous system in Dakota's body responds when he is in a dangerous situation. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. enteric somatic parasympathetic sympathetic

D

The _____ system maintains emotional tone. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. serotonergic cholinergic dopaminergic noradrenergic

D

The loop made by the axon collateral and the interneuron in the spinal cord allows motor neurons to _____ themselves and prevents _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. excite; underexcitation inhibit; underexcitation excite; overexcitation inhibit; overexcitation

D

The main neurotransmitter at nerve-muscle junctions is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. norepinephrine. serotonin. dopamine. acetylcholine.

D

Unlike an ionotropic receptor, a metabotropic receptor lacks a _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. gap junction binding site membrane pore

D

Acetylcholine is produced from _____, which can be found in egg yolks, and _____, which can be found in lemon juice. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. choline; acetate acetate; acetylcholinesterase acetylcholinesterase; citric acid citric acid; choline

A

An ionotropic receptor has two parts, a _____ and a _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. binding site; pore pore; channel channel; ion ion; binding site

A

Because cannabinoids affect both _____ and _____, they affect both excitation and inhibition of neurons. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. glutamate; GABA GABA; dopamine dopamine; acetylcholine acetylcholine; glutamate

A

quantum (pl. quanta)

Amount of neurotransmitter, equivalent to the content of a single synaptic vesicle, that produces a just-observable change in postsynaptic electric potential.

Contrast the major characteristics of ionotropic and metabotropic receptors.

An ionotropic receptor's pore or channel can be opened or closed to regulate the flow-through of ions, directly effecting rapid and usually excitatory voltage changes on the cell membrane. Metabotropic receptors, which are generally inhibitory and slow acting, activate second messengers to indirectly produce changes in cell function and structure.

rate-limiting factor

Any chemical in limited supply that restricts the pace at which another chemical can be synthesized.

gap junction (electrical synapse)

Area of contact between adjacent cells in which ion channels form a pore that allows ions to pass directly from one cell to the next.

Rehana has created a drawing comparing inhibitory and excitatory synapses. In her depiction of inhibitory synapses: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the synaptic vesicles are rounder. there is a smaller active zone. there is denser material at the cell membrane. the synaptic cleft is wider.

B

The _____ and _____ divisions of the autonomic nervous system regulate the body's internal environment. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. enteric; sympathetic sympathetic; parasympathetic parasympathetic; somatic somatic; enteric

B

An activating system is a neural pathway that is controlled by: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a single class of neurotransmitters. a single axon. a single neurotransmitter. a single motor neuron.

C

Asif is creating a diagram that shows how neurotransmitters are synthesized in the axon terminals. Asif's diagram will begin with a depiction of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the receptors. vesicles. the blood supply. apoptosis.

C

Dr. Epp is listing off all of the confirmed neurotransmitters. Her list will contain _____ items. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. 80 100 60 40

C

Dr. Thomas thinks he has isolated a new neurotransmitter in the CNS. Until he can show that the chemical meets all four criteria of a neurotransmitter he will refer to it as a _____ transmitter. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. definitive hypothetical putative temporary

C

Paul is a sprinter. When he is getting ready for a race he will leave the starting block at the slightest sound. This is an example of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. learning. punishment. sensitization. habituation.

C

The _____ is the site of the neural basis of learning. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. receptor presynaptic membrane synapse axon

C

The _____ system is MOST closely associated with Alzheimer disease. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. noradrenergic serotonergic cholinergic dopaminergic

C

The first evidence that learning was the result of changes in the synapse was garnered from studying: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. amoeba. squid. slugs. monkeys.

C

when the action potential enters the axon terminal, what ion enters?

Ca2+

Noradrenergic Neuron

From adrenaline, Latin for epinephrine; a neuron containing norepinephrine.

chemical synapse

Junction at which messenger molecules are released when stimulated by an action potential.

cause of hyperpolarization

K+ efflux Cl- influx

Sensitization

Learned behavior in which the response to a stimulus strengthens with repeated presentations.

Habituation

Learned behavior in which the response to a stimulus weakens with repeated presentations.

synaptic vesicle

Membranous compartment that encloses a quantum of neurotransmitter.

storage granule

Membranous compartment that holds several vesicles containing a neurotransmitter.

Major Depression

Mood disorder characterized by prolonged feelings of worthlessness and guilt, disruption of normal eating habits, sleep disturbances, a general slowing of behavior, and frequent thoughts of suicide.

norepinephrine (NE, or noradrenaline)

Neurotransmitter that accelerates heart rate in mammals; found in the brain and in the sympathetic division of the ANS.

histamine (H)

Neurotransmitter that controls arousal and waking; can cause the constriction of smooth muscles; when activated in allergic reactions, constricts airway and contributes to asthma.

Describe the benefits and/or drawbacks of permanent habituation and sensitization.

