PSY 340 Chapter 11-16 Comprehension

The heritability of adult intelligence as measured by IQ tests is usually reported to be about ____, indicating a genetic contribution to intelligence. a. .50. b. .95. c. .25. d. .75.

.75.

As many as ____ of Americans experience one or more anxiety disorders in their lifetime. a. 50% b. 30% c. 90% d. 75%

30%

Short-term memory can hold, on average, ____ pieces of unrelated data. a. 10 to 14. b. 5 to 9. c. 15 to 19. d. 1 to 4.

5 to 9.

The heritability of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is estimated to be ____, indicating a substantial genetic contribution. a. 95% b. 40% c. 25% d. 70%

70%

A seizure that begins in the temporal lobes and is associated with alterations of consciousness is known as a. a tonic clonic seizure. b. an absence seizure. c. a complex partial seizure. d. a simple partial seizure.

A complex partial seizure.

The Halstead-Reitan battery is ____. a. a series of imaging tests. b. a comprehensive neuropsychological battery of tests. c. the qualifying test for clinical neuropsychologists. d. a diagnostic instrument for psychotic disorders.

A comprehensive neuropsychological battery of tests.

Intelligence as measured by standardized tests is correlated with a. cortical thickness in the prefrontal and temporal association areas of the brain. b. larger amounts of activity during problem solving. c. larger than average volume in the hippocampus. d. the degree of lateralization between the right and left hemispheres.

A cortical thickness in the prefrontal and temporal association areas of the brain.

Which of the following processes occurs during short-term sensitization in Aplysia? a. More potassium channels in the sensory neuron are opened, leading to longer-lasting action potentials in the sensory neuron. b. Interneurons release serotonin at axo-axonic synapses with motor neurons. c. A greater influx of calcium results in the release of larger-than-normal amounts of neurotransmitter by sensory neurons. d. Interneurons release dopamine at axo-axonic synapses with sensory neurons.

A greater influx of calcium results in the release of larger-than-normal amounts of neurotransmitter by sensory neurons.

In the case of an individual experiencing a concussion, a. a neuropsychologist would address physical challenges and provide a rehabilitation plan. b. a neuropsychologist is unlikely to be consulted, because this is a physical injury. c. a neurologist would address physical challenges and the neuropsychologist would provide a rehabilitation plan. d. a neuropsychologist would address physical challenges and the neurologist would provide a rehabilitation plan.

A neurologists would address physical challenges and the neuropsychologist would provide a rehabilitation plan.

Compared to young adults, middle aged and older adults experience a. smaller proportions of time spent in Stages 3 and 4 of NREM sleep. b. larger amounts of overall sleep. c. smaller proportions of time spent in REM sleep. d. larger proportions of time spent in REM sleep.

A smaller proportions of time spent in stage 3 and 4 of NREM sleep

In the dual stream model of language: a. a dorsal pathway supports conversion of sound to meaning. b. an anterior pathway supports speech production while a posterior pathway supports comprehension. c. an anterior pathway supports sematic knowledge of language while a posterior pathway supports an implementation system. d. a ventral pathway supports conversion of sound to meaning.

A ventral pathway supports conversion of sound to meaning.

Evaluations of patients using ASL found that a. ASL is processed primarily in the right hemisphere because of its spatial components. b. ASL is processed primarily in the left hemisphere in spite of its spatial components. c. ASL is processed approximately equally by both hemispheres. d. ASL is processed in the right hemisphere by approximately half of its users and in the left by the rest.

ASL is processed primarily in the left hemisphere in spite of its spatial components.

Which of the following are active during REM and waking? a. Acetylcholine and glutamate. b. Glutamate and histamine. c. Serotonin and norepinephrine. d. Adenosine and melatonin.

Acetylcholine and glutamate.

Virtual reality a. activates the same brain areas as a real interaction with the environment. b. has not been shown to be useful in rehabilitation for neurocognitive disorders. c. can be used for rehabilitation, but for shorter intervals than traditional rehabilitation methods. d. is more costly than traditional rehabilitation.

Activates the same brain areas as a real interaction with the environment.

Caffeine keeps us awake by blocking receptors for ____. a. acetylcholine. b. norepinephrine. c. adenosine. d. serotonin.

Adenosine

Alex is undergoing an EEG test in a laboratory. His brain activity shows mostly beta waves with occasional gamma band activity. What is Alex likely to be doing? a. Alex is awake, but is daydreaming. b. Alex is in a light stage of sleep. c. Alex is deeply asleep. d. Alex is awake and focused on a difficult cognitive task.

Alex is awake and focused on a difficult cognitive task.

Classically conditioned threat in rats is most specifically dependent on action in the a. basal ganglia. b. amygdala. c. occipital lobe. d. septal area.

Amygdala

According to Hans Selye, initially perceiving and identifying a stressor elicits a. an alarm reaction. b. resistance. c. attention, which might or might not be followed by a stress response. d. exhaustion.

An alarm reaction.

Classical conditioning research in Lymnaea identified a. an inhibitory pathway using dopamine and an excitatory pathway using octopamine. b. a single pathway using dopamine that supported both reward and aversive conditioning. c. an excitatory pathway using dopamine and an inhibitory pathway using octopamine. d. a single pathway using octopamine that supported both reward and aversive conditioning.

An excitatory pathway using dopamine and an inhibitory pathway using octopamine

Making cost-benefit decisions primarily involves activity in the: a. anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). b. parietal lobe. c. orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). d. amgydala.

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC).

The low-activity MAOA allele is associated with a. antisocial behavior in girls but not in boys. b. lack of antisocial behavior even when boys are exposed to child maltreatment. c. antisocial behavior regardless of environmental factors. d. antisocial behavior in boys who experience child maltreatment.

Antisocial behavior in boys who experience child maltreatment.

Operant conditioning in Aplysia can be mimicked by a. applying octopamine to buccal ganglion neurons. b. shocking the animal's tail after touching the siphon. c. applying dopamine to buccal ganglion neurons. d. providing seaweed juice at regular intervals.

