PSY 3341- Exam 3
Prococial behavior?
"voluntary actions that are intended to help or benefit another individual or group of individuals" (Eisenberg and Mussen 1989, 3) altruism
Causal dimensions of behavior are
(1) locus of control, (2) stability, and (3) controllability
What is imprinting?
(baby ducks follow whoever they see first)
What do twins and siblings tell us about the contributions of nature (genes) & nurture (environment) to IQ?
* Findings indicate that both nature and nurture affect intelligence test scores -The intelligence scores of *identical twins* reared together are MORE similar than those of fraternal twins. Brain scans also reveal that identical twins have similar volume to their brain's GRAY MATTER, and those areas associated with VERBAL and SPATIAL intelligence (nature) -Identical twins reared apart have lower correlation than identical twins reared together (nurture)
Know Weiner's attribution theory:
* For high achievers Achievement can be attributed to (1) effort, (2) ability, (3) level of task difficulty, or (4) luck. For low achievers...
What were Gardner's 8 intelligences?
*1. Linguistic Intelligence* -language skills, poet's skill with words (T.S. Elliot) *2. Logical/ Mathematical* -abstract thinking and problem solving shown by mathematicians and comp. scientists, emphasized by Piaget (Stravinsky) *3. Musical* -acute sensitivity to sound patterns (Martha Graham) *4. Spatial* -most obvious in great artists who can perceive things accurately and transform what they see (Michelangelo) *5. Bodily Kinesthetic* -skillful use of body to create crafts, perform, or fix things (Gandhi) *6. Interpersonal* -social intelligence, social skill, exceptional sensitivity to other peoples motivations, moods (Freud) *7. Intrapersonal* -understanding one's own feelings and inner life (Horse Whisperer) *8. Naturalist* -expertise in the natural world of plants and animals (Minister)
Changes in adulthood -what three types of tasks do older adults have trouble with?
*1. Speed/Timed Tasks* -learn more slowly -need to rehearse more times -need more time to work problems. Retrieve info -slower reaction time *2. Unfamiliar Tasks* -new/meaningless *3. Unused Skills* -can improve with training/practice
What is fluid & crystallized intelligence?
*Crystallized Intelligence-* -using what you have already learned through schooling and experience; facts and expertise; general info, word comprehension, numerical abilities; can continue to increase; steady improve through 60's then decline *Fluid Intelligence-* -using one's mind in new and flexible ways -actively solves new problems -ability to learn new information -reasoning, seeing relationship among stimuli, drawing inferences -not "taught,"free of cultural influence; - capacity to adapt Aspects of intelligence that involve actively thinking and reasoning to solve novel problems. Contrast with crystallized intelligence. - Fluid intelligence declines earlier and quicker - ability to deal with new problems - cross sectional studies: found fairly steep decline beginning around age 35 - Decline primarily in tasks measuring fluid intelligence
What is divergent thinking?
*Divergent thinking-* -thinking that requires coming up with a variety of idea or solutions to a problem when there is no one right answer *-the ability to generate new ideas, new actions, and multiple options and answers*
What is ideational fluency?
*Ideational fluency-* -the ability to produce many ideas
Know the numbers (cut-offs) & definition of 'intellectual disability',' average' and 'gifted'
*Intellectual disability* -Below 70 intelligence and set of life skills present before age 18 average: <70 avg <100 gifted: >120 gifted
What are the Big 5 OCEAN dimensions and what it means to be high or low on each?
*O*peness: the continuum from curiosity and interest to a preference for sameness - imaginative vs. practical - preference for variety vs. preference for routine - independent vs. conforming *C*onscientiousness: the continuum from discipline organization to lack of seriousness - organized vs. disorganized - careful vs. careless - discipline vs. impulsive *E*xtraversion: the continuum from sociability and outgoingness to introversion - sociable vs. retiring - fun-loving vs. sober - affectionate vs. reversed *A*greeableness: the continuum from compliance and cooperativeness to suspiciousness - soft hearted vs. disorganized - trusting vs. suspicious - helpful vs. uncooperative *N*euroticism (emotional stability): the continuum from emotional stability to emotional stability - calm vs. anxious - secure vs. insecure - self satisfied vs. self pitying *personal stability*
What are some 'home environment' contributors?
*Positives:* -parental involvement with child -opportunities for stimulation: ~responsive to child's behavior (a smile is returned for a smile) ~matched to child's competencies *Negatives:* (the greater number of factors, the lower the child's IQ) -minority -head of household unemployed or low-skilled -mother did not complete high school -four or more children -father absent from family -family experienced many stressful life events -parents have a rigid child-rearing values -mother highly anxious or distressed -mother has diagnosed mental disorder -mother shows little positive affects toward child
What is a savant?
*Savant Syndrome* -The phenomenon in which extraordinary talent in a particular area is displayed by a person who is otherwise mentally retarded. -limited mental abilities with amazing ability in one or a few -Ex/ twins George and Charles, Kenneth, Leslie, Oprah or Rainman video -phenomenon in which extraordinary talent in a particular area is displayed by a person who is otherwise mentally retarded
What is the oral stage?
- 0-1 years - mouth as source of pleasure, oral gratification
What is the anal stage?
- 1-3 years - toilet training creates conflicts btw child's biological urges and society's demands, pleasure focuses on bladder & bowl elimination, control issues
What is the genital stage?
- 12> years - reawakened sexual instincts with the goal of reproduction - mature sexual relationships
What is the phallic stage?
- 3-6 years - genital pleasure center, Oedipus & Electra complex create incestuous feelings
What is the latent stage?
- 6-12 years - sexual energy dormant, focus on school work & play with same sex friends
What is autobiographical memory (episodic)?
- Memory of everyday events that the individual has experienced. relates to things we remember during the course of our lifetime: personal significance, distinctiveness, emotional intensity , and life phase of the event. not distributed equally along life span
As a child what were high achievers like?
- active hobbies - independence was encouraged - success were praised and rewarded - consumed by a passion - first borns and "only"
What is EGO?
- executive & conscious - mediator between the id, super ego, and reality - operates on the reality principle - maximizes long term consequences - can delay gratification and use secondary process
Optimal arousal theory.
- increase arousal -avoid boredom, seek sensation, curiosity, Eustress, distress Ex: watching horror movie, bungee jumping
What is terminal drop? (p. 281)
- rapid decline in intellectual performance within a few years of death 1. poor health 2. unstimulating lifestyle
Sense of agency
- recognize that their actions produce certain outcomes -in 2 months old -"string pulling" experiment: Slide only change when babies kick leg..babies watch longer when they have control on environment
What is temperament?
- sense of self - behavioral style - genetically determined biologically based response tendencies: reactive, calm - personality stability
What should preschool emphasize?
- should be a Mix of academics and play
In school, what is a 'mastery orientation', a performance orientation?
- strongly emphasize academics -task- oriented but comfortable - manage discipline problems effectively (more important than over-all funding, class size, more or distributed school time and grouping by ability) - have intelligent teachers (come from higher education, with best teachers, sore 50 puts higher on standardized test) - have intelligent students (high IQ scores, from economically advantaged homes) - supportive parents: interested in and value school, participate in HW and other school related activities at home, attend PTA& other meetings
What is SUPEREGO?
- the ideal - operates on the perfection principle - how we ought to behave, our conscience - internalized standards - pride (+) or guilt (-)
What is ID?
- unconscious - basic drives to survive, reproduce, & aggress. - operates on the pleasure principle (immediate gratification) - impulsive - me! me! me! now! now! now! - at birth, all psychic energy is in the ID - uses immediate gratification & primary process
What was the alpha army test & who was Goddard?
