PSY 9

Mark and Cynthia are writing out checks to donate to their alma mater. First, Mark says he's going to donate $5,000, and then Cynthia indicates she might be able to donate more than that. Mark then decides he too could contribute more than $5,000. What is this called?

Competitive altruism

. SooHee wants to open her own bakery. She will need at least $50,000 dollars for equipment and a year's worth of rent for a retail space on Main Street in her town. Instead of getting a loan through her bank, SooHee creates a website that asks people she knows, along with strangers, to contribute to her dream of opening a bakery. Each $5 donation can be redeemed for a muffin once the bakery opens. What process is SooHee taking advantage of?

Crowdfunding

Emily is out for a leisurely drive and has just witnessed the car in front of her on the highway slow to a stop and pull off to the side of the road. The driver got out of the vehicle and lifted the hood. She is very adept at fixing cars and there are not too many other cars on the road. After considering helping for a bit, Emily continues to drive past the stranded motorist. Why

Emily is concerned the driver might be setting up a trap or trick

42. Who mostly benefits from crowdfunding?

Entrepreneurs and communities

Emily, who is always slightly depressed, helps a little boy find his mom at the mall. Emily is surprised to find her mood has improved. This is likely because ________.

Helping a person often relieves a negative mood

In general, we are more likely to help those whom we are closely related than others. Which of the following offers support for this?

Kin selection theory

The empathy-altruism hypothesis suggests that at least some prosocial behavior is ________.

Motivated solely by the desire to help someone in need, even if unpleasant or dangerous situations are involved

Oscar is alone resting on a beach when he notices someone who appears to be floundering in the ocean. Since he does not know how to swim, Oscar realizes that he cannot help this individual himself. This example illustrates that people ________.

Often decide that they cannot help when they do not know what to do

Jeanette's best friend, Ellen, notices that Jeanette's right eye is badly bruised. When Jeanette tells her that her boyfriend hit her, Ellen offers to provide help. This example BEST illustrates that ________.

People are much more inclined to help a close friend than a stranger

. If people help in order to receive praise from others, then what would be expected under cover of darkness?

People would be equally likely to help others

Danya is in a really bad mood after receiving a low score on an exam. She mopes, complains, and is curt with her friends. Later in the day, Danya goes to volunteer at a local homeless shelter. Why would she do this?

She knows that helping others will make her feel better.

Which of the following is true regarding the correlation between altruism and one's subjective well-being?

The correlation can be expressed as a functional relationship

. One day you are out biking on a relatively deserted trail. You see a fellow cyclist on the side of the trail with the bike's wheels in the air. When will you be most likely to help?

When you know a great deal about bikes and work at a bicycle repair shop

Which of the following types of aggression could be considered prosocial behavior?

a) A parent requires a child to study for many hours and not go to a party the night before a test.

Janelle wants to begin hosting her own podcast focused on community events. She will need some money to purchase recording equipment and create a small studio in her house. She is thinking of reaching out to other community members to ask for their financial support. Which of the following websites should Janelle use?

a) Kickstarter

Ron and Elaine are walking down the street when they see someone helping an old man across the road. On the next block, they see a woman having difficulty in trying to get across the street. Elaine says, "We'd better give her a hand." The woman who initially helped the old man ________.

acted as a prosocial model

In an emergency, a helpful bystander can increase the helpfulness of others because the bystander serves as a social ________.

c) model

People who feel isolated from a particular group are experiencing ________ exclusion

b) social

. At school, Carl falls down the stairs and badly sprains his ankle. When will Carl most likely receive help?

before school starts when only one other student is in the hallway

Which of the following best describes prosocial behavior and aggression

c) They have overlapping features.

Donna knows that the upper management at her office values workers who go above and beyond their roles. After thinking about the best way to do this, Donna decides to take a stronger mentoring approach to new hires, providing them with as much assistance as possible. She also sets up a monthly soup kitchen that is sponsored by the company and will feed some of the city's homeless. Donna's actions can be explained by the ________

competitive altruism approach

David sees a homeless person and thinks that "this guy has no one to blame but himself." Thus, David appears to believe that this homeless man's misfortunes are ________.

controllable

While walking down Madison Avenue, Thomas smelled smoke. Soon, Thomas saw flames leaping out of a third story apartment window. In a flash, Thomas saw another man run into the burning building and emerge, only a minute later, with a young girl in his arms. Witnessing this made Thomas feel hopeful about humans and our ability to help each other. Thomas felt ________

elation

Patty, a manager of a small team at a publishing house in New York City, wanted to surprise her hardworking team members with a random act of kindness. Near the end of the workday on Friday, Patty went around to each team member's desk and said that they needed to meet in the conference room for an urgent meeting. When the team members arrived, they found wine, cheese, and crackers, and each person's face brightened with happiness. Patty felt wonderful seeing the happiness on her staff's faces. Patty's motivation can be explained by the ________.

empathic joy hypothesis

Steven sees an emergency and then his empathy is aroused; he then provides help simply because the victim needed help and it felt good to provide help. This example illustrates the ________.

empathy- altruism hypothesis

5. A New York City taxi cab driver once intervened and stopped what he perceived to be a mugging in progress—even though it actually was a group of actors performing a scene for a television sketch. The taxi driver probably intervened due to ________.

his feelings of empathy

. Marian, who is wearing a distinctive and pleasant perfume, has dropped all of the contents of her purse and is in need of assistance. The fact that she is wearing perfume should ________.

