Psy 335

EXTRA CREDIT (PAST MODULES): Which of the following is an example of institutional discrimination? A company paying people who are lesbian less than women who are heterosexual because they assume only heterosexual women are raising children. An art museum curator's decision that Appalachian quilts made in the 1800s are not ""art."" A policy stating that if poor children do not pass standardized tests, their families' Aid to Dependent Children is reduced. An able-bodied student choosing a classroom seat far away from a person in a wheelchair.

A policy stating that if poor children do not pass standardized tests, their families' Aid to

Ex Cr for Cumulative Learning: Which of the following would be a research question derived from an intergroup relations perspective? How do babies process social information? Does competition for resources lead to prejudice? What are the shared cultural beliefs about people who are overweight? What individual difference variables predict discrimination?

Does competition for resources lead to prejudice?

A researcher has observed that based on her experiences, she feels like people who drink more coffee also tend to feel more positively towards people who are gay. The researcher takes a random sample of US residents who identify as straight and asks people about their coffee consumption and attitudes towards people who are gay. The researcher discovers she is right - the variables are correlated. The participants who say they drink more coffee also, on average, report more positive attitudes towards people who are gay. It turns out this relationship is not causal, though. The variables are related because age is causing both to change together - being young facilitates more positive attitudes towards people who are gay (and being young also happens to lead to more coffee drinking). T/F: The researcher can conclude from her findings that she has processed information from her environment incorrectly and formed an illusory correlation between coffee drinking and prejudice (these variables don't actually move together at all!) True False

False

In order to be defined as a stereotype, a belief must be wildly inaccurate, and not rooted in any truth False True

False

Stereotypes are always negative beliefs about a group of people. False True

False

Joe is enrolled in a biology class taught by a female professor who just returned his graded term paper. Which of the following reactions describes how he is likely respond to his grade (based on research on how self-enhancement goals affect stereotype activation & application)? If the feedback is positive, he will likely think of her as a professor rather than as a woman If the feedback is negative, he will likely think of her as a professor rather than as a woman He will self-reflect on his study habits, regardless of the professor's characteristics If the feedback is positive, he will question the competency of female professors

If the feedback is positive, he will likely think of her as a professor rather than as a woman

A person is trying to hold a seven digit number in working memory while he/she has also been instructed to answer questions about the words presented on cue cards held by an Asian experimenter. What effect does having to hold the seven digit number in working memory at the same time have on the activation of Asian stereotypes? It increases the likelihood that stereotypes will be activated It increases the influence of priming on stereotype activation It disrupts stereotype activation. It increases or disrupts stereotype activation depending on the perceiver's level of prejudice.

It disrupts stereotype activation

In class we did a demonstration of the classic Hamilton and Gifford (1976) study. Recall the results of this original study. What did the researchers find? (Please read the whole statement for each answer choice and select the statement that is entirely true). (Hint: Recall that group A was the group for which participants read more statements). Participants incorrectly reported a greater probability of negative behavior from Group A members, probably because the number of sentences they read about group A members was higher, so the sheer number of bad things they read about from Group A was higher. Perceiving a false relationship between bad behavior and Group A membership is an example of an illusory correlation. Participants incorrectly reported a greater probability of negative behavior from Group A members, probably because the number of sentences they read about group A members was higher, so the sheer number of bad things they read about from Group A was higher. Perceiving a false relationship between bad behavior and Group A membership is an example of the numerical ambiguity bias. Participants incorrectly reported a greater probability of negative behavior from Group B members, probably because the number of sentences they read about group B was lower and the number of sentences they read about bad behavior was lower, so the single rarest/most distinctive sentence they read pertained to a Group B member doing something bad, which caused them to over-attend to these sentences. Perceiving a false relationship between bad behavior and Group B membership is an example of an illusory correlation. Participants incorrectly reported a greater probability of negative behavior from Group B members, probably because the number of sentences they read about group B members was lower and the number of sentences they read about bad behavior was lower, so the single rarest/most distinctive sentence they read pertained to a Group B member doing something bad, which caused them to over-attend to it. Perceiving a false relationship between bad behavior and Group B membership is an example of the numerical ambiguity bias.

Participants incorrectly reported a greater probability of negative behavior from Group B members, probably because the number of sentences they read about group B was lower and the number of sentences they read about bad behavior was lower, so the single rarest/most distinctive sentence they read pertained to a Group B member doing something bad, which caused them to over-attend to these sentences. Perceiving a false relationship between bad behavior and Group B membership is an example of an illusory correlation.

Which of the following processes has been demonstrated by research on stereotype activation? Positive stereotypes are rarely activated. Priming does not result in stereotype activation Stereotype activation is more likely when perceivers are cognitively busy. Stereotype activation is more likely when people see a prototypical group member.

Stereotype activation is more likely when people see a prototypical group member.

According to cognitive theory, why do people stereotype? Stereotypes come from shared beliefs which derive from culture. Stereotypes provide defense mechanisms that protect people's belief systems. Stereotyping is a normal process for reducing a complex stimulus world to a manageable level. Stereotypes protect us from the groups that might harm us or our relatives.

Stereotyping is a normal process for reducing a complex stimulus world to a manageable level.

Susie says, "I'm going to watch the women's basketball game tonight" when going to see the women play, but simply says "I'm going to watch the basketball game tonight" when seeing the men play. This is an example of communicating stereotypes through The linguistic intergroup bias The man-first principle The use of qualifying descriptions The ultimate attribution error

The use of qualifying descriptions

Which of the following statements is correct? Researchers are unable to study stereotype activation and stereotype application as separate processes. People are usually aware that they have applied a stereotype, but are usually unaware of the stereotype being activated. When we meet someone, stereotype activation occurs first, followed by categorization, and then stereotype application. When meeting others, the progression from categorization to stereotype activation and then application is usually rapid and automatic.

When meeting others, the progression from categorization to stereotype activation and then application is usually rapid and automatic.

A social scientist might argue that we would expect self-reports of prejudice against people who are Black to be least affected by social desirability response bias when made by White participants living in the U.S. who willingly identify themselves as members of the Ku Klux Klan. White participants living in the U.S. who think of themselves as politically conservative. White college students living in the U.S. being interviewed by people who know them. White participants living in the U.S. who think of themselves as politically liberal.

