PSY 3420 Final

According to 2015 data, how much more do college graduates earn compared to high school graduates?

$459 more per week

Define congruence and briefly explain how it is associated with the RIASEC model.

- Congruence or "fit" occurs when your vocational type matches your occupational environment. - Unfortunately, people cannot always find jobs congruent with their interests, particularly in a tough economy. In these situations, the RIASEC model predicts that people will experience low job satisfaction and a high degree of instability until they can find fulfilling work environments.

What percentage of U.S. adults over the age of 60 experiences some kind of abuse and which type of abuse is the most common?

14.1% experience abuse with 4.6% being emotional

What is the prevalence rate of anxiety disorders in older adults 60 years of age and older?

15.3%

What percentage of adults is diagnosed with MDD over the course of their lifetime?

16.6%

What percentage of individuals 65 years and older are working or actively seeking employment?

18.2%

What is the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders?

28.8%

What percentage of prescription drugs in the U.S. is used by adults over the age of 65?

36%

What percentage of adults 50 years of age and older have used illicit drugs with the past year?

4.7%

Psychological illness (depression, etc.) is associated with what percentage of suicides in older adults?

71-97%

What percentage of adults 75 years of age and older reported feeling "very" or "pretty" happy according to 2009 national survey conducted by the Pew Research Center?

81%

Explain a blurred retirement pattern.

A blurred retirement pattern is one where someone exists and reenters the labor force several times.

What are the positive characteristics of the Dual-Processing Model of Coping with Bereavement?

According to the dual-process model, people are able to adjust to bereavement by alternating between the two dimensions of coping. At times, it is best to confront the emotional loss of the individual; at other times, it is most advantageous to avoid confronting these emotions and instead attempt to manage the practical consequences

Explain the differences between the Work-Family Enrichment Model and the Work-Family Conflict Model.

According to the work-family enrichment model, experiences in one role improve the quality of life in the other. This model is based on the theory of conservation of resources, which proposes that organizations can protect their workers against stress by providing them with support to maintain both their work and family roles Alternatively, the work-family conflict model proposes that people have a fixed amount of time and energy to spend on their life roles. This model is based on a scarcity perspective (Edwards & Rothbard, 2000): the more time and energy people invest in one area, the less they have for the other set of demands and activities.

According to the Social Indicator Model, what factors explain the individual differences in well-being among older adults?

According to this model, demographic and social structural variables, such as age, gender, marital status, and income, account for individual differences in levels of well-being.

How do intrinsic and extrinsic factors play a role in vocational satisfaction according to the Two-Factor Theory?

According to this theory, intrinsic and extrinsic factors play different roles in contributing to vocational satisfaction. When workers are motivated for intrinsic reasons (job motivators), they are more likely to achieve self-actualization. Extrinsic factors, also called "hygiene factors," do not play a central role in vocational satisfaction. Favorable hygiene factors can prevent the development of job dissatisfaction, but they cannot promote it. Growth, self-fulfillment, and feelings of achievement can only come from the fulfillment of job motivators not from the hygiene factors

List and give examples of the six occupational reinforcement patterns that reinforce job satisfaction.

Achievement: using one's abilities and feeling a sense of accomplishment Altruism: being of service to others Autonomy: having a sense of control Comfort: not feeling stressed Safety: stability, order, and predictability Status: being recognized and serving in a dominant position

List and give examples of the five categories of specific phobias.

Animals - spiders, monkeys, sharks Natural environment - storms, heights, fires Blood-injection injury - seeing blood, having an invasive medical procedure Engaging in activities in particular situations - driving, flying, being in an enclosed space Miscellaneous - fear of clown's

What are the five phases of retirement (Figure 10.10)?

Anticipatory period, decision to retire, retirement, immediate adjustment, changes in activity pattern

List and give examples of the three characteristics of older workers and job performance.

Better citizenship and safety - ex. more likely to volunteer and take less risks on the job Fewer counter productive behaviors - ex. less voluntary absenteeism Slightly lower core work performance - ex. more difficulty with shift work (I.e. hours changing from daytime to night time)

What percentage of older adults who committed suicide had seen a health professional within a month of their death?

Between 43-76%

Why is brain plasticity beneficial to successful cognitive aging?

Brain plasticity can allow for better maintenance of memory and keeps cognitive abilities intact.

What are the two main features of dying trajectories?

Duration and shape

Why is elder abuse so difficult to prove?

Elder abuse is a notoriously difficult behavior to document because it is one surrounded by guilt, shame, fear, and the risk of criminal prosecution. Victims are afraid to report abuse because they are afraid of being punished by their abusers, and the perpetrators obviously do not wish to reveal that they are engaging in this socially unacceptable if not criminal activity.

