PSY 370 Exam 2

What is the Premack Principle? Give an example.

- "Grandma's Law" - High frequency behavior (preferred activity) is made contingent upon the occurrence of a low frequency behavior (less-preferred activity) -You cannot go to your friends unless you finish your homework

How is intelligence testing useful to those of us working with students in the schools?

-good predictor of achievement -helps educators develop expectations for individual students -looks at "potential" for learning -provides information about strengths and weaknesses in cognitive abilities - realistic expectations

continuous reinforcement

-reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs -giving child a cookie every time they use the toilet

Group Consequences

-rewards or punishments given to a class as a whole for adhering to or violating rules of conduct -good unless one child cannot control themselves (ADHD)

What are some instructional options that have been used in trying to meet the needs of the Gifted and Talented?

1. Acceleration 2. Expand instruction 3. Ability Group 4. Independent/Group Projects

What are some of the first steps teachers should follow prior to making a formal referral for an evaluation?

1. Contact the parents 2. Check student's school records 3. Talk to the students' other teachers 4. Discuss w/ intervention team 5. Observe and talk to student

What are 3 things to keep in mind for praise to be effective?

1. Contingent upon behavior being reinforced 2. Specify clearly the behavior being reinforced 3. Believable (sincere) but don't tell them "you're smart"

What are the 2 questions that are asked at evaluation meetings to determine if a student requires special education programming at school?

1. Does an impairment/s (handicapping conditions) exist? (meet criteria required in the state of WI) 2. Does it require special education programming? (Does the impairment interfere significantly with the student's performance at school to the point where supports and interventions that have been tried have not been able to meet the student's needs and the student is continuing to struggle/fail?)

What are 4 problems related to punishment?

1. Doesn't teach new positive behaviors 2. Can interfere with caring relationships 3. Feelings of retaliation (wanna get back at them) 4. Negative modeling

According to Renzulli & Reis, what are three areas that should be considered when identifying a student as Gifted and Talented (G/T)

1. High intellectual level 2. High creativity 3. High task commitment

What are the 3 areas that are assessed by doctors when diagnosing ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)?

1. Inattention 2. Impulsivity 3. Hyperactivity

What is contiguity?

2 associations appear together often enough, they will become associated: only 1 of these sensations occurs, the other will be remembered too.

What is the mean (average) IQ score for any age group?

50% of the people included will score above the mean, and 50% below the mean

What information does a deviation IQ score provide? Who is the person compared to when a deviation IQ score is obtained?

A number that tells exactly how much above or below the average a person scored on the test compared to other people in the same age group

Reinforcers

Any consequence that strengthens behavior it follows (cookie, money, etc).

Explain how this works in classical conditioning

Associations are made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Why was intelligence testing first developed by Alfred Binet?

Because he wanted to figure out how students who need special instruction and extra help be identified early in their school careers, before they fail in regular classes.

Why is it important to use person-first language when speaking about a person with a disability

Because putting the person first ensures the importance of them as a person over their dis/ability

Is intelligence determined by heredity or environment?

Both. Environmental factors can be anything from pregnancy of mother to what country you grow up in.

Token Reinforcement program

Can see progress (adding marbles to a jar or putting pieces of bicycle together towards a goal)

What is the two-pronged approach that should be used?

First you suppress undesirable behavior (no that isn't what we should do) and then reinforce desirable behavior (wow I really like how you did that)

Describe concerns identified by Alfie Kohn regarding rewards, incentives and behavioral programming, in general?

He thinks that if you rely on punishments and rewards, that is only helping the kids in the short term. In the long term, studies have shown it actually reduces the likelihood that students will repeat good behavior on their own because they expect something in return.

Differential Reinforcement / "praise and ignore" approach

Ignore inappropriate behavior while being sure to reinforce appropriate behaviors as soon as they occur

Which is more accurate, individual or group intelligence testing?