Applying dopamine to buccal ganglion neurons.

Broca's area and Wernicke's area are connected by the a. angular gyrus. b. arcuate fasciculus. c. fornix. d. perforant pathway.

Arcuate fasiculus.

The raphe nuclei and the locus coeruleus: a. are active during waking, less active during NREM sleep, and inactive during REM sleep. b. are active during NREM and REM sleep, but not during waking. c. are active during waking and REM sleep, but inactive during NREM sleep. d. are active only during waking, but not during either NREM or REM sleep.

Are active during waking, less active during NREM sleep, and inactive during REM sleep.

Individuals who score between two and three standard deviations below the mean of standardized IQ tests a. are considered to have a severe intellectual ability, but can learn to talk and perform supervised work. b. are considered normal, but might need more time to finish high school than other learners. c. are considered to have a mild intellectual disability and can learn academics up through the sixth grade level. d. are considered to have a moderate intellectual disability and can learn academics up through the second grade level.

Are considered to have a mid intellectual disability and can learn academics up through the sixth grade level.

Students pulling "all-nighters" in preparation for an important exam a. are likely to perform better than students who obtain at least 7 hours of sleep, because memories are consolidated effectively during wakefulness. b. are likely to perform about as well as their classmates who have had at least 7 hours of sleep. c. remember the material they studied very well, because of lack of interference caused by dreaming. d. are likely to perform poorly, because memories are consolidated effectively during sleep.

Are likely to perform poorly, because memories are consolidated effectively during sleep.

Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is of particular interest to psychologists, because is often occurs more frequently in families that also have members diagnosed with a. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). b. anxiety and depression. c. schizophrenia. d. autism spectrum disorder.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Psychological disorders that are characterized by atypical lateralization include a. autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. b. schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder. c. major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. d. bipolar disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia.

The idea of cognitive research originated in observations that a. behavioral outcomes and the amount of brain damage do not always correlate. b. behavioral outcomes are negatively correlated with the amount of brain damage. c. behavioral outcomes correlated with the size of the brain. d. behavioral outcomes are positively correlated with the amount of brain damage.

Behavioral outcomes and the amount of brain damage do not always correlate.

In research by Matsumoto and his colleagues on Olympic athletes, a. blind athletes produced less intense expressions in response to winning, but showed responses to losing that were identical to sighted athletes. b. blind and sighted athletes produced identical expressions in response to winning or losing. c. blind athletes produced more intense expressions than sighted athletes to both winning and losing. d. blind athletes produced less intense expressions than sighted athletes to both winning and losing.

Blind and sighted athletes produced identical expressions in response to winning or losing.

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is most common in a. white boys. b. boys, African-Americans, and Native Americans. c. girls. d. infants who are breastfed.

Boys, African-Americans, and Native Americans.

Medications that act as ____________________ have been approved for use with patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. a. dopaminergic agonists. b. cholinergic agonists. c. dopaminergic antagonists. d. cholinergic antagonists.

Cholinergic agonists.

During NREM sleep, a. cholinergic levels are high, which might enhance consolidation of memory. b. cholinergic levels are low, which might enhance consolidation of memory. c. norepinephrine levels are high, which might reduce consolidation of memory. d. serotonin levels are moderate, which might enhance consolidation of memory.

Cholinergic levels are low, which might enhance consolidation of memory.

Which of the following circuits appears to support the extinction of threat conditioning specifically? a. Circuits connecting the sensory cortex and hippocampus. b. Circuits connecting the interpositus nucleus and the red nucleus. c. Circuits connecting the amygdala, hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex d. Circuits connecting the pons and cerebellum.

Circuits connecting the amygdala, hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex.

Which of the following is an example of a nondeclarative memory? a. Episodic memory. b. Semantic memory. c. Classical conditioning. d. Autobiographical memory.

Classical conditioning

Which of the following is an example of associative learning? a. Priming. b. Classical conditioning. c. Sensitization. d. Habituation.

Classical conditioning

Long-term depression (LTD) results when a. mossy fibers are stimulated before climbing fibers. b. climbing and parallel fibers are stimulated at the same time. c. climbing and mossy fibers are stimulated at the same time. d. climbing fibers are stimulated before parallel fibers.

Climbing and parallel fibers are stimulated at the same time.

Neuropsychology is considered to be a specialty within ____. a. clinical psychology. b. biological psychology. c. developmental psychology. d. behavioral neurosciences.

Clinical psychology.

Somatic marker theory expands previous theories of emotion by. a. providing a neural model to explain catharsis. b. explaining why physical responses lead to subjective feelings. c. connecting emotion to decision-making. d. explaining why physical responses are not linked to subjective feelings.

Connecting emotion to decision-making.

Flashbulb memories ____. a. are easily extinguished. b. contain vivid detail. c. are typically vague. d. are rarely accurate.

Contain vivid detail.

Which of the following are among the possible benefits of lateralization to populations? a. Coordinated responses to a predator. b. Less predictable reactions to attack. c. Enhanced skill performance. d. Better divided attention and reaction time.

Coordinated responses to a predator.

The site of a blow to the head in a closed head injury is known as the a. infarct. b. countercoup. c. coup. d. ischemia.

Coup.

The muscles primarily responsible for facial expression are innervated by. a. Cranial Nerve V, the trigeminal nerve. b. Cranial Nerve VII, the facial nerve. c. both Cranial Nerve V (trigeminal) and Cranial Nerve VII (facial). d. Cranial Nerve V (trigeminal) in the lower face and Cranial Nerve VII (facial) in the upper face.

Cranial Nerve VII, the facial nerve.

The naturally occurring human version of a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy is known as a. new variant Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease (vCJD). b. bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). c. Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease (CJD). d. scrapie.

Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease (CJD)

At the onset of puberty, many youth act like "owls" primarily due to: a. increases in melatonin. b. decreases in melatonin. c. unrealistic expectations from school, including sports, homework, and other activities. d. increases in sex hormones, which are responsible for seasonal birth patterns.

Decreases in melatonin

The experience of stress a. always produces negative effects and should be avoided. b. is very similar from one individual to the next. c. is unrelated to the development of psychological disorders. d. depends on how individuals perceive potential stressors.

Depends on how individuals perceive potential stressors.

Moods and emotions a. differ in that emotions last longer than moods. b. differ in that moods direct behavior towards a goal, but emotions do not. c. mean basically the same thing. d. differ in that moods last longer than emotions.

Differ in that moods last longer than emotions.

Which of the following is an example of a negative symptom of schizophrenia? a. Delusion b. Diminished emotional expression c. Disorganized speech d. Hallucination

Diminished emotional expression

In the United States, neuropsychology is carried out by ____. a. master's level clinical psychologists. b. doctoral level psychologists who also have an MD. c. master's level psychologists with specialized training . d. doctoral level clinical psychologists with specialized training.

Doctoral level clinical psychologists with specialized training.

Stuttering is improved by the use of a. dopamine agonists. b. GABA agonists. c. serotonin agonists. d. dopamine antagonists.

Dopamine antagonists.

Blocking both NMDA and ____ receptors produces larger impairments in memory than blocking the NMDA receptors alone. a. serotonin. b. histamine. c. dopamine. d. adenosine.

Dopamine.

Most neurons in the mesostriatal system use _________________ as their primary neurochemical. a. norepinephrine. b. dopamine. c. glutamate. d. serotonin.

Dopamine.

Dreaming occurs a. during NREM sleep only. b. during REM sleep only. c. during both REM and NREM sleep, although vivid dreaming occurs during NREM only. d. during both REM and NREM sleep, although vivid dreaming occurs during REM only.

During both REM and NREM sleep, although vivid dreaming occurs during REM only.

Sleep walking occurs a. during either REM or NREM sleep. b. during REM sleep. c. during stages 1 and 2 of NREM sleep. d. during stages 3 and 4 of NREM sleep.

During stage 3 and 4 NREM sleep.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is active: a. during the night for both diurnal and nocturnal species. b. during the day for both diurnal and nocturnal species. c. during the night for diurnal species and during the day for nocturnal species. d. during the day for diurnal species and during the night for nocturnal species.

During the day for both diurnal and nocturnal species.

Risk for developing Alzheimer's disease is higher in individuals who carry the a. E2 variant of the APOE gene. b. E3 variant of the APOE gene. c. E1 variant of the APOE gene. d. E4 variant of the APOE gene.

E4 variant of the APOE gene.

The ability to adapt following neurological damage is predicted strongly by a. gender. b. educational attainment. c. brain size. d. number of synapses.

Educational attainment.

High cholinergic activity a. enhances encoding but impairs consolidation and retrieval. b. impairs encoding, consolidation, and retrieval. c. enhances encoding, consolidation, and retrieval. d. impairs encoding but enhances consolidation and retrieval.

Enhances encoding but impairs consolidation and retreival.

Recalling what you ate for breakfast is an example of ____ memory a. nondeclarative. b. procedural. c. episodic. d. semantic.

Episodic.

According to the General Adaptation Syndrome, if stress is not resolved, the organism eventually enters the ____ stage, characterized by low reserves of strength and energy. a. exhaustion. b. alarm. c. resistance. d. epigenetic.

Exhaustion.

The right-lateralized network identified using fMRI includes regions responding to a. language and executive function. b. external stimuli and executive function. c. executive function and parts of the default mode network (DMN). d. language and parts of the default mode network (DMN).

External stimuli and executive function.

One gene that is reliably associated with speech and language disorders is: a. FOXP2. b. SERT. c. MAOA. d. APOE.

FOXP2

Which term refers to an inborn pattern of behavior elicited by specific environmental stimuli? a. nonassociative learning. b. fixed action pattern. c. associative learning. d. reflex.

Fixed action pattern.

Following brain damage, language deficits in multilingual speakers are influenced by a. how spatially separated the patient's processing of languages was prior to damage. b. the "difficulty" of the language. c. fluency and age at which the language was learned. d. age at which the language was learned and gender.

Fluency and age at which the language was learned.

Bridging the time gap between the CS and UCS in trace conditioning requires the participation of a. the cerebellum. b. the amygdala. c. forebrain structures. d. the pons.

Forebrain structures.

The ____ approach to rehabilitation for neurocognitive disorders focuses on relearning practical tasks, such as driving a car. a. functional. b. disengagement. c. cognitive. d. top-down.

Functional.

Which of the following reduce anxiety? a. Glutamate antagonists b. GABA antagonists c. GABA agonists d. Dopamine agonists

GABA agonists

Gliomas are tumors that develop in ____. a. meninges. b. glial cells. c. lung. d. kidney.

Glial cells.

All language functions are lost in patients with a. conduction aphasia. b. global aphasia. c. transcortical aphasia. d. Broca's aphasia.

Global aphasia.

The end result of activity in the HPA axis is the release of a. norepinephrine in the brain. b. glucocorticoids, which do not cross the blood-brain barrier but can have indirect effects on the brain. c. epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood supply. d. glucocorticoids, which cross the blood-brain barrier.

Glucocorticoids, which cross the blood-brain barrier.

Possibly half of the neurons in the entire brain are a. von Economo cells in the cingulate cortex. b. granule cells in the cerebellum. c. Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. d. pyramidal cells in the motor cortex.

Granule cells in the cerebellum.

Paul Broca's patient "Tan" a. had good speech production but poor speech comprehension. b. could neither speak nor comprehend spoken language. c. had good speech comprehension but poor speech production. d. could speak fluently but with little meaningfulness.

Had good speech comprehension but poor speech production.