List and describe the four stages of self-concept according to the Super model.

Exploration (teens-20s): people explore career alternatives and select a vocation that they will find to express their self-concept Establishment (20s-30s): people are focused on achieving stability and attempt to remain within the same occupation Maintenance (mid career): people attempt to hold onto their positions rather than to seek further advancement Disengagement (late career): workers begin to prepare for retirement, perhaps spending more time in their leisure pursuits

What are some contributing psychosocial factors related that can contribute to the onset of depression in older adults?

Functional limitations, sensory impairments, inability to provide basic self-care tasks, and pain Bereavement, loneliness, and stressful life events

Define Hospice care and explain why it is considered palliative care.

Hospice is a program that provides medical and supportive services for a patient that is dying. It is considered palliative because it focuses on controlling pain and other symptoms and is likely to take place at home.

List several symptoms of impending death in a dying person.

In a dying person, the symptoms that death is imminent include being asleep most of the time, being disoriented, breathing irregularly, having visual and auditory hallucinations, being less able to see, producing less urine, and having mottled skin, cool hands and feet, an overly warm trunk, and excessive secretions of bodily fluids.

What are the three underlying dimensions of the RIASEC "types" suggested by Armstrong and Anthony in 2009?

Interest in people vs. things, preference for abstract vs. concrete ideas, striving for personal growth vs. striving for accomplishment

List, explain, and give examples of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence vocational satisfaction.

Intrinsic factors refer to the tasks required to perform the work itself. These involve or engage your sense of identity in that the work directly pertains to your feelings of competence, autonomy, and stimulation of personal growth. For example, the sculptor engages in the physical activities of molding clay or stone, and the accountant must perform the mental activities of manipulating numbers. Extrinsic factors are the features that accompany the job but are not central to its performance. You can receive extrinsic satisfaction from many different jobs regardless of the work tasks they require. For example, a professional athlete and a real estate magnate may earn the same six- or seven-figure paycheck for performing a very different set of job activities

The British Household Panel Study by Baird et al. (2010) revealed what kind of life satisfaction pattern across the life span?

Life satisfaction decreased in early childhood, increased from mid to late adulthood, and then declined at the end of life.

How are life satisfaction and subjective well-being different?

Life satisfaction is the overall assessment of an individual's feelings and attitudes about one's life at a particular point in time. Subjective well-being is the individual's overall sense of happiness. One difference is that life satisfaction may be more of a cognitive evaluation, but subjective well-being is more affective or emotional.

Which U.S. state has the highest death rate?

Mississippi

Do older adults tend to rate their aging experience more favorably than do younger adults? Why or why not?

Most older adults rated their own experience of aging more favorably than younger adults would expect along a variety of dimensions from extent of memory loss to the feeling of being a burden on others. Possible explanations include older adults have developed a set of coping skills that allow them to frame events that younger adults would consider detrimental. Another possibility is that cohort effects lead curent generations of older adults to feel higher levels of subjective well-being because they grew up with different expectations about what their lives would be like than is true for current cohorts of young adults. Another possibility is that the paradox of well-being reflects a survival effect and that the older adults who are still alive and available to be tested are hardier and more optimistic than those who are either no longer in the population or unwilling to be sampled.

Why does this put older adults at risk for drug abuse?

Nonmedical use of prescription drugs is the most common form of illicit drug abuse among people 65 and older with an estimated prevalence of 0.8%

How do injuries influence job performance in older adults?

Older adults are more likely to miss work because of illness or injury and are more likely to spend more time away from work.

What are some of the reasons why health care professionals fail to recognize signs and symptoms of depression in older adults?

Older adults don't always report their symptoms in a manner that allows for accurate diagnosis Health care providers are not attuned to diagnosing psychological disorders in older clients Physicians spend less time per visit with an older patient than they do a younger patient

Define Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and explain why the incidence rates of PTSD are expected to increase in the future. What is the prevalence rate of PTSD in Vietnam War veterans?

PTSD is a disorder in which symptoms persist for more than a month after trauma and include the intrusion of distressing reminders of an event; dissociative symptoms, such as feeling numb or detached from others; avoidance of situations that might serve as reminders of the event; and hyperarousal, including sleep disturbances or irritability. Rates of PTSD will likely go up due to the aging of Vietnam veterans, exposure to 9/11, and those serving in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars will also age Estimates are that at the age of 19, the prevalence of PTSD among Vietnam soldiers was 15%.

How do marriage, educational level, subjective stress, and religion affect mortality rate?