Individual because each student can be focused on more without persuasion, while group intelligence testing is cheaper but can influence it

What does IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act) guarantee?

It guarantees that all students get free, appropriate public education with zero reject

What is meant by due process?

Legal procedures set in place to protect student and parent rights

How was an intelligence quotient first computed?

Mental age/chronological age x100

Can ADHD be assessed through blood tests? How is it assessed?

No, it is assessed by a team of doctors and their best judgement

How would a behaviorist define learning?

Outcome of learning is a change of behavior that emphasizes the effects of external events on the individual

How do advertisers use classical conditioning to try to sell products? Put your answer into the classical conditioning model.

People laughing and smiling -----> feel happy. Product + laughing/smiling ----> feel happy. Product ----> feel happy.

Systematic application of praise

Praise students for good behavior and ignore the misbehavior

What is the best predictor of a student's achievement?

Previous Achievement

What is the Flynn Effect?

Scores on IQ test have consistently been rising because there are now higher expectations, people take school more seriously, were more literate, learn test strategies, language barrier eliminations, and better nutrition/health.

The criteria for a specific learning disability impairment changed in the state of WI and now includes what?

Since 2013, assessment teams have been required to show that Response To Intervention (RTI) has been tried to remediate the student's difficulties but skill deficits and classroom performance problems continue despite the research-based interventions that have been tried to meet their needs.

What is a Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA)? What is involved in an FBA?

Taking a behavior (good or bad) and look for the function or cause of what is keeping the behavior going? Assessing antecedents and consequences or design positive behavior supports to replace behavior

Explain the ABAB design in Applied Behavioral Analysis. Why is it used?

The application of behavioral learning principles to change behavior

What is Gardner's Multiple Intelligence (MI) theory?

The idea that there are eight separate mental abilities/intelligences, and individuals may excel in one area and no remarkable abilities in the other areas.

What are some of the criticisms and ethical concerns regarding behavioral views of learning?

There are other reasons for behavior besides rewards and punishments, we all may know more than we actually demonstrate

What are the criticisms of Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

There have been no published studies that validate it, they are not independent because there's correlations between the abilities, intelligences are really talents or personality traits, for scientists, the theory is incorrect and for educators, the theory is unlikely to help students.

What are some of the pros and cons in considering learning styles / learning preferences when working with students?

They are based off of the students' ideas of themselves which aren't as accurate, they cannot define one style of a way a student learns, and there isn't evidence to back it up.

What are some of the concerns regarding medication for ADHD? What are best practices for treatment?

They can cause increased heart rate or higher blood pressure, interference with growth, and nausea. Behavioral treatments were proven to be more effective.

What kind of information is included in an IEP?

This is a plan or process of what will be provided to the student at school. This includes ID info, dates, current functioning levels, strengths/weaknesses, literacy, disability, how it impacts them, parent input, time, accommodations, testing, extracurricular, and GOALS.

Where / how would you locate criteria for an impairment in the state of WI?

WI DPI Website

When might it be necessary to use punishment?

When conditions of behavior are threatening safety.

Negative Reinforcement

When the consequence that strengthens a behavior is the disappearance of a stimulus

Positive Reinforcement

When the consequence that strengthens the behavior is the appearance of a new stimulus

What information did a mental age score provide?

Where someone is at mentally compared to their chronological age

Why are standardized procedures important in intelligence testing?

Without standardized procedures, you cannot compare one person to another because they wouldn't have had the same questions, it wouldn't be fair

Is G/T an area of special education?

Yes

Zero Reject

You cannot tell someone no no matter what

intermittent reinforcement

an operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement

variable-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

variable-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

fixed-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

fixed-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

What types of learning characteristics / needs might be observed with students who have intelligence test scores at the 2nd percentile rank on the bell shaped curve? at the 98th percentile rank?

-2nd: Below 70, slow learner, needs more time to master skills, need extra guidance and reassurance, maybe even special education -98th: Above 130, quick learner, able to grasp abstract concepts, will need extra activities to do and push themselves, maybe skip a grade

What are the A-B-C's of Operant Conditioning?

