PSY 385 Final

The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between

laboratory and real-world settings.

When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of

speech segmentation.

Most of the coherence in text is created by

inference.

In the Tower of Hanoi problem, the _________________ state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty.

initial

Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, "It seemed like the song would play forever," Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n)

instrument inference

In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) _________________ state.

intermediate

Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they

invent a sign language themselves.

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?

Before the police stopped, the Toyota disappeared into the night.

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique?

Communication

Which term best describes the process of brainstorming?

Divergent

Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. She decided to wait until her mother-in-law returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. Her mother-in-law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles?

Functional fixedness

If human speech is represented as a string of taffy on a candy-making assembly line, then what function does speech segmentation serve at the candy factory?

It cuts the taffy into pieces.

Subgoals serve a key role in which of the following?

Means-end analysis

The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the _________________ problem.

Russian marriage

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate?

Semantics and lexicons are equal in scope.

Which term best reflects a musical composer who writes a film score in the key of E?

Tonic

The ability to shift experience from one problem-solving situation to a similar problem is known as

analogical transfer.

The text's discussion of the research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that _________________ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems.

analogies

Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) ____________________ inference.

anaphoric

The typical purpose of subgoals is to

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.

In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that they

had a large number of sophisticated language systems.

In the movie Apollo 13, astronauts aboard a damaged spacecraft have to build a carbon dioxide filter out of random items that are aboard the ship with them. If they do not, they will all die rapidly of carbon dioxide poisoning. The fact that they are able to do so with the help of experts on Earth is similar to the _________________ approach developed by Ronald Finke.

divergent thinking

The process of analogical encoding is focused on ________.

finding similarity

Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's

lexicon.

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps:

noticing, mapping, and applying.

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)

novel object.

According to the situation model of text processing,

people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events.

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children

produce sentences they have never heard.

In the information-processing approach to problem solving, an operator is most closely associated with ________.

progress

Ty has finished work on his doctoral dissertation. He studied how most adults understand words, specifically the priming effects of categorically related words, and submitted a proposal to be included in a psychological conference to present his work to his peers. Presentations at the conference are grouped based on the particular topic in psychology under consideration. It is most likely that Ty's work will be presented in a conference session on

psycholinguistics.

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving

reorganization or restructuring.

The radiation problem can be solved using

representation and restructuring.

In the context of language, another term for "heuristics" is ________.

rules

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more

slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.

Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the _________________ problem.

source

The concept of language can best be thought of as a ________.

system

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on

the meaning dominance of each definition of the word.

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because

the solution is immediately obvious.

Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that

the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving.

A researcher had participants read each of the sentences below and measured the time it took to read each sentence. Trial 1: The lamb ran past the cottage into the pasture. Trial 2: The dog ran past the house into the yard. The participants' response times were longer for ____________________ because of the ____________________ effect.

trial 1; word frequency