White participants living in the U.S. who willingly identify themselves as members of the Ku Klux Klan

According to your textbook, race is: a clearly defined biological category. a concept that has never been considered scientifically meaningful. a neutral categorization system that is sometimes misused by biased individuals a socially constructed category

a socially constructed category

Discriminatory behavior can be measured by self-report. asking people how they would respond in hypothetical situations. observing how people respond to a member of another group. any of the above methods.

any of the above methods

Lilly believes that men should be more dominant/commanding than women. When she discovers that her new male coach this year is more soft spoken and gentle than her female coach from last year, she feels slightly uncomfortable/upset with his style. She has demonstrated which of the dangers of assuming stereotype accuracy that we discussed? stereotype ambivalence applying them prescriptively to individuals using them to justify violence underestimating sociocultural factors

applying them prescriptively to individuals

Compared to nonprejudiced people, racially prejudiced people make more categorization errors based on others' gender. are motivated to accurately classify other people on the basis of race. try to avoid categorizing based on race because of the negative feelings it elicits are less likely to engage in ingroup overexclusion.

are motivated to accurately classify other people on the basis of race

Unobtrusive measures would be most likely to focus on people's self-reported attitudes. explicit cognitions. self-reported stereotypes. behavior.

behavior

The process of simplifying our environment by grouping people together on the basis of characteristics that a particular set of people have in common is labeled stereotyping. homogenizing. categorization. subtyping

categorization

Compared to a person who is not prototypical, a person who is prototypical of her social category is probably categorized more slowly. less likely to be stereotyped. categorized more easily. perceived at the subtype level

categorized more easily.

Redoing a study using the same research procedures to see if the same results occur is called a(n) ______ replication. conceptual exact or direct verified generalized

exact or direct

According to research on the self-fulfilling prophecy, if an interviewer believes that women are warm and friendly, a woman who is being interviewed will likely behave in a neutral way. give relatively short answers to the interview questions. be motivated to disconfirm the stereotype. exhibit warm and friendly behaviors.

exhibit warm and friendly behaviors.

Prejudices that people are aware of and can easily describe are called implicit prejudices. acknowledged prejudices. explicit prejudices. unconscious prejudices.

explicit prejudices

When a person who is white is turned down for credit from a bank, one thing they usually do not have to worry about is whether the decision was based on their perceived race. Not having the additional burden of worrying/wondering whether things like this are rooted in race illustrates the idea of group superiority. race-based denial. group privilege. ethnocentrism.

group privilege.

In class this week we gave an example of some stereotypes that researchers have suggested are somewhat "accurate" or at least contain a "kernel of truth" only in the following sense: While the stereotypes can't be applied accurately to all individuals, in many cases, people do properly estimate the size and direction of the real on average difference between groups that seems to exist. The example we discussed was about stereotypes rooted in _________ religion having a male or female gender identity age race

having a male or female gender identity

Bobby (who is white) finds out that a higher percentage of people who are black in America are on welfare in the United States, compared to people who are white. He concludes that people who are black are, on average, innately predisposed to not work as hard as people who are white. Bobby has displayed which one of the huge DANGERS of assuming stereotype accuracy that we discussed? incorrectly assuming any real differences result from natural unchangeable characteristics of the group (as opposed to systemic injustice or a host of other issues.) applying a stereotype prescriptively to all members of a group using a stereotype to justify violence towards a group inaccurately applying a stereotype to a particular individual

incorrectly assuming any real differences result from natural unchangeable characteristics of the group (as opposed to systemic injustice or a host of other issues.)

Which theory of prejudice would suggest that competition over a common area of land (land that both groups wanted) could explain the hostility between people who live in Israel and Palestine? psychodynamic theory evolutionary theory sociocultural theory intergroup relations theory

intergroup relations theory

A younger person using baby talk when talking to an older person is an example of________. institutional prejudice categorization. cultural discrimination interpersonal discrimination

interpersonal discrimination

The idea that people are members of multiple basic social categories simultaneously is called_______________. category complexity. basic social categorizing multi-ethnicity. intersectionality

intersectionality

Which of the following is an example of an unobtrusive measure of anti-gay prejudice? length of conversation between a participant and a person (who is actually working for researchers) who approaches the participant on campus wearing a ""Gay and Proud"" button scores on an attitudes toward homosexuality scale people's responses to a request to list characteristics they associate with the group "people who identify as lesbian" All of the above are example of unobtrusive measures

length of conversation between a participant and a person (who is actually working for researchers) who approaches the participant on campus wearing a ""Gay and Proud"" button

According to Gilbert & Hixon, cognitive load (also called cognitive busyness) makes stereotype activation more likely, but has no effect on stereotype application. has no effect on stereotype activation, but makes stereotype application more likely. makes stereotype activation less likely, but makes stereotype application more likely. has no effect on either stereotype activation or application.

makes stereotype activation less likely, but makes stereotype application more likely.

Responses to which of the following types of measures are least likely to be under the voluntary control of the respondent? self-report measures physiological measures judgmental measures social distance measures

physiological measures

Researcher Q assigned participants to a group at random, but told them it was because they all picked the same abstract painting over another. According to class, this process resulted in people awarding more money to other ingroup members, even if they did not personally benefit from doing so. did not meet the criterion of ""minimal group paradigm"" because people were unlikely to identify with their assigned group. resulted in ingroup favoritism for the people who picked the red painting, but not for the blue painting (everyone knows blue is most people's favorite color, so finding out someone shared that preference did not elicit ingroup feelings). resulted in increased liking for one's assigned group, but not ingroup favoritism based on group membership.

resulted in people awarding more money to other ingroup members, even if they did not personally benefit from doing so.

Which of the following in an example of an operational definition? prejudice empathy scores on a specific published stereotyping scale ethnocentric bias

scores on a specific published stereotyping scale

Which of the following is not a basic social category? sexual orientation gender age race

sexual orientation

Although stereotypes can help people fulfill needs or achieve psychological goals, they can do so only if the people holding the stereotypes are low in prejudice. stereotypes are relevant to the particular need or goal at hand. stereotypes relate to the 3 basic social categorizes. people holding the stereotypes are highly prejudiced.

stereotypes are relevant to the particular need or goal at hand.