-1917 -Lewis Terman and Arthur Otis (student of Terman) -Too many recruits for WWI (1914-1918) -*Used to Stratify (foot soldiers vs officers)* -Very culture biased H.H. Goddard -research psychologist at school for mentally retarded -used test to limit immigrants -Large percentage from many countries declared "mentally retarded" - culturally biased
What are some of the ways IQ is commonly defined?
-A numerical measure of a person's performance on an intelligence test relative to the performance of other examinees of the same age, typically with a score of 100 defined as average. - adaptability -success in school -job success -life success general capacity that show up in several ways -attention, perception, memory, reasoning, and verbal comprehension
What do high achievers believe causes success or failure? Contrast with low achievers.
-Attribute successes to internal stable causes (I am smart) -Attribute failures to internal, unstable causes (I did not study)/ to external causes (that test was really hard) *Promotes effort, persistence- try harder next time; believe "I can do it" vs - attribute succes to internal and changeable causes (hard work) or external changeable causes - attribute failures to lack of ability * Results: avoid challenges, stop trying - Seligman, animal model ( lower wall but dog sits because learned helplessness.)
What is the autobiographical bump?
-More memories of: recall of more positive memories than negative, of teenage years and in 20s -This pattern begins in 30s or 40s -Why? 1st time events stand out effortful encoding at the time we have rehearsed them more significant memories
What is semantic conscious memory and what are its specifics?
-Processes ideas and concepts that are not drawn from personal experience. Meaning, facts without reference to time or place of learning Ex: knowing that football is a sport
The Stanford-Binet was created by Terman - how did he change the content and the use of the test?
-Translated, adapted, and revised the Binet scale -created new age norms for for American children; used 'IQ' = MA/CA x 100 -extended upper age range to adults -Used test to measure inherited intelligence -Thought intelligence was fixed, innate or inherited (genetic) & measurable 100 = Average
Which version of the Wechsler scales are used for what age group (WPPSI, WISC-IV, WAIS-R)?
-Wechsler Preschool & Primary Scale of Intelligence: WPPSI *3 years and 8 years* -Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children: WISC-IV *6-16 years* -Wechsler adult intelligence scale: WAIS-R *adult*
What is the intelligence quotient (IQ)?
-William Stern (Germany) -Devised single number or score for IQ -Test norms: Standards of normal performance -Compare your performance to others of the same age
In Exploration Box, what are some of the long-term benefits of early intervention programs like Head Start?
-long-term gains on IQ and school achievement with high scores on standardized achievement tests in 12th grade - improves children's and mothers' attitudes about achievement with hopeful prospects of jobs - more likely to complete high school and to attend college and less likely to be assigned to special educator classes, retained in grade or drop out - less likely to experience teen pregnancy and delinquency, and arrests
What are some improvements seen in adolescence (p. 247-248)?
-memory strategy of elaboration is mastered -Adolescents also develop and refine advanced learning and memory strategies highly relevant to school learning—for example, note-taking and underlining skills. -Adolescents also make more deliberate use of strategies that younger children use unconsciously (deliberately organize a list of words instead of simply using the organization or grouping that happens to be there already) -use existing strategies more selectively :they are better able to push irrelevant information out of working memory so that it does not interfere with task performance -perform any number of cognitive operations faster: have greater functional use of their working memory because maturational changes in the brain allow them to process information more quickly and to simultaneously process more chunks of information. Older teens (16-20 years) perform better than younger ones (less than 15 years) on highly complex cognitive tasks that require them to use recalled information to strategically direct their search behavior (Luciana et al., 2005). - better metamemory/metacognition
What is episodic conscious memory and what are its specifics?
-personal, specific experience at a particular time, in a particular space The memory of autobiographical events (times, places, associated emotions, and other contextual who, what, when, where, why knowledge) that can be explicitly stated.
What is MA or mental age?
-the level of age graded problems the child is able to solve - the age at which a child functions intellectually. -chronological age that typically corresponds to a given level of performance Ex/ An average 9 year old has a mental age of 9
What does a 'dynamic assessment' measure?
-the process of assessing students to determine exactly what the learning needs of each student are. Measures the ability to learn new things with the guidance of an adult; ability to learn new things quickly with minimal guidance -*Dynamic assessment:* - Feurerstein's Learning potential Assessment Device - Learn new things with the guidance of an adult - Ability to learn new things quickly with minimal guidance
Selective optimization with compensation (SOC)
-understand how older adults may cope with and compensate for their diminishing cognitive resources 1. selection: focus on a limited set of goals and skills most needed to achieve them 2. optimization: practice those skills to keep them sharp 3. compensation: develop ways around the need for other skills
What are the characteristics of a good school? What is associated with doing well in school?
...focus on academics, comfortable but task oriented , intelligent teachers, intelligent students, supportive parents
List two instances of an 'IQ' test being used on adults
1. Alpha Army Test 2. Immigrant Testing in Ellis Island
What are some reasons given for improvements in memory over childhood?
1. Changes in basic capacities - Older children have higher- powered "hardware" than younger children do; neural advances in their brains have contributed to more working-memory space for manipulating information and an ability to process informa- tion faster. 2. Changes in memory strategies - Older children have better "software"; they have learned and consistently use effective methods for putting information into long-term memory and retrieving it when they need it. 3. Increased knowledge about memory - Older children know more about memory (for example, how long they must study to learn things thoroughly, which kinds of memory tasks take more effort, and which strategies best fit each task). 4. Increased knowledge about the world - Older children know more than younger children about the world in general. This knowledge, or expertise, makes material to be learned more familiar, and familiar material is easier to learn and remember than unfamiliar material.
Two phases of theory of mind development
1. Desire psychology ~2: talk about what they want and explain own and other's behavior in terms of wants, refer to mental states in their speech 2. Belief desire psychology: ~3-4: other people desire certain things and believe their actions will get them what they want, but not all beliefs are accurate, reflections of reality
In James Marcia's expansion of Erikson's social stages what were the 4 identity statuses (identity achievement)?
1. Identity diffusion: postponement of identity crisis - no exploration of questioning - no decision - life may be chaotic, disorganized - low levels of intimacy - essentially drifting... directionless 2. Foreclosure: identity chosen in early adolescence - has made decision w/o exploration or questioning Factors: family goals/traditions, external locus of control, truly limited options 3. Moratorium: those who are unable to make decisions and commitments - exploring & questioning - no decision - sense of urgency, anxious, but open to new experience 4. Identity achievement: individual commits to the option that bet fits their benefits, values, and occupational goals - discovered through exploration - created/constructed by personal commitments - most mature *optimal progression of stages: foreclosure --> moratorium --> identity achievement*
What are the 3 major encoding strategies?
1. Visual (picture) 2. Acoustic (sound) 3. Semantic (meaning) --> Best
What promotes moral growth?
1. clarification and awareness of your position 2. parents with higher levels of moral reasoning 3. "other role taking" 4. knowledge of alternative ways of thinking discussion with peers 5. education breeds tolerance 6. living in a complex society (goodness of fit model)
What support is presented for Gardner's theory?
1. distinctive developmental course: music and athletics/childhood, logical-math/later 2. specific brain areas: linguistic-Broca and Wernicke 3. Interpersonal (williams syndrome vs autistic posterior lobe of cerebellum) logical mathematical spatial
Parenting recommendations.