In cases of anterograde amnesia, patients a. have difficulties forming new procedural memories, but do not have difficulties forming new declarative memories. b. have difficulties forming new declarative memories, but do not have difficulties forming new procedural memories. c. form new memories easily, but have difficulties remembering events and facts learned prior to their injury or surgery. d. have difficulties forming new procedural and declarative memories.

Have difficulties forming new declarative memories, but do not have difficulties forming new procedural memories.

One of the most serious types of secondary encephalitis is caused by a. West Nile virus. b. Herpes simplex. c. infection with the pork tapeworm. d. St. Louis virus.

Herpes simplex.

Major and minor neurocognitive disorders are distinguished on which of the following bases? a. The number of years a person has experienced the disorder. b. How much of the volume of the brain has been affected by the disorder. c. The type of neurocognitive disorder. d. How much the disorder affects independent living.

How much the disorder affects independent living.

Which sleep-wake disorder results in shallow breathing or a very low rate of breathing? a. Central sleep apnea. b. Obstructive sleep apnea. c. Hypopnea. d. REM behavior disorder.

Hypopnea

Once a potential source of danger has been perceived, the ____ communicates with the adrenal glands to initiate the "fight or flight" response. a. medulla. b. amygdala. c. hippocampus. d. hypothalamus.

Hypothalamus.

According to Yerkes and Dodson, arousal a. improves performance on complex, but not simple tasks. b. improves performance on both simple and complex tasks. c. produces deficits in the performance of both simple and complex tasks. d. improves performance on simple, but not complex tasks.

Improves performance on simple, but not complex tasks.

The most common sleep-wake disorder is: a. sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). b. narcolepsy. c. insomnia. d. apnea.

Insomnia.

Disabling the _____________________________ in rabbits prevents learning of a conditioned eyeblink. a. red nucleus. b. locus coerulus. c. interpositus nucleus. d. amygdala.

Interpositus nucleus

Glutamate activity a. is more important to encoding and consolidation than in retrieval. b. is modulated by acetylcholine. c. is more important to retrieval than encoding and consolidation. d. is modulated by serotonin.

Is more important to encoding than retrieval.

Heritability of impulsive aggression a. is high in males but low in females. b. is much lower than most human traits, due to the importance of environment influences on aggression. c. is possibly as high as 72 percent. d. cannot be measure effectively due to differences in definitions of aggression.

Is possibly as high as 72 percent.

Low oxygen levels in the brain are known as a. embolism. b. thrombosis. c. infarct. d. ischemia.

Ischemia.

Which of the following statements correctly describes patterns of jet lag? a. Jet lag from traveling west is about the same as jet lag from traveling east. b. Jet lag from traveling north or south is worse than jet lag from traveling east or west. c. Jet lag from traveling west is worse than jet lag from traveling east. d. Jet lag from traveling east is worse than jet lag from traveling west.

Jet lag from traveling east is worse than jet lag from traveling west.

EEG phenomena that might reflect the brain's efforts to stay asleep include: a. PGO waves. b. gamma band activity. c. K-complexes and spindles. d. myoclonia.

K-complexes and spindles.

The classic study by Michael Gazzaniga asking split brain patients to speak the word they had seen previously provided strong evidence that a. language functions are lateralized to the right hemisphere. b. language functions are lateralized to the left hemisphere. c. language functions are lateralized, with about half the population lateralizing language to the left and the other half to the right. d. both hemispheres process language in similar ways.

Language functions are lateralized to the left hemisphere.

Sensory memory can hold a ____. a. large amount of information for a long time. b. small amount of information for a short time. c. small amount of information for a long time. d. large amount of information for a short time.

Large amount of information for a short time.

Which of the following is the most important zeitgeber for humans? a. Melatonin. b. Eating. c. Light. d. Exercise.

Light.

It is easy to mistake HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) for a. vascular disease. b. Alzheimer's disease. c. traumatic brain injury. d. major depressive disorder.

Major depressive disorder.

Although Karl Lashley's conclusions were incorrect in many respects, he made an important contribution to our understanding of memory by concluding that a. the more cortex you have, the better your memory will be. b. memories are distributed across the cortex. c. parts of the cortex are interchangeable when it comes to learning and memory. d. all parts of the cortex make an equal contribution to learning and memory.

Memories are distributed across the cortex.

Compared with sensitization, habituation usually occurs in response to a. more potentially dangerous stimuli. b. stronger stimuli. c. more novel stimuli. d. milder stimuli.

Milder stimuli

In long-term potentiation (LTP), applying a series of electrical pulses to a pathway results in a. more efficient synapses. b. classical conditioning. c. habituation. d. sensitization.

More efficient synapses.

The mesostriatal pathway responds to a. unnatural situations like gambling, but not to natural rewards like food. b. natural rewards food, but not to unnatural situations such as gambling. c. novelty and many types of reward. d. perceptions of threat.

Novelty and many types of reward.

The idea that REM sleep has an important function in the adult human brain is supported by a. observations of greater proportions of REM sleep in the adult compared to the young child. b. observations of REM rebound. c. observations of catastrophic results of brain damage that prevents REM sleep. d. observations of reductions in procedural memory in people selectively deprived of REM sleep.

Observations of REM rebound.

In the DSM-5 description of OCD, ________________ are repetitive, intrusive thoughts and ________________ are repetitive behaviors. a. Rituals; ruminations b. Obsessions; rituals c. Compulsions; obsessions d. Obsessions; compulsions

Obsessions; compulsions

Naming animals was associated with activity in the ______________ lobe, whereas naming tools was associated with activity in the _______________ lobe. a. occipital; frontal. b. temporal; occipital. c. occipital; parietal. d. temporal; parietal.

Occipital; frontal.

Rats given a choice between pressing a lever for a food reward and one resulting in electrical self-stimulation of the brain (ESB) a. spent about equal amounts of time pressing for food and for ESB. b. often starved because they chose ESB over food. c. Kluver and Bucy. d. Damasio and Cacioppo.