-Antecedents: events preceding behavior -Behavior -Consequences: events following behavior -This is a system in which each behavior is an antecedent for the next step in the cycle

What are the most basic levels of reinforcement and the highest level of reinforcements?

-Basic: edible and tangible awards, contingent activities and special privileges -Highest: challenging oneself for self-evaluation purposes, deciding how he/she will learn the material, the work products affect the look of the classroom, student decides upon conditions they work

What is task analysis? When should it be used?

-Breaking down a behavior into small, manageable steps and rewarding (one method of shaping) -Ex: rewarding after stripping sheets, remaking, putting on comforter, and pillows -It should be used

Consequences

-Events following behavior

Antecedents

-Events preceding behavior -Ex: Having healthy foods present will lead to eating healthy food

How are some students served under Section 504 who do not qualify for special education programming?

-How to access education and provide accommodations -When physical and mental impairment are present, they need to be able to access same education as peers

How effective is punishment?

-It is shown to not be effective, instead you should use negative reinforcement

How are the concepts of "least restrictive environment" and "most appropriate" intertwined?

-Least restrictive: a setting as close to the general setting as possible and is inclusive (want them in classroom with regular education classrooms) (regular setting does help because students feel better about themselves, they're aware) -Most appropriate: If there is a kid with special needs, they cannot be there if they really need extra help. To accommodate, they could have someone in there to help or they may need to leave during class hours.

How could some behavioral techniques have negative side-effects in the classroom?

-People can come to expect rewards all the time and they don't do it without rewards -Teachers could be focusing on those only with behavior issues and not others -Not all children respond the same -Parents may not agree with what you choose to do

What are PBIS programs? How do they work? Why would this be considered a Tier I intervention?

-Positive behavior supports -Interventions designed to replace problems with new actions that serve the same purpose for the student -This is considered a Tier 1 intervention because you could work with the school and up a pyramid before resorting to special education

What is shaping? How is it used?

-Reinforcing successive approximations toward a big goal, instead of waiting for perfection -Upping the expectations -Ex: letting them make their bed each time and rewarding (even if it's not perfect)

What is positive practice / overcorrection? How is it used?

-Replacing one behavior with another -Making a child go back and re-walk when caught running

What is the focus of more recent theories of intelligence?

-The information processing that is common to all people -Intelligence is more than what is tested by mental abilities measures, intelligence is about life success based on your own definition of success in the cultural context

Contingency Contract program

-Written goals or rewards for what kids should accomplish -everyone signs it

Give two examples from your school experiences when classical conditioning occurred. Put your examples into the UCS -> UCR; NS + UCS ->UCR; CS -> CR model.

1. It's 7:45 ------> Im gonna be late for school. Mom is stomping to get attention + It's 7:45 -------> I know Im gonna be late for school Hears stomping -----> gets scared I will be late 2. Class time is up -----> Pack things up and go to next class. Bell rings + class is done ------> Pack things up. Bell rings -------> pack things up.

What are basic tenets of the behavioral view that could be helpful in learning situations?

1. No one eagerly repeats behaviors that have been punished or ignored. Without some sense of progress, it is difficult to persist. 2. When actions lead to consequences that are positive for the person involved, those actions are likely to be repeated. 3. Teachers often fail to use reinforcement to recognize appropriate behavior, they respond instead to inappropriate behaviors, sometimes proving reinforcing attention in the process. 4. To be effective, praise must be sincere recognition of a real accomplishment. 5. Whatever their current level of understanding, students can learn to be more self-managing.

Explain "Catch the Child Being Good"

Focusing on the positive aspects of the child instead of the negatives can help them be more confident and have higher self-esteem

g

General intelligence

What is involved in Self-Management programs?

Goal setting, monitoring and evaluation progress, and self-reinforcement