1. establish rules 2. react to rule breaking 3. work toward mutual understanding of accepted/unaccepted behavior
Precursors of theory of mind
1. indications that infants at 6 months can distinguish between people and objects 2. joint attention: beginning around 9 months, infants and caregivers both look at the same object at the same time 3. pretend play: begins 18 months to 2 years, difference between reality and pretense 4. emotional understanding: empathy 5. imitation of others 18-24 months: show distress when breaking rules, exhibit prosocial behavior
Damon's stages of moral development
1. none: aint got no justice- i should get it because i want it 2. strict equality: everyone gets same amount, problems if it can't be divided 3. merit: they earned it 4. need: they need it 5. multiple claims: need, merit and equality considered for fair share
Moral development-three components
1. what is right and what is wrong 2. actions -behavior 3. feelings: pride-guilt -emotions
What is the earliest age for demonstration of infant problem solving?
10 months In one study, infants were presented with an object out of their reach; however, by pulling on a cloth, they could drag the object to within reach (Willats, 1990). Although 6-month-olds did not retrieve the object, 9-month-olds solved this problem. Even the younger infants were successful when given hints about how they might retrieve the object (Kolstad & Aguiar, 1995). By 14 months of age, infants have figured out that adults are often useful sources of information in problem-solving situations (Goubert et al., 2006).
What is the AVERAGE IQ?
100
what is average IQ?
100 (regardless of chronological age)
In James Marcia's expansion of Erikson's social stages what were the 2 key elements (identity stage)?
2 key elements for Erikson's identity vs. role confusion (adolescence): Exploration: - the need to explore/consider option Commitment: - the ability to choose/commit to a particular option
What is the age progression for digit span?
2-3 yrs. : 2 5 yrs : 4 7 yrs : 5 10 yrs : 6 13 yrs : 6-7 Santrock, Sigelman-Rider 232-54-75-1367
At what age do children pass the false belief task?
4 years old
What is the age progression for recall memory?
4 yrs : 2-4 objects 8 - 10 yrs : 6-9 objects Adult : 10-11 objects 4:24-810:69-A:1011
How is wisdom defined?
A combination of rich factual knowledge about life and procedural knowledge such as strategies for giving advice and handling conflicts good judgement and advice about important but uncertain matters of life exceptional insight into life ( the human condition) procedural (handling conflicts) contextual (life, family, work) relativism of values and priorities (tolerance of difference) recognition and management of uncertainty -promotes wisdom :knowledge base / life experiences, discuss & reflect on discussions
knowledge based learning
A person's existing information about a content area, significant for its influence on how well that individual can learn and remember.
What is the Meyers-Briggs?
A psychometric questionnaire designed to measure psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions. (ISTJ, ESFP, etc.) NML
*Chapter 10"
Achievement
What is priming?
Activating an association to an idea; promotes recall Examples of priming tasks in class: -can remember more than we recall Recognition/ a reduction in relearning time Ex. Words reflecting either negative stereotypes of aging or positive stereotypes of aging were flashed rapidly on a computer screen to elderly participants in the study so that the words were perceived but below the level of awareness. After the priming experience, these adults were asked to walk down a hall wearing measuring devices on their feet that registered how rapidly they walked and how lightly they stepped (how long their feet were off the ground). Most people assume that a slow, shuffling gait in old age is caused by either biological aging or illness. This study demonstrated that social stereotypes can also slow people down. Older adults primed with positive stereotypes of aging clocked faster speeds and more spritely foot- off-the-floor time than older adults who were exposed to negative stereotypes and shuffled along like old people. As Chapter 8 re- vealed, Levy (1996) has also found that priming older adults with words such as senile results in poorer memory performance than priming them with words such as wise. (Ex. Knight/Night)
What was Baddeley's update of the dual-store memory model?
Added working memory (temporarily stores information while actively operating on it), central executive (the supervisor- controls attention and flow of information), and three types of short term memory 1. phonological loop - auditory information 2. visual-spatial - visual and spatial information 3. episodic buffer - integrates auditory and visual information; retains chronological order
Age for identity vs. role confusion? What is it? Virtue?
Adolescence: 12-20 years Develops a consistent sense of self (who am I?) - must establish social and vocational identities; otherwise, they will remain confused about the roles they should play as adults Virtue= Fidelity Identity crisis: 2 parts *Personality* - externally imposed morality --> turns into personal ethics - what kind of person do I want to be? how do I want other to perceive me? is there a discrepancy b/w how we feel on the inside, and how we are perceive by others? *Career - choosing a path* - what is the nature of the work, training required, job opportunity, salary? - how will doing this work make me feel? how is this work perceived by others?
Binet/Simon - what was the purpose of the first IQ test and where was it developed?
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon (France) 1904-08 - predict school achievement -1905 scale, Binet-Simon Scale -Identify (French) school children needing special attention Standford-Binet (1916) Lewis Terman (Stanford University) -Translated, adapted, and revised the Binet scale; created new age norms for American children -Used test to identify if school children needed special attention Used "IQ" = MA/CA x 100
What is ATI and 'goodness of fit' (lecture)?
Aptitude Treatment Interaction - students have various levels of ability, learning styles, personalities, cultural backgrounds - no one teaching method *goodness of fit for individual student
What is ATI
Aptitude Treatment Interaction; students have various levels of ability, learning styles, personalities, cultural backgrounds, no one teaching method, organization system or philosophy will fit all children--goodness of fit
Children with what disorder have trouble with Theory if Mind?
Autistic children appear unable to develop a theory of mind
What is explicit/declarative conscious memory and what are its specifics?
Available to our awareness - hippocampus Semantic Episodic Un-effortful, automatic processing: space, time, frequency
Optimal Arousal Theory
Avoid boredom, seek sensation Curiosity
What was the psychometric theory/trait perspective about?
BIG 5/OCEAN - personality traits are stable - does not unfold in stages - personality can be understood in terms of relatively enduring patterns of thought, feelings, and actions (traits) - personality can be measured - assessed by: personality inventories, peer ratings, factor analysis (myers-briggs, MMPI)
What is the social-learning theory about?
Bandura Environment <--> Persons Reciprocal determinism - reciprocal influences b/w people and their situations... influenced by perceptions of control - assessed by observations of people's behaviors in particular situations & questionnaires about feelings of control Behavior in situations: - Locus of control: the extent to which individuals believe they can control events affecting them - internal - within you (achieve more in school, act independently, delay gratification, cope with stresses) - external - outside forces or chance
What is social learning/reciprocal determinism ?
Bandura: environment <--> persons - reciprocal influences b/w people and their situations... influences by perceptions of control - assessed by observations of people's behaviors in particular situations about feeling of control *Behavior in Situations* Locus of control internal - within you external - outside forces or chance Internals: - achieve more in school - act independently - delay gratification - cope with stresses
Who is Jerome Kagan?
Behavioral Inhibition - high emotionality & low sociability - shy, restrained, or distressed with unfamiliar situation or new people (automatically aroused) - neuroticism high
What is temperament?
Behavioral style Genetically determined biologically based response tendencies - reactive - calm Personality stability
What is the five factor model of personality?
Big 5 traits are considered: - genetically influenced - biologically-based - universal - dimensional Core components of this system: - basic tendencies - characteristics adaptations - self-concept
Describe the progression of memory abilities over infancy & childhood.
Birth Habituation Recognition Classical and operant conditioning Imitation (facial expressions) cued recall (shaking mobile/ Rovee-Collier) -2 months End of 1st year Recall (end of 1st year) object permanence deferred imitation 6-9 months - remember an action deferred sequence, 13 months — remember sequence of actions 2 yrs Verbal, conscious, deliberate recall tell stories of past events autobiographical/episodic true object permanence
is CHILD morality variable or constant across situations?