Often starved because they chose ESB over food.

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system damages a. alpha motor neurons. b. gamma motor neurons. c. oligodendrocytes. d. Schwann cells.

Oligodendrocytes.

When an organism makes a connection between a behavior and its consequences, ____ has occurred. a. operant conditioning. b. nonassociative learning. c. reflexive learning. d. classical conditioning.

Operant conditioning

Patient EVR began to make poor, impulsive decisions following damage to his a. orbitofrontal cortex. b. insula. c. anterior cingulate cortex. d. nucleus accumbens.

Orbitofrontal cortex.

Neurocysticercosis results from infection with ____. a. HIV. b. pork tapeworm. c. an amoeba. d. a fungus.

Pork tapeworm.

In nonhuman animals, language is believed to be a. impossible. b. possible in the great apes, whales, and dolphins. c. possible in a wide range of species, including primates, birds, dolphins and whales, and dogs. d. possible in the great apes, but not in other animals.

Possible in a wide range of species, including primates, birds, dolphin and whales, and dogs.

Premeditated, goal-directed, and unemotional aggression is referred to as ____ aggression. a. violent. b. impulsive. c. genetic. d. predatory.

Predatory.

Spearman's concept of g a. has been replaced in psychology by models of multiple intelligences. b. predicts educational attainment and health. c. explains the varying talents of savants. d. shows weak heritability.

Predicts educational attainment and health.

Source amnesia is associated with damage to the: a. prefrontal cortex. b. basal ganglia. c. temporal lobe. d. diencephalon.

Prefrontal cortex.

Lateralization of language and visuospatial skills in humans is influenced the most by: a. prenatal androgen exposure. b. exposure to an enriched environment during childhood. c. handedness. d. prenatal exposure to light.

Prenatal androgen exposure.

Sleep debt is tracked by the: a. raphe nuclei. b. locus coeruleus. c. preoptic area of the hypothalamus (POA). d. basal forebrain.

Preoptic area of the hypothalamus (POA)

To successfully drive a car with a manual transmission, Caitlin must access her: a. procedural memory. b. explicit memory. c. declarative memory. d. semantic memory.

Procedural memory.

The drug ____, which blocks the effects of glucocorticoids in the brain, might prevent the formation of traumatic memories when administered immediately following a traumatic event. a. albuterol. b. propranolol . c. metaproterenol. d. dexamethasone.

Propranolol.

The sleep in narcolepsy is composed of a. REM sleep. b. coma-like behavior not seen during normal sleep. c. Stage 3 and 4 NREM sleep. d. Stage 1 and 2 NREM sleep.

REM sleep.

Which type of neuroplasticity involves the development of new neurons and the growth of axons, dendrites, and new synapses and occurs within days to weeks of injury? a. developmental. b. therapeutic. c. reactive. d. experience-dependent.

Reactive.

Medications that serve as cholinergic antagonists typically a. enhance learning and memory. b. decrease short-term but not long-term memory functions. c. reduce learning and memory. d. have no effect on learning and memory.

Reduce learning and memory.

Short-term habituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia probably results from: a. increased release of neurotransmitters by sensory neurons and interneurons. b. reduced EPSPs in relevant interneurons and motor neurons. c. reduced activity in sensory neurons service the siphon. d. fatigue in gill muscle fibers.

Reduced EPSPs in relevant inter-neurons and motor neurons

The administration of glucocorticoids a. enhances recall of a memory and promotes reconsolidation. b. reduces recall of a memory and disrupts reconsolidation. c. reduces recall of a memory but enhances reconsolidation. d. enhances recall of a memory but disrupts reconsolidation.

Reduces recall of a memory and disrupts reconsolidation.

Which term is used for an inevitable, involuntary response to a stimulus? a. associative learning. b. nonassociative learning. c. reflex. d. fixed action pattern.

Reflex

It is possible to predict a species' sleep habits quite accurately on the basis of ____. a. usual time the young are born. b. risk of predation and access to shelter. c. metabolic rate. d. typical habitat latitude.

Risk of predation and access to shelter

The highest amounts of genetic overlap are found between which of the following disorders? a. Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder b. Bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder c. Antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder d. Autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit disorder

Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Research by Bailey and Chen (1983) found that a. sensitization decreases the number of terminals on sensory neurons, whereas habituation increases the number of terminals. b. sensitization increases the number of terminals on motor neurons, whereas habituation decreases the number of terminals. c. sensitization increases the number of terminals on sensory neurons, whereas habituation reduces the number of terminals. d. sensitization increases the number of terminals on motor neurons, whereas habituation increases the number of terminals on sensory neurons.

Sensitization increases the number of terminals on sensory neurons, whereas habituation reduces the number of terminals

The activity of ____ impacts the processing of aversive stimuli by the limbic system. a. dopamine. b. acetylcholine. c. GABA. d. serotonin.

Serotonin.

Which neurochemical has been strongly implicated in migraine headaches? a. Acetylcholine. b. Glutamate. c. Serotonin. d. Dopamine.

Serotonin.

Skilled readers with dyslexia a. show the same patterns of brain activation as readers without dyslexia. b. show decreased activity in the occipital lobe compared to readers without dyslexia. c. show increased activation in Broca's area compared to readers without dyslexia. d. show increased activation in Wernicke's area compared to readers without dyslexia.

Show increased activation on Brocas area compared to readers without dyslexia.

Which of the following is an example of a circadian rhythm? a. Sleep-waking cycles. b. Cycling occurring several times within a day. c. Human menstrual cycles. d. Seasonal migrations.

Sleep-waking cycles.

Compared to babies born at term, premature infants: a. spend a greater percentage of their sleep time in NREM sleep. b. spend a greater percentage of their sleep time in REM sleep. c. spend a smaller percentage of their sleep time in REM sleep. d. spend more time awake.

Spend a greater percentage of their sleep time in REM sleep.

