PSY
lesbian
a female homosexual
male leaders
More task-oriented, autocratic/directive style, more likely to view themselves as effective
unconditioned stimulus
A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
survey
A study, generally in the form of an interview or questionnaire, that provides researchers with information about how people think and act.
associative learning
Every time Martin opens the cabinet door where he stores his dog's treats, his dog begins to bark in anticipation of getting a treat. This is an example of:
STIs
Evidence from Thailand suggests that the use of condoms virtually eliminates the incidence of bacterial _________.
peripheral nervous system
the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development
(1) Trust vs. Mistrust; (2) Autonomy vs. Shame; (3) Initiative vs. Guilt; (4) Industry vs. Inferiority; (5) Identity vs. Confusion; (6) Intimacy vs. Isolation; (7) Generativity vs. Self-absorption; (8) Integrity vs. Despair.
female leaders
-More relationship-oriented behaviors -Democratic or participative style -Viewed as being more effective by peers, managers, direct reports -Viewed as more cohesive, cooperative, learning-oriented
Piaget's stages of cognitive development
1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational
Harry Harlow
1905-1981; Field: development; Contributions: realized that touch is preferred in development; Studies: Rhesus monkeys, studied attachment of infant monkeys (wire mothers v. cloth mothers)
classical conditioning and operant conditioning
2 types of associative learning
Kohlberg's stages of moral development
6 identifiable developmental stages of moral reasoning which form the basis of ethical behavior, the pre-conventional (level 1) contains the first stage (obedience and punishment orientation and second stage (self-interest orientation)), the conventional (level 2) contains the third stage (interpersonal accord and conformity) and fourth stage (authority and social-order maintaining orientation) the post-convential (level 3) contains the 5th stage (social contract orientation) and 6th stage (universal ethical principles)
parietal lobe
A brain tumor has slowly robbed Mr. Schneider of his ability to recognize objects by touch. The tumor is probably centered in his ________.
role
A college instructor is expected to teach classes, assess students' work, and advise students. These expectations are part of a college instructor's:
DNA
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
epinephrine, norepinephrine.
A firefighter wakes in the middle of the night to the sound of an alarm. It is likely that her adrenal gland(s) are releasing the hormones _______ and ______
epinephrine, norepinephrine
A firefighter wakes in the middle of the night to the sound of an alarm. It is likely that her adrenal glands have released: ____________and _________________.
Melatonin
A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness.
Glutamate
A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory
melatonin
A manufacturing company installs bright lights in a plant in which many employees work the 11 P.M. to 7 A.M. shift. The lights simulate morning sun, helping the suprachiasmatic nucleus to reduce the production of the sleep-inducing hormone called:
social relationships
A multitude of social interactions, regulated by social norms, between two or more people
EEG
A neuroscientist asks a human participant to extend her leg at the knee. ______ recordings of the participant's brain activity should show increased activity from the scalp over the frontal lobe.
dopamine
A neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain's pleasure and reward system.
frontal lobe
A noted politician miraculously survives a gunshot to the head. Following his recovery, however, his personality was radically altered, and his planning and decision-making skills were impaired. The injury apparently damaged the politician's ______.
amygdala
A person who has difficulty recognizing emotional responses in others following a head injury most likely suffered damage to the
males
A psychologist has a limited budget for research, so she needs to focus on a small sample of individuals who are the most likely to develop alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder. Given what we know about gender differences, which group would the researcher choose? a group of adult _________
frontal lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement
parietal lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch.
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
A researcher is conducting a series of brain scans by using radio waves to briefly disrupt the activity in participants' brains as they complete decision-making tasks. The researcher is using _________________ to examine the brain's activity.
preconventional
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, the majority of children younger than age nine have a _______________ morality.
Erik Erikson
According to ____________, older adults can most effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of integrity.
survey
According to the textbook, "a study of 2035 married people found that couples who reported being in a deeply committed relationship before having sex also reported greater relationship satisfaction and stability." With respect to the research methods discussed in Chapter 1, this study is an example of a:
trillions
According to the textbook, there are ____________ of synapses in the brain.
parasympathetic nervous system
After a satisfying evening meal, Callum relaxes in front of the television. This situation involves the action of the __________________nervous system.
cerebellum
After suffering an accidental brain injury, Kira has difficulty walking in a smooth, coordinated manner. It is likely that she has suffered damage to her:
cerebellum
After suffering an accidental brain injury, Kylie has difficulty walking in a smooth, coordinated manner. It is likely that she has suffered damage to her
prenatal
Amanda is pregnant. Her baby's intestinal system is beginning to develop. The baby is in the embryo stage of ___________ development.
biological psychologist
Alison has developed an interest in how the brain controls the body's voluntary action. You suggest that she become a(n)
Beryl and Callie are middle-aged, whereas Allan is not.
Allan is 35. Beryl is 50. Callie is 63. Which of these individuals is middle-aged?