People who have been married have a lower mortality rate than those who never married, even taking into account the higher mortality of those who are widowed and divorced Educational status is also related to mortality rate. In all age groups, those with a college education or better have lower mortality rates. People who report higher levels of subjective distress have higher mortality rates. People who are involved in organized religion may, regardless of social class, have lower rates of mortality

List and give examples of the five major types of elder abuse.

Physical abuse: striking, hitting, pushing, shoving, etc. Sexual abuse: unwanted touching, rape, sodomy, etc. Psychological abuse: verbal assaults, insults, threats, intimidation, etc. Financial exploitation: forging signatures, misusing or stealing an older adults possessions or money, etc. Neglect: failing to provide food, water, clothing, shelter, hygiene, medicine, etc.

Explain the difference between physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia.

Physician-assisted suicide involves the physician giving the patient a lethal dose of medication for self-administration. Euthanasia involves the physician directly taking action that causes death.

Discuss the physiological, emotional, cognitive, and sociocultural outcomes of bereavement.

Physiological: bereavement places stress on the body, leading to a series of physical symptoms, such as tightness in the chest, shortness of breath, loss of energy and strength, sleep problems, digestive symptoms, and decreased immune system resistance. Emotional: bereaved individuals experience a range of feelings including anger, depression, anxiety, feelings of emptiness, and preoccupation with thoughts of the deceased. Cognitive: changes can also occur in some bereaved individuals, including impaired attention and memory, a desire to withdraw from social activities, and increased risk of accidents. Sociocultural: the loss of a spouse alters the individual's position in the family and community and status within society and may also place the individual at risk of an increasing financial burden.

List several additional risk factors associated with suicide.

Psychiatric illness, physical illnesses like cancer heart disease, COPD, osteoarthritis, and liver disease, social isolation, stressful life events.

List and define the five major forms of psychotherapy (shown in Figure 11.6 in your textbook) and discuss how they could be combined to improve the care and treatment of older adults suffering from psychological health outcomes.

Psycho-dynamic: inner conflicts, attachment issues, and life review Behavioral: change reinforcements for behavior Cognitive: focus on dysfunctional thoughts Cognitive-behavioral: change thoughts and behaviors Interpersonal: cognitive methods and social skills

Briefly describe the Late-Onset Stress Symptomatology (LOSS) and explain how it is associated to PTSD.

Refers to a phenomenon observed in aging veterans who were exposed to stressful combat situations in young adulthood. Symptoms related to the combat experiences (such as an increase in memories about the trauma) begin to emerge in later life, perhaps as a function of exposure to stresses associated with aging, such as retirement and increased health problems Symptoms of LOSS are similar to those of PTSD, but the progression is distinct in that it develops later in life and may exist at levels below the threshold for a PTSD diagnosis

How does religion provide comfort for the bereaved?

Religion can provide comfort because of the thoughts of an afterlife and that these events occur because there is a higher purpose. The thoughts of being reunited in heaven with a loved one can comfort those grieving. Also people may feel that they can sense their loved one's presence.

How do social comparisons related to physical health affect older adults' sense of well-being and successful aging?

Researchers believe that older adults derive their self-rated health ratings through social comparison, the process that occurs when people rate themselves relative to their primary reference group. If people in the older adult's reference group are in poorer health, then the individual's self-rated health will be higher than if the comparison group is in better health.

List, define, and explain the differences among the four theories of retirement in Table 10.1 of your textbook.

Role theory: roles provide source of fulfillment; loss of work role is harmful Continuity theory: retirees maintain previous sense of identity; retirement is not a crisis Life course perspective: normative timing of events; retirement stressful only when unexpected Resource model: adjustment to retirement reflects physical, cognitive, motivational, financial, social, and emotional resources; the more resources, the more favorable will be the individual's adjustment

What four constructs compose core self-examination?

Self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, high emotional stability, and the belief that you control your fate

Explain how sexuality and exercise are important to successful aging.

Sexuality is another component of successful aging, known to play a role in overall health and well-being in the midlife and later years. Although sexual activity and functioning were negatively correlated with age, there was no relationship between age and sexual satisfaction. Actual physical health, then, appears to be less important in predicting successful aging, even in an area of functioning as important to overall well-being as sexuality. In their final model, health behaviors, particularly physical exercise, predicted successful aging to an even greater extent than did social support or social contact.

List the five resources of a work-family environment that can be acquired to enhance performance in other areas of an individual's life?