Lars generally believes that people who are female are better at cooking than people who are male. However, his roommate, Karl, who identifies as male, is an excellent cook. To account for this exception to his overall stereotype for the group "male", Lars instead thinks of his roommate as being in the special category ""male cook."" Social psychologists call this process_________. stereotype endorsement dispersion subtyping hypodescent

subtyping

EXTRA CREDIT (PAST MODULES): The sign (+ or -) of a correlation coefficient indicates: the strength of the relationship the direction of the relationship both the strength and direction of the relationship whether the results are theoretically meaningful

the direction of the relationship

One advantage of self-report measures compared to other types of measures is that they can be used with young children as well as adults. researchers do not need to consider their validity. responses can be affected by social desirability. they are easy to administer

they are easy to administer.

A measure that assesses what it is designed to assess is said to be high in usability. consistency. generalizability. validity

validity

A(n)_______ is a characteristic on which people differ and so takes on more than one value when it is measured in a group of people. operational definition variable trait postulate

variable

Imagine that a Purdue student tends to view all IU students as "the same" but thinks that Purdue students are quite diverse. One of the two reasons we discussed for why this idea might develop is because the person frequently has to compare individual Purdue students to one another (who is the best student in the class? How did I do compare to others in my course? etc.) which facilitates an awareness of diversity within the ingroup, but ____________ the person might never engage in any kind of comparisons that ever involve the outgroup the person might only engage in comparisons involving individual outgroup members when resources are scarce when the person engages in comparisons involving the outgroup, they are more likely to be group level comparisons (i.e. how does IU compare to Purdue as a whole in the rankings?...) which facilitates thinking of the outgroup only as one large homogenous group the person only ever engages in comparisons involving the outgroup when they have just won a competitive event

when the person engages in comparisons involving the outgroup, they are more likely to be group level comparisons (i.e. how does IU compare to Purdue as a whole in the rankings?...) which facilitates thinking of the outgroup only as one large homogenous group

EXTRA CREDIT (PAST MODULES): An understanding of the process of categorization would lead one to predict that: An Asian woman would likely be primarily categorized as "Asian" regardless of the context. An Asian woman would likely be primarily categorized as "female" when seen holding a baby and as "Asian" when seen eating sushi. An Asian woman would likely be primarily categorized as "Asian" when seen holding a baby and as "female" when seen eating sushi. An Asian woman would likely be primarily categorized as "female" regardless of the context.

An Asian woman would likely be primarily categorized as "female" when seen holding a baby and as "Asian" when seen eating sushi.

When conducting an experiment, researchers randomly assign participants to conditions so that: Any differing personal characteristics of the participants are at least evenly distributed across the conditions of the independent variable, which keeps all other factors balanced/the same across condition except the independent variable that is manipulated The causal condition of time precedence has been met The results of the study are generalizable to a larger population of interest (beyond the participants in the experiment) The dependent measure is reliably measured

Any differing personal characteristics of the participants are at least evenly distributed across the conditions of the independent variable, which keeps all other factors balanced/the same across condition except the independent variable that is manipulated

EXTRA CREDIT (PAST MODULES): When conducting an experiment, researchers randomly assign participants to conditions so that: The causal condition of time precedence has been met The dependent measure is reliably measured The results of the study are generalizable to a larger population of interest (beyond the participants in the experiment) Any personal characteristics of the participants are evenly distributed across the conditions of the independent variable

Any personal characteristics of the participants are evenly distributed across the conditions of the independent variable

Which of the following statements about basic social categories is false? Basic categories have important cultural meanings. At a societal level, people often disagree about the characteristics members of those categories have in common. Perceivers tend to treat all members of a basic social category similarly. Information about the category is readily available to the perceiver

At a societal level, people often disagree about the characteristics members of those categories have in common.

In shooter bias studies, your textbook says that: Both Black and White participants often show a bias towards "shooting" unarmed Black men instead of White men. Only Black participants often show a bias towards "shooting" unarmed Black men instead of White men. Only White participants often show a bias towards "shooting" unarmed Black men instead of White men. Both Black and White participants often show a bias towards "shooting" unarmed White men instead of Black men, due to extreme efforts to correct for stereotypes.

Both Black and White participants often show a bias towards "shooting" unarmed Black men instead of White men.

What is true about the relationship between explicit measures of prejudice and behavior, and the relationship between implicit measures of prejudice and behavior? Explicit prejudice tends to be more strongly related to verbal behavior, voting habits, etc., while implicit prejudice tends to be more strongly related to nonverbal or automatic behaviors. Explicit prejudice is highly correlated with discriminatory behavior, while implicit prejudice is rarely correlated with any form of discriminatory behavior. Explicit prejudice tends to be more strongly related to nonverbal or automatic behaviors, while implicit prejudice tends to be more strongly related to verbal behavior, voting habits, etc. Explicit prejudice is rarely correlated with any form of discriminatory behavior, while implicit prejudice is highly correlated with discriminatory behavior

Explicit prejudice tends to be more strongly related to verbal behavior, voting habits, etc., while implicit prejudice tends to be more strongly related to nonverbal or automatic behaviors

EX CREDIT (PAST MODULES): What is true about the relationship between explicit measures of prejudice and behavior, and the relationship between implicit measures of prejudice and behavior? Explicit prejudice is highly correlated with discriminatory behavior, while implicit prejudice is rarely correlated with any form of discriminatory behavior. Explicit prejudice tends to be more strongly related to verbal behavior, voting habits, etc., while implicit prejudice tends to be more strongly related to nonverbal or automatic behaviors. Explicit prejudice is rarely correlated with any form of discriminatory behavior, while implicit prejudice is highly correlated with discriminatory behavior. Explicit prejudice tends to be more strongly related to nonverbal or automatic behaviors, while implicit prejudice tends to be more strongly related to verbal behavior, voting habits, etc.