Human children exposed to language typically learn language without any training. This is an example of Aitchison's ________________________ criterion. a. spontaneous usage. b. arbitrariness. c. displacement. d. duality.

Spontaneous usage.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the effects of the timing of stress on memory? a. Stress impairs memory regardless of whether it occurs before, after, or during learning. b. Stress prior to and following learning impairs memory, but stress coinciding with learning enhances memory. c. Stress coinciding with learning impairs memory, but stress prior to or following learning enhances memory. d. Stress enhances memory regardless of whether it occurs before, after, or during learning.

Stress prior to and following learning impairs memory, but stress coinciding with learning enhances memory.

Violent behavior will occur when a. the amygdala fails to detect provocative stimuli. b. subcortical structures are not sufficiently inhibited by the prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortext (ACC). c. the prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) are not sufficiently inhibited by subcortical structures. d. bottom-up and top-down processes are simultaneously and equally active.

Subcortical structures are not sufficiently inhibited by the prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex.

Cortisol a. enhances sleep quality. b. leads to heart disease in people with Type A personalities. c. enhances the activity of the immune system. d. suppresses the activity of the immune system.

Suppresses the activity of the immune system.

Both boys and girls exposed prenatally to extra ____ showed higher average physical aggression scores than their unexposed siblings of the same sex. a. progesterone. b. estrogen. c. estradiol. d. testosterone.

Testosterone.

Heath found that people engage in self-stimulation of brain areas a. only when the stimulation produces feelings of sexual pleasure. b. even when stimulation results in pain. c. that does not necessarily produce pleasurable feelings. d. only when they have been diagnosed with a psychological disorder.

That does not necessarily produce pleasurable feelings.

The idea that yelling might make you more angry is most consistent with a. catharsis theories of emotion. b. the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion. c. the James-Lange theory of emotion. d. the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion.

The James-Lange theory of emotion.

What is one disadvantage of neuropsychological tests? a. There is rarely a medical explanation for the individual's symptoms. b. The condition for which the individual is being tested can affect his or her test performance. c. Few tests are available. d. Computerized tests give more valid results than paper and pencil tests.

The condition for which the individual is being tested can affect his or her performance.

Which of the following structures are likely to provide the neural basis for the central executive component of working memory? a. The amygdala and the hippocampus. b. The anterior cingulate cortex and the basal ganglia. c. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex. d. The basal ganglia and the hippocampus.

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex.

Switching between languages increases activity in: a. the orbitofrontal cortex. b. Wernicke's area. c. the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. d. the anterior cingulate cortex.

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

Albert Einstein's brain appears markedly different from typical brains in a. white matter volume. b. language areas and cerebellum. c. the hippocampus and inferior parietal lobe. d. the prefrontal and temporal association areas of the brain.

The hippocampus and inferior parietal lobe.

Among the approximately 10% of the human population who are left-handed, a. the majority show little lateralization, with both language and visuospatial information processed in both hemispheres. b. the majority show "mirrored" lateralization compared to right-handers, with language processed on the right hemisphere and visuospatial information processed by the left. c. the majority show the same lateralization pattern as right-handers. d. about half show the same lateralization pattern as right-handers and the other half show "mirrored" lateralization, with language processed on the right and visuospatial information on the left.

The majority show the same lateralization pattern as right-handers.

The case of Henry Molaison (Patient H.M.) demostrated the importance of a. the occipital lobe in the formation of memories about the names of objects. b. the temporal lobe in the formation of declarative memories. c. the temporal lobe in the formation and retrieval of declarative memories. d. the basal ganglia in the formation of procedural memories.

The temporal lobe in the formation of declarative memories.

Aplysia's gill-withdrawal reflex is most reliably produced by a. touching the head. b. touching the mantle shelf. c. shocking the tail. d. touching the siphon.

Touching the siphon.

Major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern might be related to: a. typical increases in serotonin occurring in the fall and winter. b. excessive production of melatonin. c. typical reductions in serotonin occurring in the fall and winter. d. a higher than normal sensitivity to light.

Typical reductions in serotonin occuring in the fall and winter.

Contemporary intelligence tests a. show that fewer than 5 percent of the population will be more than one standard deviation from the mean. b. identify more people as gifted than they identify as intellectually disabled. c. compare mental age to chronological age. d. utilize a statistically normal curve.

Utilize a statistically normal curve.

Attentive mouse mothers raised pups that a. developed fewer glucocorticoid receptors in the brain. b. were more resilient to stress. c. were less resilient to stress. d. were more likely to miss threats in the environment.

Were more resilient to stress.

Which of the following functions appear to decline somewhat in healthy older adults? a. Working memory, formation of new episodic memories, and reaction time b. Procedural memory and reaction time c. Sensory memory and reaction time d. The formation of new declarative memories

Working memory, formation of new episodic memories, and reaction time.

The Kennard Principle maintains that a. younger brains reorganize more than older brains following damage. b. the right hemisphere reorganizes more than the left hemisphere following damage. c. both hemispheres experience about the same amount of reorganization following damage. d. older brains reorganize more than younger brains following damage.

Younger brains reorganize more than older brains following damage.

Panic disorder is diagnosed whenever a. a person has regular panic attacks and worries about having more. b. a person has a single panic attack and worries about having more. c. a person worries about having a panic attack but has not experienced one yet. d. a person has at least one panic attack.

a person has regular panic attacks and worries about having more.

Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by ____. a. a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking b. a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of other people c. a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others d. black-and-white thinking, emotional dysregulation, and poor impulse regulation

a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others

Compared to the United States, worldwide rates of mental disorders a. are about the same. b. are lower due to less emphasis on material goods. c. are lower due to lower overall stress levels. d. are higher due to poverty, war, and other environmental factors.

are higher due to poverty, war, and other environmental factors.