Skills and perspective (interpersonal skills, coping skills, respect for differences), psychological and physical resources (self efficacy, hardiness, optimism), social capital resources (networking information), flexibility (flexible working arrangements), material resources (money and gifts)

Define the most common form of anxiety disorder and give its lifetime prevalence rate in adults 60 years of age and older.

Specific phobias, which involve having irrational fears of a certain object or situation is the most common form of anxiety disorder in adults Lifetime prevalence rate in adults over 60 is 7.5%

List a few factors that affect attitude and mood at work.

Stress, job satisfaction, conflict, autonomy, support

List several negative findings from recent studies on the lack of effectiveness of the PSDA in nursing homes and hospitals.

Studies on the effectiveness of the PSDA show that health care providers do not always communicate with dying patients or alleviate their pain. Nursing home staff often have not developed procedures to communicate either among themselves or with patients to determine at what point in the resident's illness palliative care should begin. Hospital patients do not consistently receive the opportunity to complete an AD, leading the bereaved family to feel that the patient's wishes were not respected. There are racial disparities in the provision of ADs, with African Americans and Hispanics less likely to have ADs in their medical files. Patients who are White, have greater access to resources, better health care, and better education are more likely to die in their own homes than in nursing homes.

Discuss suicide as a biopsychosocial perspective outcome.

Suicide can be understood as a biopsychosocial phenomenon contributed to by factors that are biological (functional losses and illness), psychological (cognitive changes and depression), and sociocultural (stress and isolation)

Explain what the "pay-as-you-go" system is and why it may negatively impact social security funds for future generations.

The "pay as you go system" means that workers pay into the system to pay for current retirees and some for their own future. The problem for future generations is that the number of retirees will increase faster than the income that will be paid into the OASDI trust fund, and the only way the government can pay benefits is to dip into the fund assets that can become depleted.

Define the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) and list the domains it protects (Figure 10.9).

The ADEA was passed in 1967, makes it illegal to fire or not employ workers on the basis of their age. It protects apprenticeships, job notices and ads, pre-employment inquiries (except for lawful purpose), benefits, and mandatory retirement

List the criteria and discuss the criticisms of the Rowe and Kahn Model of successful aging

The Rowe and Kahn definition of successful aging regards the optimum state to be the absence of disease and disability, high cognitive and physical functioning, and engagement with life. The criticisms are that the model is that it is unclear, overly focused on physical and cognitive health and lacks physiological traits such as spirituality and well-being.

What did the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe study contribute to our understanding of successful aging?

The Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) on 22,464 men and women in 13 European countries averaging 63 years old found important contributors to successful aging of early childhood conditions, including parental social class and income. Thus, successful aging is best viewed as a lifelong process reflecting the influence of multiple factors, including favorable or unfavorable childhood conditions.

How does age-adjusted death rate differ from crude death rate and age-specific death rate?

The age adjusted death rate is a statistic that combines all the age-specific death rates within groups of the population. There will automatically be more deaths in the older age groups within the population, but there are fewer of those individuals in the population. The crude death rate is simply the number of deaths divided by population alive during a certain time period. An age specific death rate is the crude death rate for a specific age group. The age-specific death rate only discloses the likelihood of people dying within their own age group.

List and briefly explain the determinants of active aging according to the World Health Organization (WHO) Model of active aging.

The determinants of active aging are social, health care, economic, physical environment, behavioral, and personal determinants.

What type of personal loss is considered the most devastating? Why?

The loss of an adult child because the grief of the parent is intense and is associated with increased depression, guilt, and health complaints.

Define anxiety disorders and explain how they affect an individual's whole life.

The main characteristic includes anxiety, a sense of dread about what might happen in the future. In addition to having the unpleasant feelings associated with anxiety, people with anxiety disorders go to great lengths to avoid anxiety-provoking situations. As a result, they may have difficulty performing their jobs, enjoying their leisure pursuits, or engaging in social activities with their friends and families.

Define Major Depressive Disorder (MDD).

The major symptom of which is an extremely sad mood that lasts most of the time for at least 2 weeks and is atypical of the individual's usual mood.

How does the Paradox of Well-Being influence older adults' sense of subjective well-being?

The paradox of well-being refers to the well-established finding that older adults maintain high subjective well-being despite facing challenges from their objective circumstances.

Explain the differences between the restorative and loss dimensions of the Dual-Processing Model of Coping.

The practical adaptations include the set of life changes that accompany the death, including taking on new tasks or functions, called the "restoration" dimension. The "loss dimension" involves coping with the direct emotional consequences of the death.

Which of the four theories best fits the biopsychosocial perspective? Why?