Explicit prejudice tends to be more strongly related to verbal behavior, voting habits, etc., while implicit prejudice tends to be more strongly related to nonverbal or automatic behaviors.

EXTRA CREDIT (PAST MODULES): One advantage of conducting surveys is: It's easier for surveys to use something closer to a probability sample or at least a obtain a more diverse convenience sample, so results are more readily generalizable to the population as a whole (or at least to a more diverse population). Naturalism is high for experiments within surveys. Surveys often rely on paper and pencil measures, which are more reliable than other kinds of measures. All of the above

It's easier for surveys to use something closer to a probability sample or at least a obtain a more diverse convenience sample, so results are more readily generalizable to the population as a whole (or at least to a more diverse population).

Which of the following explains why powerful people are likely to use stereotypes? Judgments about many people have to be made and the consequences of judging people incorrectly are low. There is also a motivation to the endorse the existing power hierarchies that might be rooted in stereotypes. Powerful people are uncomfortable with their social standing and so stereotype others to avoid thinking about it - when people are required to think deeply about their standing, they can feel guilty. Powerful people have a greater need to individuate than do lower power people. All of the above explain why powerful people stereotype more than the less powerful.

Judgments about many people have to be made and the consequences of judging people incorrectly are low. There is also a motivation to the endorse the existing power hierarchies that might be rooted in stereotypes.

EXTRA CREDIT (PAST MODULES): A well-known study demonstrated that when participants were asked to report on existing stereotypes about various groups: Low-prejudiced people were less knowledgeable about the stereotypes than high-prejudiced people. High-prejudiced people were less knowledgeable about the stereotypes than low- prejudiced people. Low-prejudiced and high-prejudiced people were equally knowledgeable about the existing stereotypes.

Low-prejudiced and high-prejudiced people were equally knowledgeable about the existing stereotypes.

Who applied stereotypes to the Asian experimenter in stage 2 of the Gilbert and Hixon study? Participants busy during stage 1 but not busy during stage 2. Participants busy during both stage 1 and stage 2. Participants not busy during stage 1 and busy during stage 2. Participants not busy during both stage 1 and stage 2.

Participants not busy during stage 1 and busy during stage 2.

Joe (who is white and male) has a daughter, Sara (who is white and female), and who brings home a new boyfriend, John (who is black and male). Joe's wife observes that Joe treats John with a bit more skepticism and fear than he did Sara's last new boyfriend (who was a white male). A researcher argues that one possible explanation for Joe's behavior is that Joe was raised by particularly cold, uncaring parents which caused him to have an untrusting, skeptical view of the world and to suspiciously view anyone he categories as an outgroup member negatively, (not just people he perceives to be black). The researcher suggests that some therapy that addressed the particular childhood experiences that led to this more general personality trait might help Joe work on his prejudice levels. Explaining the origins of his prejudice from this perspective is a good example of: Psychodynamic approach Sociocultural approach Intergroup relations theory Cognitive approach Evolutionary approach

Psychodynamic approach

In class we said that a social psychologist might distinguish race-based prejudice from "racism" by saying: both terms refer to personal/private attitudes that can be measured within participants in the lab, but the term "racism" can be used to describe attitudes that are positive or negative, while "prejudice" is used to just describe negative attitudes both terms refer to personal/private attitudes that can be measured within participants in the lab, but the term "prejudice" can be used to describe attitudes that are positive or negative, while "racism" is used to just describe negative attitudes Racism is used more often to refer to the coordinated interaction of individual level biases with societal and cultural level biases, creating a social hierarchy which is rooted in race, while prejudice refers to an individual's personal attitudes towards a certain racial group. Prejudice is used more often to refer to the coordinated interaction of individual level biases with societal and cultural level biases, creating a social hierarchy which is rooted in race, while racism refers to an individual's personal attitudes towards a certain racial group.

Racism is used more often to refer to the coordinated interaction of individual level biases with societal and cultural level biases, creating a social hierarchy which is rooted in race, while prejudice refers to an individual's personal attitudes towards a certain racial group.

Think about what you know about why the shooter bias emerges, as described by your textbook. How might we explain the fact that it is not just White participants that frequently demonstrate the shooter bias, but that Black participants often do too? Shooter bias results are correlated with stereotype knowledge. Black participants have knowledge of the same stereotypes as White participants, and automatically activated negative group stereotypes can impact split second decisions in anyone who has knowledge of them, even in people who do not hold explicitly/consciously negative attitudes towards the group. Shooter bias results are strongly correlated with explicit attitudes, and if you gave most people who are Black a scale designed to measure "attitudes towards people who are Black", they would consciously report negative explicit attitudes. Negative group stereotypes only influence judgments in people who are unmotivated to override them. Ingroup overexclusion is a largely automatic process, so participants of both races would be expected to demonstrate the bias.

Shooter bias results are correlated with stereotype knowledge. Black participants have knowledge of the same stereotypes as White participants, and automatically activated negative group stereotypes can impact split second decisions in anyone who has knowledge of them, even in people who do not hold explicitly/consciously negative attitudes towards the group.

In the Hannah study, participants were randomly assigned to see a picture of a girl named Hannah in what looked to be a "poor" vs. "rich" school environment. Then, half the participants were SHOWN a video of Hannah answering academic questions (getting some right and some wrong), and half were NOT SHOWN this additional information about Hannah. EVERYONE (regardless of whether they had seen the video of Hannah answering questions or what neighborhood they thought she was from) was then asked to estimate Hannah's academic ability. In this study, WHEN were the average ratings of Hannah's ability impacted by stereotypes about kids attending rich vs. poor schools? Stereotypes influenced people's ratings in all the conditions! Regardless of whether they had seen the video of Hannah taking the academic tests or not, participants estimated her academic ability to be *HIGHER* if they saw her in the rich neighborhood instead of the poor neighborhood. Stereotypes influenced people's ratings in all the conditions, but not in the direction you would expect! Regardless of whether they had seen the video of Hannah taking the academic tests or not, participants estimated her academic ability to be *LOWER* if they saw her in the rich neighborhood instead of the poor neighborhood (everyone over-corrected for their stereotypes because they tried so hard not to apply them!). Stereotypes influenced people's ratings only in the condition where people had NOT seen the video of Hannah taking the academic test (and thus had nothing else to go on). Then, they relied on stereotypes and rated her academic ability to be *HIGHER* if they saw her in the rich (instead of poor) neighborhood. (When they had a chance to view her individual performance, they were not impacted by stereotypes). Stereotypes influenced people's ratings only in the condition where people HAD SEEN the video of Hannah taking the academic test (these participants rated her academic ability to be *HIGHER* if they saw her in the rich instead of poor neighborhood). Because her performance on the video was ambiguous, participants relied on "rich" versus "poor" stereotypes to guide their interpretation of her performance - they did not properly correct for the influence of stereotypes because they felt like they were just reacting to to how they saw Hannah actually perform! Participants who did not get to see the video of Hannah just estimated her ability to be at the average for her apparent age/grade level (regardless of whether she appeared in the rich versus poor environment), probably because it was obvious to them that to do otherwise would just be relying on stereotypes.