Rates of schizophrenia a. are reduced among those born in the late winter and early spring. b. do not appear to be correlated with pregnancy and birth complications. c. are higher in urban than in rural environments. d. are higher in rural than in urban environments.

are higher in urban than in rural environments

Compared to adults exposed to trauma, children exposed to trauma a. are diagnosed with PTSD very rarely. b. do not experience as much hyperarousal. c. are much more vulnerable to PTSD. d. rarely show evidence of impairments in daily functioning.

are much more vulnerable to PTSD.

Flashbacks a. are associated with reduced activity in the locus coeruleus. b. are positively correlated with spontaneous activity in the thalamus. c. result from excess activity in the hippocampus. d. are negatively correlated with spontaneous activity in the thalamus.

are negatively correlated with spontaneous activity in the thalamus.

Stress might contribute to depression by a. suppressing serotonin activity directly. b. boosting the release of cortisol. c. boosting serotonin activity directly. d. suppressing the release of cortisol.

boosting the release of cortisol.

Comparisons of medication and behavioral methods for treating OCD show that a. medication produces much better results than behavioral treatments. b. both methods produce similar benefits. c. behavioral treatments produce much better results than medication. d. neither approach is very effective for most patients.

both methods produce similar benefits.

According to the DSM-5, bipolar disorder a. is diagnosed when mania and depression regularly cycle. b. is diagnosed in children, but not in adults. c. can be diagnosed in individuals experiencing mania without depression. d. can be diagnosed in individuals experiencing depression without mania.

can be diagnosed in individuals experiencing mania without depression.

Mental disorders, unlike medical conditions, are diagnosed on the basis of a. genetic tests. b. combinations of blood tests, imaging, and clinical observation. c. clinical observation only. d. objective assessments like blood tests.

clinical observation only.

Contemporary approaches to the explanation and treatment of mental disorders a. emphasizes biological over experiential factors. b. combines biological and experiential factors. c. combines genetic factors and brain imaging. d. emphasizes experiential over biological factors.

combines biological and experiential factors.

The dexamethasone suppression test highlights abnormalities in __________________ function. a. cortisol b. norepinephrine c. dopamine d. serotonin

cortisol

Abnormal saccades in people with schizophrenia and their relatives might indicate a. the action of a single gene underlying schizophrenia. b. deficits in goal-related executive functions. c. fewer problems in reading. d. a higher vulnerability to visual hallucinations.

deficits in goal-related executive functions

According to DSM-t autism spectrum disorder is characterized by a. savant behaviors combined with social deficits. b. higher than typical intelligence. c. attention deficits and compulsive behaviors. d. deficits in social communication and restricted patterns of behavior.

deficits in social communication and restricted patterns of behavior.

The most commonly diagnosed conditions in the United States are a. bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. b. posttraumatic stress disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. c. attention deficit disorder and autism spectrum disorder. d. depression and anxiety.

depression and anxiety.

Medications traditionally used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are ____. a. dopamine agonists b. serotonin agonists c. dopamine antagonists d. serotonin antagonists

dopamine agonists

Responses to antipsychotics and phencyclidine suggest that schizophrenia is related to disturbances in a. dopamine and GABA. b. serotonin and norepinephrine. c. norepinephrine and adenosine. d. dopamine and glutamate.

dopamine and glutamate

Electroconvulsive therapy appears to affect responsiveness to ____. a. dopamine and norepinephrine b. serotonin and epinephrine c. dopamine and epinephrine d. norepinephrine and epinephrine

dopamine and norepinephrine

Psychopaths are more likely than other antisocial individuals to a. engage in defensive aggression. b. engage in instrumental aggression. c. engage in impulsive aggression. d. engage in reactive aggression.

engage in instrumental aggression.

People with autism spectrum disorder are more likely than the general population to have relatives who are a. engineers and scientists. b. diagnosed with obsessive compulsive disorder. c. diagnosed with anxiety disorders. d. artists and poets.

engineers and scientists.

Medications used for autism spectrum disorder a. alleviate language difficulties, but improve social behavior. b. fail to improve core behavior problems. c. effectively cure individuals of the disorder. d. improve language, but fail to improve social behavior.

fail to improve core behavior problems.

Criminal psychopaths seem especially impaired in identifying _________________ in a person's voice. a. anger b. fear c. sadness d. happiness

fear

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the only disorder in the DSM-5 a. that has no connection to genetic factors. b. that occurs only in males. c. for which no consensus exists regarding its symptoms. d. for which a definite cause has been identified.

for which a definite cause has been identified.

Bipolar disorder is less common in countries that a. eat less red meat. b. have a higher intake of seafood. c. have a lower intake of seafood. d. eat more red meat.

have a higher intake of seafood.

Although evidence of genetic influence in OCD is strong, the disorder is also associated with a. head trauma. b. prenatal exposure to antidepressants. c. child maltreatment. d. abnormal saccades.

head trauma

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by a. the combination of inattentiveness and impulsivity/hyperactivity. b. inattentiveness alone. c. impulsivity/hyperactivity alone; inattentiveness alone is diagnosed as ADD. d. inattentiveness, impulsivity/hyperactivity or their combination.

inattentiveness, impulsivity/hyperactivity or their combination

In cases of OCD, imaging shows a. increased activity in the basal ganglia. b. higher activity in the amygdala. c. reduced activity in the basal ganglia. d. higher activity in the orbitofrontal cortex.

increased activity in the basal ganglia.

Relative to people with other types of anxiety disorder, people with OCD have ____. a. increased gray matter in the basal ganglia b. increased gray matter in the cingulate cortices c. decreased basal ganglia activity d. increased orbitofrontal activity

increased gray matter in the basal ganglia

Child maltreatment appears to a. have little influence on either criminal behavior or emotional "flattening." b. interact with genetic predispositions to produce emotional "flattening," but does not appear to influence criminal behavior. c. predict both criminal behavior and emotional "flattening," regardless of genotype. d. interact with genetic predispositions to produce criminal behavior, but does not appear to influence emotional "flattening."

interact with genetic predispositions to produce criminal behavior, but does not appear to influence emotional "flattening."

