PSY 433-001 Exam 2 (Ch. 5-8)

code switching

the practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation.

Manchi and Eason were both born in Hong Kong. Manchi moved to Canada at age 18, and Eason moved to Canada at age 40. Based on research on cultural adjustment, which of the following best characterizes their adjustment to Canada?

For Manchi, the amount of time she lives in Canada will have little or no effect on her identification with being Canadian. For Eason, the longer he stays in Canada, the less he will identify with being Canadian.

You are on a committee tasked with hiring new employees. Given what you know about the self-serving bias, you are concerned that applicants may exaggerate their qualifications in their application or during their interview. What can you do to prevent applicants' self-serving biases from influencing the interview process?

Focus your attention on qualifications that are clearly observable and backed up by concrete evidence.

Yamazonia is a society dominated by tall people. Based on this information alone, which of the folloiwng people living in Yamazonia is most likely to experience identity denial?

Justice, a short woman

secondary control

aligning oneself with the existing realities by controlling their psychological impact • External locus of control, adjustment, acceptance • More common in non-Western contexts

Discounting

downplaying the importance of the attribute

Stereotype threat is

frequently measured using dependent variables such as task performance and physiological signs.

Cultures that tend to encourage self-consistency also tend to support the belief that success comes from

innate abilites

self-esteem

one's overall feelings of high or low self-worth

Which of the following best characterizes the situation of a 13-year-old East Asian boy?

He will not have the ability to distinguish all human phonemes.

According to research by Shweder and others, the most important consideration in deciding on sleeping arrangements in both Indian and American families is

incest avoidance.

Calvin is a Protestant Christian who believes in predestination. Which of the following statements accurately describes how Calvin's religious beliefs influence how he perceives himself and his chances of going to heaven after he dies?

"I experience a lot of positive outcomes in my life. This means that God thinks I am a good person and that I will go to heaven."

You are considering asking your Japanese friend Hideaki for some help with studying for your final exams and you want to ensure that your request is effective. Given what you know about cultural influences on cognitive dissonance, what information could you include in your request to increase the likelihood that Hideaki will agree to help?

"Our mutual friend Daisuke would help if he were here."

You are an executive for a Korean advertising agency and you have been asked to create a TV commercial for a new condominium, targeting people from Korea. Based on Kim and Markus's research on advertisements in Korea and the United States, which of the following would you most likely use in your commercial?

"The architecture of this condo blends in well with the buildings surrounding it."

Given the current research on personality and acculturation, you can predict that

Jaedong, who is introverted, will acculturate more successfully in an introverted country than Sehoon, who is extraverted.

Subjective self-awareness

A state of mind in which individuals consider themselves from the perspective of the subject and demonstrate little awareness of themselves as individuals.

Which of the following is true about young children's development?

Babies have more face-to-face contact with their parents in Western cultures than in non-Western cultures.

Entity theory of self

Belief that abilities and traits are largely fixed and resistant to change, reflecting innate features of the self.

Incremental theory of self

Belief that abilities and traits are malleable and can change or improve.

Given the current research on acculturation and health, which of the following would you expect?

Candice has acculturated to a host culture with a poor diet, which means that she may develop unhealthy habits that lead to adverse health outcomes.

compensatory self-enhancement

Compensating for failures by drawing attention to success or talents in other unrelated domains

Which of the following was found in Suh's (2002) research on self-consistency in Koreans and Americans?

Consistency is positively associated with likability in the United States but not in Korea.

Which of the following people is most likely to experience an L-shaped acculturation curve?

Crystal-joy, who has moved to a culturally homogenous society.

According to research, which of the following could at least partially explain why children at East Asian schools tend to do better at math than children in American schools?

East Asian teachers tend to use more concrete examples when teaching math than American teachers.

Research conducted on East and West Germany found that

East Germans displayed more behaviors associated with learned helplessness than West Germans.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between social class and individualism?

Higher social class is associated with independence in Western cultures and interdependence in Eastern cultures.

Jaden has a strong sense of his own identity and does not see any sort of divide between strangers he has just met and his family members. What is this characteristic of?

Independent theory of self

Tara is studying self-enhancement in South Korea compared to the United States. Her results suggest that Americans describe themselves more positively on a variety of personality dimensions than do South Koreans, but she is worried that this effect isn't real and that what is really happening is that the South Korean participants feel compelled to be modest. Do you think this alternative explanation is credible?

Not really: If Tara's study ensures anonymity, and uses indirect measures of self-enhancement, the findings from past research suggest it is unlikely that her participants feel compelled to hide their self-enhancement motivations.

According to research by Alesina and colleagues (2011), regions that used __________________ in farming centuries earlier were found to have _______________ today.

Plow cultivation; less egalitarian gender norms

Which of the following people is the best example of blending?

Sarah, who is American and who gained a much more interdependent self-construal after spending the last 10 years in China, although she is still not as interdependent as the Chinese tend to be.