Stereotypes influenced people's ratings only in the condition where people HAD SEEN the video of Hannah taking the academic test (these participants rated her academic ability to be *HIGHER* if they saw her in the rich instead of poor neighborhood). Because her performance on the video was ambiguous, participants relied on "rich" versus "poor" stereotypes to guide their interpretation of her performance - they did not properly correct for the influence of stereotypes because they felt like they were just reacting to to how they saw Hannah actually perform! Participants who did not get to see the video of Hannah just estimated her ability to be at the average for her apparent age/grade level (regardless of whether she appeared in the rich versus poor environment), probably because it was obvious to them that to do otherwise would just be relying on stereotypes.

Most researchers who study culture and race would suggest that:

The cultural system individuals exist within has only a small (or no) impact on stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination related to race, but this small impact is not always very apparent to people as they are matriculate throughout the culture. The cultural system individuals exist within has a large impact on stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination related to race, and the full extent of this impact is typically very apparent to people as they are matriculate throughout the culture. The cultural system individuals exist within has a large impact on stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination related to race, but the full extent of this impact is not always very apparent to people as they are matriculate throughout the culture. The cultural system individuals exist within has only a small (or no) impact on stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination related to race, and this impact is typically very apparent to people as they are matriculate throughout the culture.

EXTRA CREDIT (PAST MODULES): Imagine a White person is walking down a street that is dark, and they hear a loud noise behind them. They now feel afraid. Then, a couple minutes later, they see a racially ambiguous person in front of them who looks angry/threatening. Research we discussed in class suggests: The person might be more likely to categorize them as White (instead of Black) than if they hadn't heard the loud noise. The person might be more likely to categorize them as Black (instead of White) than if they hadn't heard the loud noise. The loud noise shouldn't impact their categorization, because categorization comes first in the process, and then associated stereotypes about a group are activated!

The person might be more likely to categorize them as Black (instead of White) than if they hadn't heard the loud noise.

EXTRA CREDIT (PAST MODULES): Researcher A thinks that watching violence on TV causes an increase in negative attitudes towards people who are Black. Researcher A gives out a survey and has people report on their attitudes toward people who are Black and hours of violent movies watched and finds there is no relationship between these two variables. What can the researcher conclude? An experiment must be conducted to show that there is no causal relationship between these two variables. The study provides evidence that watching violent movies does not likely cause negative attitudes toward people who are Black. The study provides evidence that watching violent movies probably causes negative attitudes toward people who are Black. A third variable probably explains the lack of a relationship between the two variables.

The study provides evidence that watching violent movies does not likely cause negative attitudes toward people who are Black.

Researcher A thinks that watching violence on TV causes an increase in negative attitudes towards people who are Black. Researcher A gives out a survey and has people report on their attitudes toward people who are Black and hours of violent movies watched and finds there is no relationship between these two variables. What can the researcher conclude?' A third variable probably explains the lack of a relationship between the two variables. The study provides evidence that watching violent movies probably causes negative attitudes toward people who are Black. An experiment must be conducted to show that there is no causal relationship between these two variables. The study provides evidence that watching violent movies does not likely cause negative attitudes toward people who are Black.

The study provides evidence that watching violent movies does not likely cause negative attitudes toward people who are Black.

Ex Cr for Cumulative Learning: Which of the following is a not a key aspect of stereotypes? To be considered stereotypic, a belief about a group must be negative. They may contain a kernel of truth or they may be totally inaccurate. Stereotypes come from shared beliefs that are an integral part of one's culture. Stereotypes can be descriptive or prescriptive.

To be considered stereotypic, a belief about a group must be negative

Which of the following is an example of qualitative data? Salaries of women and men with equivalent job titles Transcripts of interviews with people who survived the Holocaust Scores on a measure of right wing authoritarianism The number of seconds a grocery clerk looks at Black and White customers

Transcripts of interviews with people who survived the Holocaust

Which of the following is true about the relationships among stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination? People who have knowledge of a group stereotype also always score high on prejudice towards that group (low prejudice people don't have knowledge of group stereotypes). When low prejudice people have knowledge of a group stereotype, their evaluations of members of the stereotyped group can sometimes be influenced in a negative way if the stereotype is activated outside of their conscious awareness, even if they don't personally endorse the activated stereotype. People who have knowledge of a group stereotype might not always score high on prejudice towards that group, but their behavior towards members of the stereotyped group will still always be equivalently influenced in a negative way by the stereotype knowledge (there is not anything that people low in prejudice can do to minimize the stereotypes' impact). Consciously held stereotypic beliefs are always more harmful than unconsciously held stereotypic beliefs.

When low prejudice people have knowledge of a group stereotype, their evaluations of members of the stereotyped group can sometimes be influenced in a negative way if the stereotype is activated outside of their conscious awareness, even if they don't personally endorse the activated stereotype.