Child morality (2-12) is loose. - most children say they should behave morally but are inconsistent, varies across situations, and frequently violate their own rules in at least one situation
What promotes moral growth?
Clarification & Awareness of your position Parents with higher levels of moral reasoning "Other role taking" Knowledge of alternative ways of thinking Discussions with peers "Education breeds tolerance" Living in a complex society (goodness of fit model)
Explain the chunking (organization) strategy and what ages spontaneously use them? Examples?
Classifying items into meaningful groups (Ex. Picture with animals, baseball items, vehicles, and food). Organization is mastered later in childhood than rehearsal. from age 9 or 10 Another organizational strategy, chunking, is used to break a long number (6065551843) into manageable subunits (606-555-1843, a phone number).
Kohlberg's Moral development
Cognitive theory: three stages 1. pre conventional: goodness/badness depends on consequences, rules are external, avoid punishment, gain rewards (do right to get rewards) 2. conventional: has internalized values...strives to obey rules, good boy, good girl, intent is important (he didn't mean to do it!) right is what pleases, helps or is approved - legal: legitimate authority, maintain social order, it's the law, obey the rules 3. post conventional: broad principles of justice that transcend laws and specific authorities, may make legal vs moral distinction - social contract: agreed upon rules, will of the majority, maximizes social good - individual principles, self chosen, ideal, considered all points of view
Kholberg's three stages & 2 levels in each stage: Conventional- good boy, good girl, legitimate authority [law]
Conventional: Has internalized values... strives to obey rules 1. Good boy, good girl Intent is important ('He didn't mean to do it!' or 'He meant well') Right is what pleases, helps or is approved 2. Legal: Legitimate authority (maintain social order) (It's the law -obey the rules)
What is the looking glass self?
Cooley-Mead a person's self grows out of a person´s social interactions with others
What are false memories?
Creating false memories from reconstructions. Adding information/removing information that pertained to the event trying to be remembered.
What is the DQ - developmental quotient, the Bayley?
DQ (developmental quotient)- numerical indicator of a child's growth to maturity across a range of psychosocial competencies. -motor -language -personal-social -adaptive -*NOT* correlated well with later IQ Bayley Scale of Infant Development- developed by psychologist Nancy Bayley used primarily to assess the development of infants and toddlers. Measures current developmental functioning -ages 4wk - 42 months -Three sub-scales: 1. mental 2. motor 3. behavior profile
achievement motivation
Desire for: accomplishment, mastery, attainment of high standards, control Learned motive to: compete, strive for success whenever behavior can be evaluated against a standard
What were Erickson stage names? What is it?
Development stage theory -Social Struggles & Conflicts to be Resolved • Emphasized ego • Development continued during adulthood - an optimistic, healthy view of human development - one of the characteristics/dispositions becomes predominant or more active & influential Stage 1: trust v. mistrust - 0-18 months Stage 2: autonomy v. shame & doubt - 2-3 yrs Stage 3: initiative v. guilt - 4-6 yrs Stage 4: industry v. inferiority - 7-12 yrs Stage 5: identity v. role confusion - 13-19 yrs Stage 6: intimacy v. isolation - 20-34 yrs Stage 7: generativity v. stagnation - 35-65 yrs Stage 8: integrity v. despair - 65+ yrs
What support is presented for Gardner's theory?
Distinctive developmental course music & athletics/childhood logical-math/later (creativity peaks chart) Specific brain areas Linguistic:Broca (44) & Wernikie(22) Interpersonal (Williams syndrome vs autistic-posterior lobe of cerebellum) Logical-Mathematical (39 & 40)- Brodman's area Spatial (7 & 40)- brodman's area Savant syndrome limited mental abilities with amazing ablility in one or a few. Examples Twins George & Charles Kenneth Leslie (Oprah or Rainman video)
Drives vs. incentives (know examples)
Drive: reduction theory; needs which are internal causing a drive state (ex: hunger). Drive states are arousing. incentives (pull): external motivation (pie makes you want to eat it, no necessary hunger)>> cause drive states. Ex: rewards and punishments
What is temperament?
Early, genetically based but also environmentally influenced tendencies to respond in predictable ways to events that serve as the building blocks of later personality
Chess & Thomas' 3 temperaments?
Easy (40%) - positive mood, regular routines, easily adapts to new experiences Difficult (10%) - reacts negatively, cries frequently, irregular routine, slow to accept new experiences Slow-to-warm up (15%) - inactive, slow to adapt to new experiences but do eventually warm up, low intensity of mood - by age 3-4 temperament (easy or difficult) did predict poor or well adjustment in adulthood (39%)
Chess and Thomas
Easy temperament (40%): even tempered, content or happy, open and adaptable, regular feeding and sleeping habits, tolerate frustrations and discomforts Difficult (10%): active, irritable, irregular, react negatively to changes in routine, slow to adapt to new people or situations, cry frequently, tantrums Slow to warm up (15%): relatively inactive, somewhat moody, moderately regular in daily schedules, slow to adjust, respond mildly
Age for integrity vs. despair? What is it? Virtue?
Elderly: 65+ years - Older adults must come to view their lives as meaningful to face death without worries and regrets. Virtue= wisdom Evaluation of life: satisfaction or failure - find meaning: life review
Who is Buss & Ploman?
Emily Acts Social viewed temperament as early-appearing inherited personality traits and focused on three temperaments: emotionality, activity, and sociability.
What is the "Emily Acts Social"?
Emily: emotionality - tendency to be distressed - same as "easy" or "difficult" - sympathetic arousal - two forms of distress: fearful (tries to escape) and angry (protest) Acts: activity - temp & vigor of movement - high: walk fast, jumps or bounces a lot, likes high energy games - low: placid Social: sociability - tendency to prefer the company of others to being alone - extraversion/introversion
What is primitive empathy?
Emotional empathy, also called affective empathy or primitive empathy, is the subjective state resulting from emotional contagion. It is our automatic drive to respond appropriately to another's emotions. This kind of empathy happens automatically, and often unconsciously. It has also been referred to as the vicarious sharing of emotions.
What are the 4 steps in "information processing"?
Encoding, Consolidation, Storage, Retrieval > Encoding: Getting information into our brain > Consolidation: Organizing and preparing for storage - effortful transform immediate sensory-perceptual experience of event into long-lasting memory trace, facilitated by sleep > Storage: Retain information over time in a long-term memory store > Retrieval: Getting information back out when needed via recognition memory, recall memory, or cued real memory)
What are 3 reasons memory can fail?
Encoding: Acquisition failure. Requires attention & effort. Inconsequential details Storage failure: Decay. The persistence of learning over time. Has it been refreshed? Retrieval failure: Access failure. Did you use organization? Retrieval cues? over learning helps
Know specifics on episodic memory (lecture).
Episodic Memory »Older adults have trouble recalling the source of the information • may remember What they learned •but not When they learned it •or Who they learned it from »Leave out many details »Repeated the same details
What is psychosocial theory?
Erikson Personality is the result of... - maturational forces - social demands Formed in stages Stages of development continue through adulthood
What was the psychosocial theory about?
Erikson Personality is: - the result of maturational forces and social demands - formed in stages - stages of development continue through adulthood - social stages: social struggles & conflicts to be resolved, emphasized ego, development continued during adulthood
Who was James Marcia?
Expanded Erikson's social stages Explored adolescent identity development - used research to explore political, religious, & occupational views - 1970's: first males only then included females Bases of theory: - key elements (2) - identity statuses (4)
Instincts
FAP-fixed pattern throughout a species, unlearned, genetic inherited
Buss and Ploman: Emily Acts Social
Famous for studying twins 3 different categories dimensions Emotionality=: distressed, easy or difficult, sympathetic arousal-heart rate go up, fearful or angry, try to escape or protest Acts: tempo and vigor movement, high: walk fast, jumps or bounced a lot, low: placid Social: prefer the company of other to being along, extroversion/introversion
What was the psychoanalytic theory about?