Permanent responses to frequently occurring stimuli are biologically (or behaviorally and/or metabolically) efficient, but if stimuli change suddenly, a lack of flexibility becomes maladaptive.

transporter

Protein molecule that pumps substances across a membrane.

transmitter-activated receptor

Protein that has a binding site for a specific neurotransmitter and is embedded in the membrane of a cell.

How would you respond to the comment that a behavior is caused solely by a chemical imbalance in the brain?

This idea has been attractive for a long time, because a clear relationship exists between DA loss in the substantia nigra and Parkinson disease and because acetylcholine and norepinephrine are clearly related to somatic and autonomic behaviors. But for other neurotransmitter systems in the brain, establishing clear one-to-one relationships has proved difficult.

Tetraethylammonium (TEA)

blocks K+ channels

Tetrodotoxin

blocks Na+ channels

Digitalis

blocks Na+/K+ channel

In mammals, the principal form of communication between neurons occurs via ______, even though this structure is slower and more complex than the fused _________.

chemical synapses; gap junction

The four main activating systems of the CNS are _______, _______, _______, and _______.

cholinergic dopaminergic noradrenergic serotonergic

Excitatory synapses are usually located on a(n) _____ , whereas inhibitory synapses are usually located on a(n) ______.

dendrite; cell body or soma

The principal benefit of chemical synapses over electrical synapses is that they can change with ________ to alter their signals and so mediate ______.

experience; learning

voltage gated NA+ channel

gate 1: opens at -55mV gate 2: closes at 30mV

The four broad classes of chemically related neurotransmitters are ______, ______, ______, and ______.

in any order: small-molecule transmitters peptide transmitters gaseous transmitters lipid transmitters

Acetylcholine is composed of ______ and ______. After release into the synaptic cleft, ACh is broken down by ______, and the products can be recycled.

in either order: acetate & choline acetylcholinesterase or AChE

The sensitization response is amplified by _______ that release serotonin onto the presynaptic membrane of the sensory neuron, changing the sensitivity of presynaptic _______ channels and increasing the influx of _______.

interneurons potassium or K calcium ions or Ca2+

Although neurons can synthesize more than one _______, they are usually identified by the principal _______ in their axon terminals.

neurotransmitter neurotransmitter

what causes impulses to jump between nodes of ranvier?

nodes are rich in voltage-gated channels

One characteristic of _______, defined as physiological arousal related to recurring memories and dreams surrounding a traumatic event that persist for months or years after the event, is a heightened response to stimuli. This suggests that the disorder is in part related to _______.

posttraumatic stress disorder or PTSD sensitization

Changes that accompany habituation take place within the _______ of the _______ neuron, mediated by _______ channels that grow _______ sensitive with use.

presynaptic axon terminal sensory calcium less

practical reason for refractory period

prevent impulse from going backwards

relative refractory

-immediately follows absolute -as voltage-gated potassium channels open to terminate the action potential K+ ions move out -membrane becomes transiently more negative than resting potential -requires greater stimulus to reach initiation threshold

During sympathetic arousal, _____ turns down digestion. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. norepinephrine serotonin acetylcholine dopamine

A

Jennifer is writing a paper on the function of _____ transmitters. Her paper discusses their function in muscle movement as well as arousal. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. small-molecule peptide lipid gaseous

A

Loewi discovered that _____ sends a message to slow the heart rate down. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. acetylcholine norepinephrine epinephrine adrenaline

A

Marcos is learning about a chemical that comes from a neuron and that changes the voltage of a postsynaptic neuron. Marcos is learning about a(n): Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. neurotransmitter. peptide. reverse transmitter. inhibitor.

A

Neurologist _____ discovered that L-Dopa could be used to treat Parkinsonian symptoms. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Oliver Sacks Donald Hebb James Parkinson Jean-Martin Charcot

A

One network is connected by 10 electrical synapses, another by 10 chemical synapses. A signal can be sent through the electrical network about _____ than the chemical network. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. 50 milliseconds faster 100 milliseconds slower 100 milliseconds faster 50 milliseconds slower

A

Parkinson disease can be induced in rats if neurons that produce _____ are destroyed. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. dopamine serotonin adrenaline norepinephrine

A

Professor Anderson is explaining why mammals tend to have chemical synapses and not electrical synapses. One reason he gives is that chemical synapses are: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. shaped by experience. less like to amplify or diminish a signal. faster. less flexible.

A

Professor Chen is studying neurotransmitters in axon terminals. Her research involves locating neurotransmitters in granules, in the presynaptic membrane and: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. attached to microfilaments. in the receptors. in the dendrites. in the synaptic cleft.

A

Renshaw's loop is a _____ connection associated with _____ neurons. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. circular; motor unidirectional; motor circular; sensory unidirectional; sensory

A

When Dr. Petrov injected a rat with 6-hydroxydopamine into the pathway between the _____ and the _____ it induced symptoms similar to Parkinson Disease in the animal. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. substantia nigra; basal ganglia frontal lobe; substantia nigra basal ganglia; hippocampus hippocampus; frontal lobe

A

dopamine (DA)

Amine neurotransmitter involved in coordinating movement, attention, learning, and in reinforcing behaviors.

serotonin (5-HT)

Amine neurotransmitter; helps to regulate mood and aggression, appetite and arousal, perception of pain, and respiration.

glutamate (Glu)

Amino acid neurotransmitter; typically excites neurons.