Objective self-awareness

Seeing yourself as an object of others' attention.

Moral Relativism

The view that there is no absolute or universal moral law or truth, resulting in a morality determined by cultural factors or personal preference.

Cognitive Dissonance

Unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs.

According to Kim and Markus's (1999) study, working-class Americans liked the pen they were given, regardless of whether they chose it or not, unlike upper-middle-class Americans, who much preferred the pen that they chose. This can be explained by

Working-class Americans engaging in more secondary control than upper-middle-class Americans.

Xiao, a university student in China, and Jess, a university student in the United States, are each listening to an audiotape in their individual rooms. The audiotape is of a mother talking to her 4-year-old child, At one point, the audio on both tapes is covered by static. Xiao and Jess are asked to guess what was said by the mother. Based on research about cultural differences in language, which of the following is the likeliest to happen?

Xiao will guess that the inaudible part refers to a verb and Jess will guess that the inaudible part refers to a noun.

Amy's daughter, Sophia, is going to be an architect. In order to increase her creativity, Amy wants Sophia to live temporarily in a few other countries for a year in each place, living among the citizens, before starting her job. Based on research on the relationship between multiculturalism and creativity, will Amy's plan for Sophia work?

Yes, because this plan will lead to greater integrative complexity, which partially leads to higher levels of creativity.

promotion orientation

a concern with advancing oneself and aspiring for gains

incremental theory of the world

a view of the world as flexible and responsive to an individual's efforts to change it • More common in Western contexts

entity theory of the world

a view of the world as something that is fixed and beyond an individual's control to change • More common in non-Western contexts

integrative complexity

a willingness and ability to acknowledge and consider different viewpoints on the same issue

external attribution

attributing the cause of a person's behavior to an external event or situation in the environment

primary control

changing existing realities to fit one's own perceptions, goals, or desires • Internal locus of control, influence, agency • More common in Western contexts

Third Culture Kids (TCKs)

children who develop multicultural identities because they grow up in many different cultural contexts

downward social comparison

comparing ourselves to people who are worse than we are with regard to a particular trait or ability

cultural distance

cultural disparity between an internationally expanding firm's home country and its targeted host country

Choong-hyun is motivated to maintain face, especially among his co-workers. Consequently, Choong-hyun is also motivated to

ensure that his coworkers view him positively.

The "terrible twos" is a developmental stage that

is a nonuniversal.

Adolescent rebellion

is more pronounced in societies with greater numbers of role distinctions and opportunities.

Two parents are trying to plan sleeping arrangements for their three children: a 15-year-old daughter, a 3-year-old son, and a 2-year-old daughter. They decide that the 2-year-old will sleep alone and the 15-year-old and 3-year-old will sleep in the same room. The parents will sleep separately from the children. According to this arrangement, which of the following principles was violated?

protection of the vlnerable

Doug was raised in Chicago, Illinois, Hans was raised in Hamburg, Germany. If they both have the attachment style that is most common in their respective vultures. Doug will show ________________ attachment and Hans will show ______________ attachment.

secure; avoidant

face

social value given by others if one fulfills obligations and expectations

prevention orientation

striving to protect (vs. advance) oneself and avoid negative (vs. secure positive) outcomes More prevalent among East Asians than North Americans

basking in reflected glory

taking pride in the accomplishments of other people in one's group, such as when sports fans identify with a winning team

cultural fit

the degree to which an individual's personality is more similar to the dominant cultural values in the host culture

self-enhancement

the desire to maintain, increase, or protect one's positive self-views

bicultural identity integration

the extent to which one's two cultural identities are compatible or in opposition to each other

internal attribution

the inference that a person is behaving in a certain way because of something about the person, such as attitude, character, or personality

self-serving bias

the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors

The four parenting styles described by Western psychologists are combinations of which of the following dimensions?

warmth and parental control

Researchers find ___________ support for the Big five in less industrialized, subsistence cultures. This may be due to ____________.

weaker; lack of familiarity with answering questions in an interview format that consequently affects the quality of the data

Based on the biases self-enhancers have, which of the following is someone who self-enhances most likely to say after failing a chemistry test?

"Even though I failed this chemistry test, I can still do well in physics."

You are introduced to a person who is said to have an independent view of self. Based on Markus and Kitayama's (1991) model, which of the following would you LEAST expect the person to say?

"I am a member of a ballet dance group."

learned helplessness

A condition that occurs after a period of negative consequences where the person begins to believe they have no control.

Child A is raised in a language in which Pa and Ba sound the same. Which of the following is true?

As an adult, Child A will have trouble distinguishing the sounds Ba and Pa.

Makayla is from the United States and Michiko is from Japan. Given what you know about cultural influences on primary and secondary control, which of the following statements describes these women best?

Makayla is likely to remember more situations where she influenced versus adjusted to others, whereas Michiko is likely to remember more situations where she adjusted to versus influenced others.

frame switching

the tendency for bicultural people to switch between different cultural selves