increase her likelihood of receiving help

Gillian and Evelyn go out to dinner and, for no reason, Evelyn decides to pay the full bill rather than split the bill. Gillian is likely to feel

indebted and make future plans to repay this kindness

3. On his walk to work, Marlon witnessed a pedestrian get hit by a bus. The man survived but was badly injured, and witnessing this made Marlon very upset. Near his office, Marlon saw a homeless man, and Marlon gave the man 20 dollars, an action he had never done before. Marlon's behavior can be explained by the ________ model

negative-state relief

Your friend Gretchen is notoriously rude to her partner. She never says anything nice or complimentary and frequently embarrasses her partner in front of others. Gretchen calls and leaves a very distressed message for you letting you know that her partner has dumped her and she really needs someone to talk to about it. Will you call Gretchen back?

no, because you feel Gretchen is responsible for her own predicament

Allen is running late for his social psychology class. He is hurrying across campus and is thinking about the instructor's reaction to his tardiness on an exam day. He passed by a small group of students clustered around someone who is lying on the ground, clutching his chest and gasping for breath. Allen did not stop to help because he simply was not aware of what was happening at the time. This failure to engage in prosocial behavior was probably due to Allen's ________.

not paying attention to the situation

Jason is the owner of a furniture store in a small Southern town. He donated several hundred mattresses to the Red Cross immediately after hearing about the devastation caused in a neighboring state by a hurricane. He was motivated to do so by his desire to help others, by thoughts of the income tax deduction he could take, and by the recognition his store would receive from his act of charity. This is an example of ________

pro-behavior

Jenny has been a member of a sorority for 2 years. Recently, though, she was kicked out of the sorority due to her failing grades. In her view, membership in this exclusive club was critical to her self-worth, and after being kicked out, Jenny felt isolated and very unhappy. A few days ago, Jenny was walking to class and saw Rachel, one of her former sorority sisters, fall down a few steps and twist her ankle. Jenny walked by Rachel and didn't offer to help. Jenny's behavior is likely a result of ________.

social exclusion

. Walter has just watched the news of Hurricane Irene, including an interview with a man who is standing in knee-deep water in his basement. Walter decides to go to the store and on his way sees a stranded motorist. The empathy-altruism model predicts that Walter will ________.

stop and try to help because he can understand how it feels to be stranded

Two aspects of empathy are ________ and ________.

taking another`s perspective; sympathizing with another person

Suppose Roger, a religious fundamentalist, is told that three individuals—a gay man, an unwed mother, and a college student—are in need of aid due to employment problems. Roger would be MOST likely to believe that aid should go to ________.

the college student

. While walking through Central Park, Mark sees a man being attacked and mugged. There are many people around the scene, and many of these people are holding phones. Mark is concerned for the man but ultimately does nothing. Mark's actions can be explained by the concept of ________.

the diffusion of responsibility

A professor, two students, and the president of the student government are all on an elevator. When one of the students passes out, who is most likely to be seen as having the responsibility to help?

the professor

Which of the following explains why a positive mood can decrease the probability of responding in prosocial ways?

Being in a good mood can lead us to interpret emergency situations as not really serious.

Frank is a young musician who sometimes earns extra money by playing guitar on a downtown street corner during lunch hour. He sometimes puts a dollar and a few coins in his open guitar case before he starts playing. Frank does this because he ________.

Believes the presence of money will act as a model for prosocial behavior for his audience

Tina comes home from work to find her roommate, Katie, resting on the couch. Katie has a fever and says she hasn't been able to eat anything all day. Tina notices dark circles beneath Katie's eyes, and Katie says that she had problems sleeping yesterday. Tina offers to call her father, who is a doctor, to get his advice, but Katie asks Tina not to, saying that she'll be fine. Tina is extremely worried though, and once Katie falls asleep, Tina rushes into another room to call her father. Which component of empathy is Tina displaying

Empathic concern

Which inherent neurological system allows most people to experience what others are experiencing automatically?

Mirror neurons

. Many of the neighbors in a community are part of a neighborhood watch group on Facebook. One day during working hours, each group member receives an alert on their phone that says "Urgent help needed. Two children are stuck in a tree at the park and cannot climb down." Which of the following people will be the most likely to leave his or her workplace to help?

Arnold, a general physician

Raphael helps Lisa carry her groceries up the stairs. Lisa comes by 15 minutes later and says, "Thank you. The frozen food would have melted if you hadn't helped me." Because of her response to his help, Raphael is motivated to help others later. This scenario is MOST consistent with the ________

Empathic joy hypothesis

Greta has been a practicing lawyer for 10 years and Linda has been a practicing medical doctor for 10 years. Who is most likely to volunteer her time to an organization she cares deeply about

Linda, because she bills by procedure and doesn't think of her time in economic ways.

. Walter has just watched the news of Hurricane Irene, including an interview with a man who is standing in knee-deep water in his basement. Walter decides to go to the store, and on his way sees a stranded motorist. The negative state relief model predicts that Walter will ________.

Stop and try to help in order to alleviate his own negative feelings

. Karen knows that her neighbors often struggle to make ends meet. She sometimes offers to babysit for free because she can easily afford to do so and feels good that she can help in this small way. This example most clearly illustrates ________.

The empathetic joy hypothesis

. Wayne and Cheryl were at a restaurant eating dinner when he noticed a faint smell of smoke coming from the air conditioning vent. No one else in the busy restaurant seemed to be concerned about the odor, and Wayne was not sure if it was the result of an electrical problem or of food scorching in the kitchen. Wayne's uncertainty, combined with the observation that others were not taking action, means that Wayne will probably ________

not take any action in the situation

. Samantha is watching a movie on TV. The story is about a young boy who had lost his brother in a traffic accident. Samantha says that she knows just how the boy feels and even guesses many of the character's lines before he says them. This situation illustrates the type of perspective taking involved with ________.

Feeling empathy for- and identifying with- a fictional character

Jenny, a 5-year-old child, may be MOST likely to exhibit helping behavior after playing ________ video game.

a prosocial