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Amino acid neurotransmitter; typically inhibits neurons.

An enhanced response to a stimulus is referred to as: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. learning. sensitization. punishment. habituation.

B

In her essay on the somatic nervous system, Aline chooses to use the term _____ neurons instead of motor neurons. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. somatic cholinergic excitatory sensory

B

In sensitization, _____ occurs, whereas in habituation _____ occurs. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. more sodium efflux; more sodium influx more calcium influx; less calcium influx more calcium efflux; more calcium influx more sodium influx; less sodium influx

B

Professor Wong has always conducted research on the neurotransmitter that was first identified as having an effect on the central nervous system. Professor Wong is most likely conducting his research on: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. norepinephrine. acetylcholine. serotonin. dopamine.

B

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Behavior characterized by compulsively repeated acts (such as hand washing) and repetitive, often unpleasant, thoughts (obsessions).

Schizophrenia

Behavioral disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, blunted emotion, agitation or immobility, and a host of associated symptoms.

second messenger

Chemical that initiates a biochemical process when activated by a neurotransmitter (the first messenger).

neurotransmitter

Chemical with an excitatory or inhibitory effect when released by a neuron onto a target.

endocannabinoid

Class of lipid neurotransmitters, including anandamide and 2-AG, synthesized at the postsynaptic membrane to act on receptors at the presynaptic membrane; affects appetite, pain, sleep, mood, memory, anxiety, and the stress response.

A siphon sensory neuron in a sea slug will have _____ after sensitization. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. less polarization less depolarization greater polarization greater depolarization

D

After repeated exposure to a water jet a sea slug will: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. curl into a ball. move away. begin to withdraw its siphon and gill. no longer withdraw its siphon and gill.

D

Parkinson disease

Disorder of the motor system correlated with a loss of dopamine from the substantia nigra and characterized by tremors, muscular rigidity, and a reduction in voluntary movement.

Mania

Disordered mental state of extreme excitement.

metabotropic receptor

Embedded membrane protein with a binding site for a neurotransmitter linked to a G protein; can affect other receptors or act with second messengers to affect other cellular processes, including opening a pore.

ionotropic receptor

Embedded membrane protein; acts as (1) a binding site for a neurotransmitter and (2) a pore that regulates ion flow to directly and rapidly change membrane voltage.

synaptic cleft

Gap separating the neuronal presynaptic membrane from the postsynaptic membrane.

carbon monoxide (CO)

Gaseous neurotransmitter; activates cellular metabolism.

nitric oxide (NO)

Gaseous neurotransmitter; acts, for example, to dilate blood vessels, aid digestion, and activate cellular metabolism.

hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

Gaseous neurotransmitter; slows cellular metabolism.

G protein

Guanyl nucleotide-binding protein coupled to a metabotropic receptor; when activated, binds to other proteins.

postsynaptic membrane

Membrane on the transmitter, or input, side of a synapse.

cause of depolarization

Na+ influx

Activating System

Neural pathways that coordinate brain activity through a single neurotransmitter; its cell bodies lie in a brainstem nucleus; axons are distributed through a wide CNS region.

Cholinergic Neuron

Neuron that uses acetylcholine as its main neurotransmitter; cholinergic applies to any neuron that uses ACh as its main transmitter.

small-molecule transmitter

Quick-acting neurotransmitter synthesized in the axon terminal from products derived from the diet.

Learning

Relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience.

autoreceptor

Self-receptor in a neuronal membrane; that is, it responds to the same transmitter released by the neuron.

neuropeptide

Short (fewer than 100), multifunctional amino acid chain; acts as a neurotransmitter and can act as a hormone; may contribute to learning.

Describe the four steps in chemical neurotransmission.

When an action potential reaches an axon terminal, (1) a chemical transmitter that has been synthesized and stored in the axon terminal (2) is released from the presynaptic membrane into the synaptic cleft. The transmitter (3) diffuses across the cleft and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. (4) The transmitter is deactivated.

In the peripheral nervous system, the neurotransmitter at somatic muscles is _______; in the autonomic nervous system, _______ neurons from the spinal cord connect with neurons for parasympathetic activity and with _______ neurons for sympathetic activity.

acetylcholine or ACh acetylcholine or ACh acetylcholine or ACh norepinephrine or NE

all-or-none law

an action potential is an event that either occurs or does not occur. once generated, it is independent of the initial stimulus

absolute refractory

during depolarization and repolarization caused by inactivation of Na+ channels remain inactive until hyperpolarization

Endocannabinoids are ______ neurotransmitters, made on demand and released from the ______ membrane.

lipid postsynaptic