Freud Personality is: - the result of maturational forces - the resolution of conflict b/w social constraints and pleasure seeking biological impulses - formed in infancy & early childhood - formed in stages - assessed by: projective tests (TAT, Rorsarch ink blot)
What is distributed practice?
Further, the researchers could enhance young infants' memory by giving them three 6-minute learning sessions rather than two 9-minute sessions. Although the total training time is the same in the two conditions, the distributed, or spread out, training is more effective. As it turns out, distributed practice is beneficial across the life span (Son, 2004).
Weiner causes classifcation
High achievers: internal and stable cause: ability External cause: task difficulty and luck
What is long term memory and what are its specifics?
Holds information for hours, days, or years > Relatively permanent > "Unlimited" capacity > Two long term memory systems (Explicit/Declarative, Implicit/Procedural)
What is id, ego, and superego?
ID: what I want - selfish EGO: mediator - rational SUPEREGO: the ideal - moralistic (Id outweighs the superego)
What is the Flynn effect?
IQ scores have increased by 3 - 4 points every 10 years from 1900-2000 Why might this be so? -Better nutrition and health care -Smaller families give more focused attention and increased resources per child -Better educated (85% complete high school vs 5% in 1895) Differences seen between areas -Better visual and spatial skills -Slightly poorer verbal skills -(Why-More video games and TV and less reading!!!)
What is the formula for calculating 'IQ'?
IQ=Mental age/Chronological Age X 100
What is overlearning practice?
If you study new material just enough to recognize or recall it for a short period, chances are good you will forget a considerable amount of this material. To prevent this from happening, you need to overlearn the material. Don't stop studying when you reach that point where you think you might be able to remember the material if you take the test very soon. Keep studying until retrieval of the information becomes quick and effortless. There is evidence that overlearning strengthens the neural connections involved in storing information and makes it more likely that you will be able to retrace these neural paths when it comes time to retrieve it.
What is the False Belief Task?
Imortant indicator of the development of belief-desire psychology - shows child understands that people can hold incorrect beliefs and that these beliefs, even though incorrect, can influence their behavior - about 85% of 4-year-olds passed false belief task
What are precursors and contributors to Theory of Mind?
Indications that infants at 6 months can distinguish between people and objects.
Age of trust vs. mistrust? What is it? Virtue?
Infants: 0-1 year Needs trust - infants must learn to trust their caregivers to meet their needs. Responsive parenting is critical Virtue = hope - attachment formed: learns about the world & themselves
Instincts, FAPs, reflexes.
Instinct: set of behaviors that are both unlearned and set in motion as the result of some environmental trigger./ FAPs: fixed action pattern throughout a species, unlearned; genetic, inherited. Ex: imprinting , reflexes reflexes: rooting and sucking
How are the following terms related: task leadership, social leadership, theory X, theory Y, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation.
Intrinsic motivation: performs a behavior for "its own sake" Extrinsic motivation: performs behavior for external rewards or punishments Theory X: people are basically lazy, error prone and *extrinsically motivated; task leadership- uses external motivators, setting standards, organizing work, focusing on goals; leaders are goal oriented, focus on task, direct, must give good orders. Theory Y: people are basically hard working, competent, and *intrinsically motivated-Social leadership: uses internal motivators, mediates conflicts, builds team spirit, allows participant decision (Ex: Sam's Club; Walmart); leaders delegate and democratic
Explain the elaboration strategy and what ages spontaneously use them? Examples?
Involves actively creating meaningful links between items to be remembered. (Ex. Semantic memory) + Ages 9-11 Charlie Brown remembers the numbers for his locker combination by giving the numbers meaning, baseball players numbers. Because he already knows the baseball players numbers automatically he is able to remember his combo by thinking of the players numbers. + The book/powerpoint does not give specific ages but it seems this strategy happens after the other strategies
What is behavioral inhibition?
Jerome Kagan 4 months: wriggle & fret 21 months: long to warm up, retreat & fret correlated to temperament at 5 1/2, 7 1/2, & 13 but only about 50% in adolescence genetic basis: ID twins: +.92, frat twins, 47, phobias & anxiety run in their families
What is infantile/childhood amnesia memory (episodic)?
Lack of memory for events that happened during infancy and early childhood.
What was the alpha army test?
Lewis Terman and Arthur Otis Too many recruits for World war used to stratify (food soldiers vs officers) very culture biased
Lewis & Brookes- Gunn Categorical Self
Like me, not like me o Age: 1 year o Gender segregate: 18 months o Visible characteristics: 18-24 months o All by 18-24 months • Awareness of who you are as a physical self with a unique appearance and as a categorical self belonging to specific age and gender categories
Who is Mead & Cooley?
Looking-glass self - self based on how others respond to us - we are reflected in other's responses
Who was Konrad Lorenz
Lorenz (1935) took a large clutch of goose eggs and kept them until they were about to hatch out. Half of the eggs were then placed under a goose mother, while Lorenz kept the other half beside himself for several hours. When the geese hatched Lorenz imitated a mother duck's quacking sound, upon which the young birds regarded him as their mother and followed him accordingly. The other group followed the mother goose.
What explains memory declines in old age?
Many older adults do not spontaneously use strategies such as organization and elaboration even though they know them and are capable of using them> problem with retrieval process>> decline in capacity of using working memory -decline in sensory abilities
Is memory a reconstruction? Explain?
Memory is a reconstruction, not an exact replication (Hudson & Mayhew, 2009). Reconstruction is the process of putting together the pieces of our memory to recreate what we believe we know. Making a memory is constructive, recalling the memory is reconstructive. Ex. Children's scripts affect their memory for future events as well as their recollection of past events. For example, when presented with information inconsistent with their scripts, preschoolers may misremember the information so that it better fits their script (Nelson & Hudson, 1988). Four-year-old Damian may have a script for birthdays that includes blowing out candles, eat- ing cake, and opening presents. Although his brother is sick on his birthday and eats applesauce instead of cake, Damian later recalls that they all ate cake before opening presents.
Age for generativity vs. stagnation? What is it? Virtue?
Middle adulthood:40-65 years Middle aged adults must feel that they are producing something that will outlive them, either as parents or as workers; otherwise, they will become stagnant and self-centered. Virtue:Care Generativity - adaptive strength is care - genes: am I producing something that lives on after me? - generation: have a universal sense of responsibility toward all human beings, provide strength and support to the next generation so it can come to face ultimate concerns in its own way - including those who cannot or will not return it - generate: am I being productive or stagnating? Stagnation - concern for oneself - have nothing special to offer/share w/ next generation - taking care of themselves is all they can manage
What is the MMPI?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Assesses the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) and would consider it to be a disorder Ex. I like being by myself, not talking to anyone = do you hear voices? DISORDERS
See also chart on p. 55. (Freud)
More nature/ biology drives development; early experience in the family influences it too passive (influenced by forces beyond control) discontinuous universal
What is the testing effect?
More will be remembered the more you test yourself on it compared to merely reading/reviewing it
what is drive-reduction theory?
Needs are internal Physiological needs (low blood sugar, dehydration) Create drives Psychological states (hunger, thirst) drive the organism to engage in specific behaviors Which reduce the need
Drives vs. incentives (know examples)
Needs are internal Physiological needs (low blood sugar, dehydration) Incentives are external Positive or negative environmental stimuli
Who was Clive Wearing (music man)? What does he have in common with HM (the person learned to drive the car but couldn't remember doing so)?