In class we discussed a procedure where researchers flash a face at participants so quickly they aren't aware of it, and then have them complete word stems (that could be completed with more versus less stereotypic words). What are the researchers measuring with this word stem completion task? Whether subliminal exposure to a member of a category can lead to the automatic application of an associated stereotype Whether subliminal exposure to a member of a category can lead to the automatic activation of an associated stereotype Whether individuals who are motivated to do so are better at inhibiting the automatic application of a stereotype than those who aren't Whether subliminal exposure to a member of a category can lead to both the automatic activation and subsequent application of a stereotype

Whether subliminal exposure to a member of a category can lead to the automatic activation of an associated stereotype

Think about the definition of of the "isms" (racism in particular). Based on your book's description of the "isms" in chapter 1, what might your textbook authors be most likely to say in response to the idea that negative stereotypes and attitudes on the part of people who are Black directed towards people who are White (perhaps due to perceived discrimination) represent "widespread reverse-racism" instead of just "prejudice"? Reverse-racism is not a widespread issue because while majority group members often feel negatively towards minority group members, negative attitudes never go the other way. While negative attitudes could go the other way for various reasons, perhaps the word "racism" is better reserved for when negativity or prejudice is combined with a group-centered worldview that emphasizes the "natural" or biological superiority of one's own group over others and that often produces systemic social biases/power differences. Reverse racism is widespread, because many minority group members do often feel very negatively towards majority group members.

While negative attitudes could go the other way for various reasons, perhaps the word "racism" is better reserved for when negativity or prejudice is combined with a group-centered worldview that emphasizes the "natural" or biological superiority of one's own group over others and that often produces systemic social biases/power differences.

In class we discussed research suggesting that pre-existing (unrelated) feelings can impact how people categorize others when they encounter them. What were the main findings of the study we discussed? Compared to a control condition designed to elicit neutral feelings: straight participants who were made to feel happy after watching a comedy were more likely to categorize someone they met whose sexuality was ambiguous as "straight". Christian participants who were made to feel sad after watching a sad movie were more likely to categorize someone they met as a likely fellow "Christian". Black participants who were made to feel jealous after watching a partner receive a cash reward were more likely to categorize racially ambiguous people as white. White participants who were made to feel scared (and who believed in a dangerous world) were more likely to categorize angry racially ambiguous faces as black.

White participants who were made to feel scared (and who believed in a dangerous world) were more likely to categorize angry racially ambiguous faces as black.

A researcher wanted to know whether a restaurant server's religion affected the size of the tips received. For one month, a server working in a local restaurant waited on tables while prominently wearing a cross on the odd days and the Star of David on the even days. The amount the server received in tips was recorded each day. This is an example of ethnographic research. a laboratory study. a correlational study. a field experiment.

a field experiment.

The extent to which automatic processing influences stereotyping is affected by context effects. the perceiver's level of prejudice. cognitive busyness. all of the above

all of the above

Dr. Sparks said that one of the key things from this unit to remember is that when behavior is __________, that's when stereotypes have unique power to influence our reactions. positive negative important trivial ambiguous

ambiguous

Venu is the director of human resources at his company and often bases hiring decisions on his stereotypic belief that older adults are less competent than are younger adults. In doing so, Venu is engaging in stereotype ___________. knowledge activation assessment application

application

The most common way to assess prejudice is by probability ratings. implicit attitude tests. behavioral measures. attitude questionnaires.

attitude questionnaires

When stereotype activation is triggered simply by being exposed to stimuli associated with the stereotyped group, ________ processing has occurred. automatic controlled motivated categorized

automatic

In class we said that stereotypes are normally activated after people conceptually categorize a person into the relevant social group, but *sometimes* stereotype activation can happen as a direct result of exposure to a specific physical feature (such as darker as opposed to lighter skin), and not as a direct result of a categorizing someone as "Black". and these activated stereotypes are then only applied if a person is highly motivated to apply to them (normally they are not applied.) but sometimes stereotype activation can happen AFTER stereotype application occurs. but stereotype activation also sometimes only happens *after* people engage in expressions of behavioral discrimination.

but *sometimes* stereotype activation can happen as a direct result of exposure to a specific physical feature (such as darker as opposed to lighter skin), and not as a direct result of a categorizing someone as "Black".

Researchers have found that grocery stores located in lower income neighborhoods stock less healthy foods than stores located in higher income neighborhoods. This practice is an example of classism interpersonal discrimination stereotype rigidity a prescriptive stereotype

classism

Adrina is shown a picture of a Black face, but the image appears so quickly that she is unaware of this. According to research on stereotype activation, Adrina will most likely complete word stems with stereotypes associated with people who are Black. think of people who are Black as individuals rather than as a stereotyped group. Show brain activation in her frontal cortex. all of the above

complete word stems with stereotypes associated with people who are Black.

John wants to develop a valid one item measure of self-esteem because he wants to see if he can accurately measure a person's self-esteem quickly, by asking a person just one single question. John develops his new one-item scale of self-esteem and then administers it to 500 participants. John is happy to find out that how participants score on his new one-item measure correlates well with their scores on a previously validated and similar 15-item measure of self-esteem. John has established _________. test-retest reliability. internal consistency. convergent validity. discriminant validity

convergent validity

EXTRA CREDIT (PAST MODULES): John wants to develop a valid one item measure of self-esteem because he wants to see if he can accurately measure a person's self-esteem quickly, by asking a person just one single question. John develops his new one-item scale of self-esteem and then administers it to 500 participants. John is happy to find out that how participants score on his new one-item measure correlates well with their scores on a previously validated and similar 15-item measure of self-esteem. John has established _________. convergent validity. test-retest reliability. internal consistency. discriminant validity.

convergent validity.

Correlational research meets only one of three necessary criteria for determining whether one variable causes another. That criterion is absence of alternative explanations. time precedence of the cause. creation of operational definitions. covariation

covariation

Most love songs in popular culture are about heterosexual love. This is an example of institutional discrimination. cultural discrimination. organizational discrimination. interpersonal discrimination.

cultural discrimination.