Major depressive disorder a. is diagnosed in men as frequently as in women. b. is diagnosed more frequently in men than in women. c. is diagnosed more frequently in women than in men. d. is diagnosed more frequently in older men and younger individuals regardless of gender.

is diagnosed more frequently in women than in men.

Unlike schizophrenia, people with bipolar disorder have a. a thinner right orbitofrontal cortex. b. smaller white matter volume. c. larger than normal intracranial volume. d. a thinner parahippocampus.

larger than normal intracranial volume.

The most typical treatment for bipolar disorder is a. antipsychotics. b. omega-3 fatty acids. c. benzodiazepines. d. lithium salts.

lithium salts.

Schizophrenia is associated with a. lower activity in the temporal lobes. b. lower activity in the frontal lobes. c. increased activity in the frontal lobes. d. increased activity in the temporal lobes.

lower activity in the frontal lobes.

Families with many members with anxiety disorders are also likely to have members with a. schizophrenia. b. autism spectrum disorder. c. bipolar disorder. d. major depressive disorder.

major depressive disorder.

Which type of treatment, developed originally for treating borderline personality disorder, has shown promise in the treatment of antisocial personality disorder? a. aversive therapy b. mentalization-based treatment c. positive behavioral support d. applied behavioral analysis

mentalization-based treatment

Antipsychotic medications prescribed for ADHD a. might be counterproductive due to their acting as dopamine antagonists. b. act as dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. c. have benefits for individuals who do not respond to traditional dopamine agonists. d. have less serious side effects than traditional dopamine agonists.

might be counterproductive due to their acting as dopamine antagonists.

Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a. more common in men than in women. b. about equally common in men and women, although cases involving men are much more severe. c. more common in women than in men. d. about equally common in men and women, although cases involving women are much more severe.

more common in men than in women.

Autism spectrum disorder occurs a. more frequently in males than in females. b. at approximately equal rates in males and females. c. more frequently in older children than younger children. d. more frequently in females than in males.

more frequently in males than in females.

Bipolar disorder is diagnosed a. more frequently prior to the age of 18 than afterwards. b. more frequently in men than in women. c. at about the same rate in men and women. d. more frequently in women than in men.

more frequently in women than in men.

PTSD affects a. adults and children at about the same rates. b. men and women at about the same rates. c. more women than men. d. more men than women.

more women than men.

Neuropsychologists often work in collaboration with ____. a. psychiatrists. b. pediatricians. c. neurologists. d. geriatricians.

neurologists.

Networks including the _________________________ have been implicated in ADHD. a. midbrain and basal ganglia b. prefrontal cortex and the amygdala c. reticular formation and basal ganglia d. prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia

prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia

PTSD might be prevented by administration of a. benzodiazepines. b. GABA antagonists. c. propranolol. d. lithium salts.

propranolol.

Ritualistic behavior in people with OCD might be related to a. increased activity in the orbitofrontal cortex. b. reduced activity in the orbitofrontal cortex. c. reduced activity in the amygdala. d. increased activity in the reticular formation.

reduced activity in the orbitofrontal cortex

Compared to healthy controls, individuals with major depressive disorder show a. reduced right frontal lobe activity and decreased left frontal lobe activity. b. reduced left frontal lobe activity and increased right frontal lobe activity. c. increased volume in the orbitofrontal cortex. d. increased hippocampal volume.

reduced left frontal lobe activity and increased right frontal lobe activity.

Tardive dyskinesia a. results from use of both typical and newer types of antipsychotics. b. results from typical but not newer types of antipsychotics. c. results from newer, but not typical types of antipsychotics. d. is an extremely rare side effect of antipsychotics.

results from use of both typical and newer types of antipsychotics.

The DSM-5 describes bipolar disorder as a "bridge" between a. major depressive disorder and autism spectrum disorder. b. schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. c. schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. d. major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder.

schizophrenia and major depressive disorder.

Researchers have explored the possibility that use of ______________________ during pregnancy might impact the likelihood of giving birth to a child with autism spectrum disorder. a. alcohol b. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) c. tobacco d. pain medications

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Susceptibility genes for major depressive disorder are involved with a. dopamine activity. b. serotonin reuptake and circadian rhythms. c. responses to sodium lactate. d. control of saccades.

serotonin reuptake and circadian rhythms.

Artificial panic attacks can be produced in people diagnosed with panic disorder by administering a. lithium salts. b. sodium lactate. c. benzodiazepines. d. propranolol.

sodium lactate.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association definition of mental disorders refers to them as ____. a. syndromes b. complexes c. symptom clusters d. diseases

syndromes

Distortions in _____________________ are associated with anxiety disorders. a. the mesostriatal pathway b. the HPA axis c. saccade activity d. the SAM system

the HPA axis

Brain volume differences between typically developing children and children with autism spectrum disorder might occur in a. Broca's area. b. the prefrontal cortex. c. the cerebellum, amygdala, and hippocampus. d. the basal ganglia.

the cerebellum, amygdala, and hippocampus.

Brain structures implicated in PTSD include a. the basal ganglia. b. the hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex. c. the orbitofrontal cortex and the hypothalamus. d. the raphe nuclei and the amygdala.

the hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex.

In Pavlov's classic experiments, the dog's salivation in response to the presentation of food serves as the: a. conditioned response (CR). b. conditioned stimulus (CS). c. unconditioned response (UCR). d. unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

unconditioned response (UCR).

Compared to typically developing infants, infants eventually diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder might have a. unusually low levels of neurotrophins. b. microencephaly. c. reduced levels of cerebrospinal fluid. d. unusually high levels of neurotrophins.

unusually high levels of neurotrophins

Across the United States, rates for ADHD a. are consistent for males, but show considerable variability for females. b. show minor variations. c. vary dramatically. d. are extremely consistent.

vary dramatically.