Neither can form new memories but have the ability to utilize skills learned before their respective accidents. Implicit memory still intact even post accident. Anterograde and retrograde amnesia.
Damon's levels: none, equality, merit, need, multiple claims
None- Me (ID): Ain't got no justice - I should get it because I want it (Justify: I get 4 cookies, I'm 4!) Equality- Equal share: Everyone gets same amount. Problems if it can't be divided Merit- Earned: they earned it Need- Need: they need it M.C. - All: need, merit, and equality considered for "fair share"
Acronym for Freud's stages
OAPLG >Ornery --> (Oral) >Apples --> (Anal) >Paint --> (Phallic) >Like --> (Latent) >Germans --> (Genital)
What is memory?
Our ability to store and later retrieve information about past events, develops and changes over lifespan; the persistence of learning over time.
Brain structures for each memory? (PFC, hippocampus, cerebellum)
PFC: Short term memory Hippocampus: Explicit/declarative (conscious) Cerebellum: Implicit/procedural (unconscious)
Performance on which scale declines first in old age?
Performance decline earlier than verbal
Kholberg's three stages & 2 levels in each stage: postconventional- social contract, individual principles
Postconventional - broad principles of justice that transcend laws and specific authorities -may make legal vs moral distinction 1. Social contract-Agreed upon rules, will of the majority & Maximizes social good 2. Individual principles -Self chosen -Ideal, considers all points of view
Kholberg's three stages & 2 levels in each stage: pre conventional (avoid punishment, instrumental hedonism)
Preconventional: -Goodness/badness depends on consequences & Rules are external 1. Avoid punishment: The more the punishment -the worse the act.; No punishment- no wrong 2. Gain rewards(instrumental hedonism) Do right to get rewards Ex: I'll scratch your back if you scratch mine
Changes in self description?
Preschool: concrete, physical 8 years old: personality traits (curious, friendly), social comparisons High school: values, beliefs Adolescents: identity v. role confusion - more psychological and abstract - more self aware - more differentiated - more integrated self portrait - Who you are, where you are going & where you fit in society - Moratorium status - Currently experiencing an identity crisis - No commitment made - Extened in our industrialized society - high school & college - experiment free of responsibilities
What is libido?
Psychic energy driven by the life instinct for sex - shifts from one part of the body to the other seeking gratification (stages) - "most important" b/c many problems revolved around these conflicts *Freud's psychoanalytic theory*
What are the 4 big theories of personality?
Psychoanalytic - Freud Psychosocial - Erikson Psychometric/Trait - Big 5 Social-Learning - Bandura
What is the Rogue Test?
Recognition of self - Lewis & Brooks-Gunn - 18 months - social experiences - trust/secure attachment Dot of rogue on baby's nose. Distinguished baby's ability to recognize itself
Recognition vs. recall? Which is better (allows us to remember more)?
Recognition: Recognize information among various options Recall: Requires active retrieval without the aid of cues Recognition is better (easier, more efficient, remember the most) for accessing memories
What is meaningful learning?
Relate new info to what you already know -look up unfamiliar words -rephrase in your own words-form associations between parts of the material (make up a story, put material in a logical order, place the ideas on a path (method of loci- grocery shopping and making memory cues from house)) Ex: Memories are held in storage by a web of associations. When brainstorming, you make a web. Or every time you smell cinnamon and cider, reminds of Christmas. -visualize an image to help you remember the words or ideas (remember the 'Call Joe' example). Some Ideas for making meaning visualize an image to help you remember the words or ideas
effectance motivation (define & know what promotes it)
Robert White - intrinsic desire to control environment - master tasks for the joy of doing so - mastery motive what promotes it in infants? - secure attachment; love, know that basic needs will be met - stimulation: responsive to what babies do - responsive environment
Who is Lewis & Brookes-Gunn (rouge test & categorical self)?
Rogue Test: - 18 months - social experiences - trust/secure attachment - a self-recognition test that identifies a human child's ability to recognize a reflection in a mirror as his or her own. Using rouge makeup, an experimenter surreptitiously places a dot on the nose and/or face of the child Categorical self: - like me, not like me - age: 1 yr - gender: 18 months - visible characteristics: 18-24 months
Who is Rothbart & Bates?
Self regulation - effortful control
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Self-actualization Esteem Belongingness and Love Safety Physiological
Lewis and Brookes-Gunn (rouge test and categorical self)
Self-recognition • Children look at themselves in a mirror, and if they recognize themselves, they will see that their nose is red and try to wipe it off their nose rather than the mirror --8 months • Social experiences • Trust/secure attachment
Who is Chess & Thomas?
Sense of self - temperament 5 areas of assessment: - typical mood - regularity/predictability of biological function - approach of withdrawal from stimuli - intensity of emotion - adaptability to change in routine or to new things
What does "dual-store" memory mean?
Short term & long term memory are different after information goes through the sensory register, there are two places where a memory can be stored. Those two places are called short-term memory and long-term memory.
Which is more important: changes in long term or short term memory?
Short term memory. changes in encoding consolidation and storage of memories show improvement over infancy and childhood corresponding to maturation of the hippocampus and other parts of the brain In sum, the basic capacities of the sensory register and long-term memory do not change much with age. There are, however, improvements with age in operating speed and efficiency of working memory, which includes improvements in the encoding and consolidation processes through which memories are processed for long-term storage. These changes correspond to maturational changes in the brain.
What is short term memory/working memory and what are their specifics?
Short term memory: Holds a few items briefly. Capacity 7 (±2). Interference prone. - Prefrontal cortex Working memory: The active form, changes information into another form think of the numbers 5, 4, 3, 2, 1; now figure the sum
What was the problem of cultural bias?
Situation that arises in testing when one culture/subculture is more familiar with test items than another group and therefore is an unfair advantage - too many immigrants were categorized as mentally retarded *one is more familiar than the others
What is the earliest age for demonstration of 'pure recall'?
Six-month-olds can recall simple events over a 24-hour period and 9-month-olds can recall these same events for up to 1 month. By 12 to 18 months of age, infants can recall events over several months. Memory is more robust and reliable, though, starting around 2 years of age, when we see more complicated events recalled for as long as a year.
What is Spearman's general 'g' factor and 's' specific abilities?
Spearman's general "g" factor -general intelligence -general factor that underlies any and all specific mental abilities -is measured by every task on an IQ test Spearman's special abilities "S" -specific to a particular task
Older adults have problems with what types of tasks?
Speed/Timed tasks > They learn more slowly > They need to rehearse more times > They need more time to work problems > They have slower reaction times Unfamiliar tasks > New or meaningless information is harder for them to process Unused Skills > These can improve with training and practice!
What are the Wechsler scales - what are the two big subscales and what subtests are in each?
Subscales of Wechsler Scales - VERBAL -general information -similarities -vocab -comprehension -arithmetic reasoning -digit span Subscales of Wechsler Scales- PERFORMANCE -picture completion -picture arrangement -block design -object assembly -digit symbol substitution
Performance on which scale declines first in old age?
Subscales on the Wechsler (WAIS) Performance: -picture completion -picture arrangement -block design -object assembly -digit symbol substitution (11 subtests, 2 subscales)
What is creativity?