Sally's friend John invited her to eat with his family. One of the items on the menu was a lamb's eyeball, which is considered a delicacy in her friend's culture. Sally responds by wrinkling her nose and refusing the eat the eyeball. Which ""D of Difference"" represents Sally's response? devaluing denial defensiveness disgust

devaluing

A researcher has developed a measure of attitudes toward people with disabilities and has determined that scores on this measure are unrelated to scores on a social desirability response bias scale. The researcher has established her scale's ________ relative to the social desirability response bias. convergent validity internal consistency discriminant validity test-retest reliability

discriminant validity

A person who is young boards a bus and sees a person who is older and who uses a cane sitting in a particular seat. The young person moves as far as way as possible even when it is the only seat available. This is an example of ___________. prejudice stereotyping discrimination disproportionate response bias

discrimination

Stereotypes can be assessed by having people list what they see as the most important characteristics of a group. select from a list of adjectives those that they think best describe a group. rate how likely it is that members of a group have certain characteristics. do any of the above

do any of the above

Lena agrees with the social stereotype that people who are Arab are dangerous. This agreement is referred to as stereotype _________. accuracy endorsement knowledge application

endorsement

Steve is talking to a professor. She talks about her love of karaoke and pork rinds, and her love of fine wine. When he later recalls his conversations with her several weeks later, he will be most likely to remember: her love of fine wine her love of pork rinds and karaoke both qualities equally

her love of fine wine

EXTRA CREDIT (PAST MODULES): One perspective on stereotyping asserts that stereotypes are "mental shortcuts", used to help people quickly process a lot of complicated information in their environment without becoming overwhelmed. In other words, this perspective asserts that stereotypes can be viewed as: the result of contact with an outgroup heuristics ego-defense mechanisms self-fulfilling prophesies

heuristics

People sometimes encounter information that is consistent with their stereotypes, and they sometimes encounter information that challenges their stereotypes! Which information are they most likely to tell others about? In other words, what is true about the communication of stereotype-consistent versus stereotype-inconsistent information that people receive? if the information is not backed up by specific factual information, people tend to be more likely to tell others about the stereotype-consistent information they receive people are almost always more likely to tell others about stereotype-inconsistent information they receive

if the information is not backed up by specific factual information, people tend to be more likely to tell others about the stereotype-consistent information they receive

When self-reported attitudes and implicit attitudes are in conflict with one another, ___________________. it's a pretty even split on which set of attitudes are more negative than the other. self-reported attitudes are most often the ones that are more negative. we can conclude that one of our measures (either the self-report measure or implicit measure) was administered poorly or incorrectly, because if the measures are reliable, results should always line up! implicit attitudes are most often the ones that are more negative.

implicit attitudes are most often the ones that are more negative

Amadou Diallo was shot by police officers: in 2020, so psychologists have not had a chance to digest what might have happened there yet in 1999, and it inspired the development of shooter bias research in 1950

in 1999, and it inspired the development of shooter bias research

An advantage of using free response measures to assess stereotypes is that individuals provide their own beliefs about a group's characteristics. they do not rely on self-report. they are unobtrusive. they are unaffected by social desirability

individuals provide their own beliefs about a group's characteristics.

EXTRA CREDIT (PAST MODULES): An advantage of using free response measures to assess stereotypes is that they do not rely on self-report. individuals provide their own beliefs about a group's characteristics. they are unobtrusive. they are unaffected by social desirability

individuals provide their own beliefs about a group's characteristics.

When someone who is White and female who scores high on prejudice towards people who are Black sees a racially ambiguous face, she is more likely to categorize this face as "Black" instead of "White" than a person who is White and Female who scores *low* on prejudice towards people who are Black. She draws a tight circle around her racial ingroup. This is an example of: ingroup overexclusion. outgroup underinclusion. the minimal group paradigm. the outgroup homogeneity effect.

ingroup overexclusion

The whole "kernel of truth" idea of stereotypes (using them as heuristics to simplify a complex world, just like any other shortcut) is most consistent with which perspective on stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination? intergroup relations psychodynamic evolutionary cognitive sociocultural

intergroup relations psychodynamic evolutionary cognitive sociocultural

If a person's behavior is ambiguous, perceivers usually interpret the behavior as stereotype consistent. interpret the behavior as stereotype inconsistent. make no judgment about the behavior. look to others to decide how to interpret the behavior.

interpret the behavior as stereotype consistent.

The procedure pioneered by Henri Tajfel to create a sense of ingroups and outgroups based on shared, but very unimportant, characteristics is known as the _________ paradigm. ingroup favoritism minimal group subtyping outgroup homogeneity

minimal group

Hilda likes to think about things carefully and consider all options before making a decision. She is likely high on the trait called need for closure. causal uncertainty. need for structure. need for cognition

need for cognition

The more international trips people take, the lower their prejudice is towards people who have immigrated. This is an example of a(n) negative correlation. absolute correlation. non-significant correlation. positive correlation.

negative correlation

EXTRA CREDIT (PAST MODULES): A century ago, people from Ireland were _______ in the United States. a privileged class not considered to be White good examples of hypodescent considered to be White

not considered to be White

Implicit cognition measures can assess only emotional responses. often use reaction times to assess prejudices that the person may not be aware of. are more likely to be affected by social desirability response bias than other measures. assess factors such as seating distance from a member of a stigmatized group.

often use reaction times to assess prejudices that the person may not be aware of.

Hypotheses become predictions as soon as the hypothetical construct is chosen. once researchers have chosen their operational definitions. when they are consistent with a researcher's theory. when the researcher has a manipulated variable.

once researchers have chosen their operational definitions.