The resource model fits well with the biopsychosocial perspective because it includes biological factors such as physical changes and health problems, psychological factors such as cognitive functioning, personality, and expectations about retirement, and sociocultural factors such as social class, income, and opportunities for engagement.

How does the set point perspective influence one's level of well-being throughout life?

The set point perspective proposes that people's personalities influence their level of well-being throughout life. Children high in self-esteem will likely have higher self-esteem throughout their lives, which could influence levels of well-being.

Explain the differences between the traditional view and attachment view of bereavement.

The traditional view follows that the survivor must work through the death of the deceased. The individual should experience a period of mourning, but most move on and form new relationships. Grief beyond a year is abnormal. The attachment view follows that an individual can benefit from maintaining emotional bonds to the deceased. The survivor can keep some of the deceased's possessions as a symbolic value.

How do positive or negative experiences at work affect attitudes and mood?

There are many factors that can affect your mood, and ultimately, your satisfaction at work. For example, if you experience positive events at work, such as being complimented by a supervisor, you will have a positive emotional experience; if you experience negative events, such as conflict with a coworker, your emotions will be negatively affected.

Explain the Super's Life-Span Life-Stage Theory and how it differs from Holland's theory.

This theory focuses on the role of the self and proposes that people attempt to realize their inner potential through their career choices. If you see yourself as an artist, then you will desire work in which you can express that view of yourself. In contrast to Holland's theory, which emphasizes vocational preferences (the fact that you prefer artistic work), Super's theory places the focus on the occupation that you see as most "true" to your inner self.

Define the Affective Events Theory.

This theory states that events at work lead individuals to experience affective reactions, and these in turn influence attitudes toward work and performance

Who has the lowest age-adjusted mortality rate in the U.S.?

Those 75 and older

List, define, and give an example of the three types of dying trajectories.

Those who die suddenly function normally and then show a precipitous descent. These would be people with no prior knowledge of illness. Ex. A victim of sudden cardiac failure, or people who die in accidents A steady downward trajectory applies to people whose disease causes them to undergo a continuous and predictable decline. Ex. Many people who die of cancer The third trajectory characterizes people who go through a generally downward course that is marked by a series of sharp drops. Eventually their death occurs during a crisis related to their illness or due to another fatal cause during which their functional abilities suddenly decrease. Ex. Those dying from cardiovascular or Alzheimer's disease

Who's more likely to experience MDD in their lifetime: men or women? What percentage of women (age 60-91) experience signs and symptoms of depression?

Women; 20% but sometimes as high as 30% for those seen in medical settings

Define and list several forms of workplace bullying.

Workplace bullying is a form of stress in which individuals are exposed over a lengthy period to negative interpersonal acts on the job which they cannot cope with or control Social isolation, direct harassment, intimidating behavior, work-related criticism, and physical violence

Is it generally true that one's income rises with increasing levels of education?

Yes

In your own words, explain how one's job, income, and work satisfaction influences every aspect of a person's life.

• A person's job becomes one of the main focuses of their lives. Income influences the kind of lifestyle a person can afford which includes the size of one's home, style of cars, ability to raise children and travel. Satisfaction in a career can either bring happiness and fulfillment, or dissatisfaction can lead to depression and unhappiness.

List the six fundamental types of Holland's Vocational Development (RIASEC) Theory and give a few career examples of each.

• Realistic: electrician, farmer, mechanic • Investigative: biologist, chemist, geologist • Artistic: musician, writer, actor • Social: teacher, psychologist, social worker • Enterprising: business executive, salesperson, producer • Conventional: banker, financial analyst

Which symptoms are older adults more likely to seek treatment for: physical (pain, etc.) or psychological (anxiety, depression, etc.)? Why?

□ Physical Physical symptoms; psychological symptoms of depression such a dysphoria, guilt, low self-esteem, and suicidal thoughts are less likely to be acknowledged by older adults. Additionally, many insurance companies reimburse for a mental health diagnosis and intervention at a lower rate than for a physical disorder, adding to the likelihood that an older adult will not seek treatment for psychologically based symptoms

What role did the Women's Health Initiative Study play in assessing the WHO's model?

○ The study's findings support the contention that the Rowe and Kahn definition of successful aging is overly narrow and that psychological resilience and optimism are more important contributors to the older individual's own sense of aging well than are objective determinants. Building on these strengths, older adults may employ a range of active coping methods to help them achieve their desired goals which, as they think toward their future, can include preparing for potential stressors. Through proactive coping, successfully aging older adults can anticipate events that they believe represent a threat to their well-being and then engage in mental preparation to reduce the impact of the stress when it occurs. When the stressful event does occur, it will drain less of their coping resources