The ability to produce ideas that are novel and valuable *Creative intelligence* -Involves using those ideas to adapt to novel situations *Convergent thinking* -Is a left-brain activity involving zeroing in on a single correct answer Creativity uses *divergent thinking* -The ability to generate new ideas, new actions, and multiple options and answers -Novel, but appropriate responses -Divergent thinking -Ideational fluency -Talent & Motivation & Supportive -Environment ex/prolonged training..every day for 10 years; October Sky
What happened in the video with Rovee-Collier kicking to move the mobile?
The babies learned to associate the kicking of their feet with the movement of the mobile/ bell that they would hear. implicit or procedural memory: "Cued recall" The older they are, the longer period of memory span that they would have to remind themselves of how the mobile works. -2 months Kicking the mobile / Rovee-Collier length of time you can wait till baby remembers 2 months old 2 days 3 months old 7 days (1 week) 6 months old 14 days (2 weeks) 18 months 90 days (3 months) Necessary conditions: Cue dependent: reminders improve performance — seeing the mobile move Context specific: distinctive bumper pads make a difference
What is optimism?
The effect of "positivism" w/ a dash of realism Success requires: - enough optimism to provide HOPE - enough pessimism to prevent complacency
sense of self: optimism
The effect of 'positivism'. With a dash of realism. Success requires: Enough optimism to provide HOPE, Enough pesimism to prevent Complacency.
What is locus of control?
The extent to which individuals believe they can control events affecting them
Explain the rehearsal encoding strategy and what ages spontaneously use them? Examples?
The repeating of items they are trying to learn and remember. 10% of 5-year-olds repeated the names of pictures they were asked to recall, but more than half of 7-year-olds and 85% of 10-year-olds used this strategy (Flavell, Beach, & Chinsky, 1966).
What is your text's explanation for the Piagetian concept of centration see in the preoperational child ?
The tendency to center attention on a single aspect of the problem. They focus on height alone and conclude that the taller glass has more liquid; or, alternatively, they focus on width and conclude that the short, wide glass has more. In this and other ways, preschoolers seem to have one track minds. Not enough working memory to process info.
What is metamemory/metacognition?
The term metamemory refers to knowledge of memory and to monitoring and regulating memory processes. It is knowing, for example, what your memory limits are, which memory strategies are more or less effective, and which memory tasks are more or less difficult. It is also noting that your efforts to remember something are not working and that you need to try something different. Metamemory is one aspect of metacognition, or knowledge of the human mind and of the range of cognitive processes. Thinking about thinking, thinking about memory
What is 'Theory of mind'? Steps?
The understanding that people don't share the same thoughts and feelings as you do develops during childhood Understanding "wanting" - Different people want different things, and to get what they want, people act in different ways. Understanding "thinking" - Different people have different, but potentially true, beliefs about the same thing. People's actions are based on what they think is going to happen. Understanding that "seeing leads to knowing" - If you haven't seen something, you don't necessarily know about it (like the Dad in the example above on the telephone). If someone hasn't seen something, they will need extra information to understand. Understanding "false beliefs" - Sometimes people believe things that are not true, and they act according to their beliefs, not according to what is really true. Understanding "hidden feelings" - People can feel a different emotion from the one they display.
What is TAT?
Thematic Apperception Test - an individual is asked to look at a series of ambiguous scenes. The participant is then asked to tell a story describing the scene, including what is happening, how the characters are feeling and how the story will end. The examiner then scores the test based on the needs, motivations and anxieties of the main character as well as how the story eventually turns out
Atkinson-Shiffin model of dual-store memory?
Three memory stores organized by duration. > Sensory store > Short-term memory > Long-term memory
What infant trait(s) or attribute relate(s) to later high IQ?
Time-speed of info processing
What is TOT?
Tip-Of-The-Toungue phenomenon. The feeling of knowing
What is a trait/trait theory?
Trait theory: relatively enduring patterns of thought, feelings, and actions called traits - an identifiable pattern of behavior that is characteristic for that person - a set of conscious motives proclaimed by that person - "temperament" in infancy/childhood correspond well to these traits as adult - assessed by: personality inventories, peer ratings, factor analysis
What is social cognition?
Understanding / thinking about others - making sense of what they say & do
What is 'Theory of Mind"?
Understanding our minds and the minds of others Understanding that - people have mental states such - these mental states guide their behavior Develops most dramatically during the birth to elementary school period of development
What are the Wechsler scales - what are the two big subscales and what subtests are in each?
Verbal: general info, similarities, vocabulary, comprehension, arithmetic reasoning, digit span Performance: picture completion, picture arrangement, block design, object assembly, digit symbol substitution (11 subtests, 2 sub scales)
What are flashbulb memories?
Vivid, detailed memories of an important event.
Define moral development-three components of morality (which one is emphasized in Kohlberg's theory)?
What is right and what is wrong -Cognition Actions -Behavior Feelings: Pride - Guilt -Emotions *Cognition is emphasized in Kohlberg's theory
Who first proposed "dual-store" memory?
William James in 1890
Who created this 'formula' for IQ?
William Stern (Germany)
What is intelligence quotient?
William Stern (Germany), devised single number for score for IQ
What taxes older adults' working memory?
Working memory deterioration in : -processing complex info, large amounts of info, elaborate strategies used to process info. Interference conditions (processing requires two functions during interference) > ignore interfering stimuli, focus on target stimuli "single channel "interference worse
Do adults reason at more than one stage of moral thinking?
Yes - 30's - conventional stage post conventional - not all reach it
Age for intimacy vs. isolation? What is it? Virtue?
Young adulthood: 20-40 years young adults seek to form a shared identity with another person but may fear intimacy and experience loneliness and isolation. Virtue= Love Core of this stage: trust & vulnerability If intimacy: - comfortable in relationships - trusts themselves and others, form close emotional ties w/o fear - gives freely - more cooperate If isolation: - hesitant to form close relationships - low tolerance for differences - afraid of closeness, does not trust other - competitive - give little of themselves
What is Spearman's general 'g' factor and 's' specific abilities?
a general factor that underlies any and all specific mental abilities is measured by every task on an IQ test Special abilities 's': specific to a particular task
What is Rorsarch ink blot?
a projective psychological test consisting of 10 inkblots printed on cards (five in black and white, five in color) created in 1921 provides a picture of the psychology of the person taking it, and some level of understanding the person's past and future behavior
What are projective tests?
a psychological test in which words, images, or situations are presented to a person and the responses analyzed for the unconscious expression of elements of personality that they reveal
What is free association?
a technique used in psychoanalytic therapy to help patients learn more about what they are thinking and feeling. Sigmund Freud Freud used free association to produce chain of thoughts that lead to unconscious painful memory, often from childhood. The fears exposed were often aid to be the cause of many behavioral problems.
Trait
an identifiable pattern of behavior that is characteristic for that person, a set of conscious motives proclaimed by that person
What is implicit/procedural (unconscious) memory and what are its specifics?
cannot consciously access the memory; see it in behavior - cerebellum Procedural -Motor -'Muscle memory' -Skills Balance and equilibrium. Ex. HM and Clive Wearing video
Unconscious
cerebellum
mastery motivation
childhood influences
overlapping waves theory
children have diverse learning strategies "process of variability, choice, and change"
Emotional/self-regulation:
complex process that involves initiating, inhibiting, or modulating one's state or behavior in a given situation
Most adults are at which level?
concentional stage (4) law
Rothbart and Bates
defined infant temperament in terms of reactivity and self-regulation, focused on how easily we become emotionally aroused and how we are able to control or regulate our arousal Three dimensions of temperament surgency/extraversion: tendency to actively, confidentally, and energetically approach new experiences in an emotionally positive way (rather than to be inhibited and withdrawn) Negative affectivity: tendency to be sad, fearful, easily frustrated, and irritable Effortful control: the ability to focus and shift attention when desired, inhibit responses, and appreciate low intensity activities such as sitting on a parent's lap
Define achievement motivation
desire for: accomplishments, mastery, attainment of high standards, control learned motive to: compete, strive for succes whenever behavior can be evaluated against a standard *environmental effect
Expertise
experts in field are likely to remember new information in that content domain more knowledge is more organized able to use knowledge and specialized strategies they have devised to learn, remember, and solve problems efficiently in their areas of expertise.