Stereotype application can occur: automatically, even if categorization has not yet occurred only after categorization has occurred

only after categorization has occurred

If Amazon had a hiring policy that resulted in discrimination, we would say this was an example of: cultural discrimination organizational discrimination interpersonal discrimination institutional discrimination

organizational discrimination

Bob, a male, has an irritating encounter with Lisa, a female, and he thinks to himself, "Good grief - I should have known there was only one way that interaction could have gone. Women - they're ALL THE SAME!" This is a good example of: ingroup homogeneity effect. outgroup perceptual bias. outgroup homogeneity effect. ingroup perceptual bias.

outgroup homogeneity effect

In class we did a memory exercise. We said that the biggest reason that most people can remember more than 1-2 of the words that I flashed you and then asked you about later was because: people have good memories for social information people were relying upon social identity theory to recall the words people were relying on the linguistic intergroup bias to recall the words people were using their already existing category-related information/stereotypes for groups like "housewife" to recall the words people were relying upon the hindsight bias to recall the words

people were using their already existing category-related information/stereotypes for groups like "housewife" to recall the words

Stereotype activation is like _______ and stereotype application is like ______. eating a sandwich; picking up the sandwich playing the piano; taking out your sheet music picking up a hammer; using the hammer to nail in a nail using a hammer to nail in a nail; picking up a hammer

picking up a hammer; using the hammer to nail in a nail

Need for closure is: positively correlated with prejudice negatively correlated with prejudice uncorrelated with prejudice

positively correlated with prejudice

Susan meets Sarah for the first time, who says she is from Ireland. Susan immediately feels a wave of positive feelings and affection (she really likes people who are from Ireland!) Susan's positive feelings towards Sarah can best be described as:

prejudice

Which of the following is an example of a hypothetical construct? prejudice the number of traits a person associates with the term "businesswomen" scores on the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale the number of times Asian and White conversants make eye contact with one another

prejudice

Seamus has features that are similar to those of other typical European males. Researchers refer to Seamus's features as ________ of his social category. exclusive representative prototypical prescriptive

prototypical

The ________ of a measure is its consistency in providing essentially the same result every time it is used. discriminant validity generalizability convergent validity reliability

reliability

Women are often encouraged into caretaking professions such as elementary school teaching. Teaching requires people to help kids learn as part of the job description. Because kids observe that almost all their elementary teachers are female (and their teachers obviously help them learn), they conclude that all women like to help kids (and very few men like to help kids). Arriving at perceptions of females in this way is an example of: intergroup relations theory social role theory the transmission of stereotypes through media social stereotyping theory social identity theory

social role theory

Susan has consumed a lot of typical media in the United States growing up, where television shows and movies often include more jokes that are explicitly made at the expense of people who are overweight than jokes made at the expense of people just because of their race. Susan has developed the idea that making jokes about people who are overweight is more socially acceptable. She makes a joke with her friends about someone who is overweight being lazy. This perspective on the source of Susan's prejudice is consistent with which theory of prejudice? psychodynamic sociocultural intergroup relations cognitive

sociocultural

Overall, which of the following is most highly correlated with discrimination/behavior (i.e. which is the stronger predictor of what people actually do?) somebody's prejudice levels (their evaluative attitudes) somebody's stereotype knowledge and endorsement

somebody's prejudice levels (their evaluative attitudes)

According to research on power and stereotyping, which of the following people is most likely to use stereotypes? the CEO of a major corporation a college dean's secretary a union laborer a lab assistant

the CEO of a major corporation

In class this week many respondents listed similar stereotypes for various groups. We said this illustrated which of the four key aspect of stereotypes? their accuracy their prescriptive nature the fact that they can be positive or negative the fact that they come from shared beliefs within a culture

the fact that they come from shared beliefs within a culture

The Implicit Association Test is based on the idea that someone will go slower if they have to override their habitual response (i.e. if they have to disassociate concepts they have associated) the idea that the participant thinks the researcher won't have access to their responses. priming participants and seeing if they transfer automatically activated emotion onto a neutral stimulus. activation of the amygdala which can be observed by researchers even if participants can not consciously report it

the idea that someone will go slower if they have to override their habitual response (i.e. if they have to disassociate concepts they have associated)

Barack Obama is biracial, but he is usually referred to as Black. When making this categorization, perceivers rely on the minority bias in categorization. the racial phenotypical bias. the cross-racial identification bias. all of these biases

the minority bias in categorization

When meeting a person, which type of group-based information is someone likely to notice first? the person's race whether the person is tall or short whether the person has a disability the person's emotional state

the person's race

In an experiment, one group of participants watched a video of a basketball game. In one version of the video, a Black player fouled a White player. In another version of the video shown to a different set of participants, a White player was shown fouling a Black player in the exact same manner. Participants in each condition reported whether the foul was probably intentional, and a larger percentage of participants thought it was intentional in the condition in which the player committing the foul was Black. In this experiment, what was the independent variable? the participants' race the foul ratings of whether or not the foul was intentional the player's race

the player's race

Ex Cr for Cumulative Learning: Which of the following is the best example of discrimination unfolding at the cultural level. laws that require businesses to provide gender neutral restroom facilities the relatively small number of characters who are older on U.S. television sitcoms the decision to ban people who use steroids from competing in the Tour de France a taxi driver refusing to pick up a woman wearing traditional Muslim garments

the relatively small number of characters who are older on U.S. television sitcoms

Research participants thought of someone who was Asian and female in terms of her gender when they saw her putting on make-up, but thought of her in terms of her race when they saw her eating with chopsticks. This finding supports the idea that _________can influence the categorization process. prototypicality stereotype endorsement individual differences in prejudice the situation/context effects

the situation/context effects

Jamal is a baseball player who learns that members of the opposing team used steroids before a recent game. According to research on the ultimate attribution error, Jamal is most likely to conclude that this steroid use was due to? their lack of ethics pressure due to upcoming playoffs the unreasonably low salaries they were being paid the unreasonably high standards imposed upon them as a result of the city the team was from

their lack of ethics

Self-report ratings have relatively low correlations with scores on implicit cognition measures because people are more motivated to control their responses to implicit cognition measures. they are assessing different kinds of attitude expression. they are never used in the same experiment. only implicit cognition measures reliably assess prejudice.

they are assessing different kinds of attitude expression.

EXTRA CREDIT (PAST MODULES): The criterion for causality that states the cause must come before the effect is referred to as cross-lag sequencing. proper cause-effect sequencing covariation. time precedence of the cause

time precedence of the cause

According to the subtyping model described in your book, under which condition(s) is a person most likely to change a stereotypic belief about the entire superordinate group, instead of just creating a new subtype? when there is a concentrated disconfirmation of that belief when there is a dispersed disconfirmation of that belief when the perceiver is cognitively busy Change is equally likely under all these conditions.

when there is a dispersed disconfirmation of that belief