The Stanford-Binet was created by Terman - how did he change the content and the use of the test?
extended upper age range to adults, used test to measure inherited intelligence, thought intelligence was fixed, innate or inherited (genetic) and measurable
What are some ways IQ is commonly defined?
general capacity that show up in several ways as attention, perception, memory, reasoning, verbal comprehension
What is altruism?
he belief in or practice of disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of others.
Who was Knorad Lorenz.
he was the one who experimented/ proved imprinting-- ducklings follow him
Conscious
hippocamus
Sensory register - Iconic - Echoic
huge amount of information from environment; very brief duration 'Afterimage or echo' Environmental info picked up and transformed by sensory receptors -Iconic: Visual -Echoic: Auditory
what was the purpose of the first IQ test, where was it developed?
identify french school children needing special attention
What happened in the Meltzoff facial expression experiment?
imitate actions done by a model studies suggest that young infants, even newborns, can imitate certain actions, such as sticking out the tongue or opening the mouth (see Meltzoff, 2004). -challenge Piaget's claim that infants cannot imitate actions until about 1 year, when they have some ability to represent mentally what they have seen.
infant problem solving
infants were presented with an object out of their reach; however, by pulling on a cloth, they could drag the object to within reach (9 months). By 14 months of age, infants have figured out that adults are often useful sources of information in problem-solving situations As they get older, infants increasingly pay attention to the cues provided by adults and they increasingly solicit help by pointing, reaching, or otherwise letting the adult know that assistance is needed. Simple problem-solving behaviors improve considerably over the first 2 years of life
mastery motivation
inherent drive which leads young children to explore and master their environment
sense of self: locus of control
internal and external forces that cause changes in behavior during situations § internals: · achieve more in school · act independently · delay gratification · cope with stresses
Effectance motivation
intrinsic desire to control environment master tasks for the joy of doing so Influenced by: Secure attachment Continuity of care & affection Stimulation Responsive environment
According to the video, how does Theory of Mind relate to popularity?
kids who develop theory of mind earlier and completely are more popular
Most adolescents are in which stage of morality?
late preconventional: instrumental hedonism *conventional*
What is convergent thinking?
left-brain activity involving zeroing in on a single correct answer (not creativity) -thinking that involves converging on the 1 best answer to a problem; what IQ tests measure
What were Gardner's 8 intelligences?
linguistic logical-mathematical musical bodily-kinesthetic spatial interpersonal interpersonal naturalistic
Parental discipline: love withdrawal, power assertion, induction. Which one is best?
love withdrawal: worst; form of discipline that involves withholding attention affection of approval if child misbehaves power assertion: adult behavior like spanking, withdrawal of privileges and threats of punishment or physical harm; will do same act if could avoid being caught Induction: Explain why it is wrong - Increase empathy - Point out acceptable alternative plus Proactive parenting strategies
IQ formula
mental age/chronological age (X) 100
What else should be done besides reinforcing moral behavior and punishing immoral behavior?
model moral behavior
What are moral rules vs social rules
moral rules: welfare and basic rights of individuals social rules: étiqueté, rules of the games, school rules
Define motivation
needs or desires that serve to energize and direct behavior toward a goal
What are mirror neurons?
neurons that are activated both when we perform an action and when we observe someone else perform the same action.
Define personality, p 232.
organized combination of attributes, motives, values, and behaviors unique to each individual
Theory Y
people are hard working, competent and intrinsically motivated social leadership 1. internal motivators 2. mediates conflicts 3. builds team spirit 4. allows participant decisions ex. Sam's club, Walmart leaders are delegate and democratic
Theory X
people are lazy, error prone, and extrinsically motivated Task leadership external motivators setting standards organizing work focusing on goals, leaders are goal oriented, focus on task, direct, must give good orders
What is psychometric/trait theory?
personality can be understood in terms of relatively enduring patterns of thought, feelings, and actions called traits - personality can be measured - personality traits are stable - does not unfold in stages - the big 5- OCEAN
drive-reduction theory, needs, drive states, behavior, homeostasis
physiological needs create psychological drive states that cause one to engage in behaviors that will reduce or satisfy the need Aim is homeostasis; ex: reduce hunger Ex: need- low blood sugar; drive: hunger; behavior: eat (action)
What might be some benefits to having a Theory of Mind?
popularity, more social, can make friends, winning cards
Maslow's hierarchy of needs (know 5 levels),
prioritizes needs in order of importance -Motivation: starts at the most basic (lowest) level with physiological needs that must first be satisfies>higher-level safety needs>psychological need 1. Physiological: hunger, thirst (ex: asthma-- need air, sleep,etc) 2. Safety: shelter, security, organized, predictable 3. Belongingness and love: love and be loved, belong, acceptance 4. Esteem: self-esteem, achievement, competence, recognition, respect, independence 5. Self-actualization: achieve fullest potential
What can parents do to promote a Theory of mind?
read books and promote children to predict other person's feelings.."How would this person feel if his car broke?"
Sense of self: Rouge Test
recognition of self, 18 months, social experiences, trust/secure attachment
Who was H.H. Goddard?
research psychologist at school for mentally retarded
False belief task
shows child understands that people can hold incorrect beliefs and that these beliefs, even though incorrect, can influence their behavior
What should parents do?
stress independence, encourage doing things well, use an authoritative style
Childhood influences: Schools should
strongly emphasize academics, task-oriented but comfortable, manage discipline problems effectively, have intelligent teachers, students, supportive parents
What is savant syndrome?
support gardner's theory, limited mental abilities with amazing ability in one or a few 1. twins george and charles 2. kenneth 3. leslie
Jerome Kagan: Behavioral Inhibition
tendency to be extremely shy, restrained, and distressed in response to unfamiliar people and situations 15% of toddlers ahve inhibited temperament whereas 10% are extremely uninhibitied, exceptionally eager to jump into new situations Biologically rooted Individuals with inhibited temperaments display strong brain responses and high heart rates in reaction to unfamiliar stimuli
What is empathy?
the ability to understand and share the feelings of another.
What is hypnosis?
the induction of a state of consciousness in which a person apparently loses the power of voluntary action and is highly responsive to suggestion or direction
What is the MA or mental age?
the level of age graded problems the child is able to solve
Theory of mind
understanding that people have mental states such as desires, beliefs and intentions, these mental states guide their behavior autistic children unable to develop a theory of mind
What kind of tasks do high achievers select?
value placed on goal expectancies of success (reasonable chance of succeeding) - prefer moderately difficult tasks seek realistic challenges believes success is attainable and due to their efforts are persistent and self- discipline
What is Desire Psychology
~Age 2 Talk about what they want and explain & other's behavior in terms of wants - The cracker vs. broccoli experiment Refer to mental states in their speech - I 'wanted' to do this - I 'thought' it was a taxi
What is Belief-Desire Psychology?
~age 3-4 People behave as they do because they desire certain things and believe their actions will get them what they want. - Understand that not all beliefs are accurate reflections of reality - pass the 'False Belief Task'
Mead and Cooley, looking glass self
• "Self" based on how others respond to us • We are reflected in others responses o If other react to us negatively, we feel bad about ourselves