Developmental Psychology
An introductory psychology student expresses an interest in growth and change during childhood and adolescence. Which psychology course should they consider taking next semester?
active
Arden's heart rate and respiration are slowing, and her digestion is facilitated. Her parasympathetic nervous system has become
asexual
Ariel is NOT sexually attracted to either men or women. Ariel is:
hormones
Carrie's boss tells her some disturbing news, but a phone call from her spouse distracts her. After she gets off the phone, Carrie has a lingering feeling that something is not quite right, but she cannot pinpoint what it is. It is likely that Carrie is reacting to the continued effect of:
3, 1 to 2
Based on recent research, approximately ___ percent of men, and _____ percent of women of people in Europe and the United States are exclusively homosexual.
gender schema theory
Because he believes that crying is a feminine trait, 14-year-old George has difficulty admitting that a movie makes him tearful. His experience BEST illustrates dynamics highlighted by:
preconventional morality
Before age 9, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward. First level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior.
8
Beginning at around _____ months, children may greet strangers by crying and reaching for their familiar caregivers.
an electroencephalograph (EEG)
Brent is taking part in an experiment in a cognitive neuroscience lab. Silently, he reads rapid sequences of words flashed on a computer screen. The electrical activity of his brain is simultaneously recorded through skull electrodes. The technique used in this study is:
peripheral nervous system
Caffeine increases activity not only in the brain, but also in the branch of the nervous system serving the body. This branch is called the:
social relationships
Compared with males, females are MORE likely to base their need to belong on their:
Genes
DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.
operant conditioning
Dan wanted to train his dog, Rocket, to come to him when called. Every time Dan called Rocket and he came, Dan would give him a treat and pet him. Soon Rocket would come every time he was called. Which type of learning is Dan using?
Developmental Psychology
Danielle is consulting her college's course catalog. The description of one psychology course begins, "This course surveys growth and change across the life span in physical, cognitive, and social domains." This course is MOST likely titled:
conventional
David is 13-years old and is telling his mother that she should not drive too fast and make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____________ morality.
difficult temperament
Deirdre is a fussy baby. She does not seem to eat or sleep on a fixed schedule. She is extremely active, and she gets upset easily. Deirdre likely has a(n)
temperament
Developmental psychologists have found that one's general level of emotional excitability, called __________, remains fairly constant from childhood into adulthood.
evolutionary psychologist
Dr. Chan argues that, although gay men are less likely to reproduce than straight men, the genetic basis of male homosexuality persists because gay men enhance the survival of such kin as nieces and nephews by providing additional child care and financial resources. Dr. Chan is MOST likely a(n)
$155,000
Dr. Donaldson is a physician. His annual salary is approximately $215,000, which is very nearly average for a male physician. His colleague Dr. Yan is female; she earns the average salary for a female physician. Dr. Yan's salary is approximately:
evolutionary psychologist
Dr. Endsley suggests that the increasing problem of obesity in Western cultures might be attributable to our inherited predisposition to love the taste of sweets and fats. Although these foods were difficult for our ancestors to find, they helped them to survive famines. Now these foods are easily available, and Westerners are eating too much of them. Dr. Endsley is MOST likely a(n)
developmental
Dr. Grove studies how obesity rates change from childhood through old age. Dr. Grove is MOST likely a _____________ psychologist.
developmental
Dr. Murphy studies a group of schoolchildren and follows their progress through college. Dr. Murphy is MOST likely a ___________ psychologist.
selective attention
Drivers detect traffic signals more slowly if they are also talking on a cell phone. This BEST illustrates the impact of:
excitement
During the ___________phase, a woman's genital areas become engorged with blood, her vagina expands and secretes lubricant, and her breast and nipples may enlarge.
classical conditioning
Five-year-old Destiny is frightened by the noise thunder makes. Destiny associates lightning with thunder because lightning always precedes thunder. Thus, when Destiny sees lightning, she often cries in anticipation that she will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of:
frontal lobes
Five-year-old Ling is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to: neural networks sprouting in her _________________.
conservation
Five-year-old Otto complained to his mom that the pizza was not big enough. Otto's mom cut the pizza into smaller slices, thus making Otto happy, because he believed the pizza had become larger. Otto lacks the concept of:
conservation
Five-year-old twins Keith and Kevin each have 4 ounces of juice in their glasses. Keith's glass is tall and narrow, whereas Kevin's is shorter and wider. Kevin complains that Keith has more juice, revealing his lack of:
frontal lobes
Following a horrible injury to the _______ of his brain, Phineas Gage suffered from irritability and other distinct personality changes.
chromosomes
Genes make up DNA, which in turn make(s) up:
selective attention
Gerri ignores the sound of the television to focus on a telephone conversation. Gerri's experience BEST illustrates:
memory
Glutamate is MOST central to:
surrogate that the infant monkey preferred when it was startled.
Harry Harlow and his colleagues completed a number of studies in which baby macaque monkeys were raised with two artificial surrogate mothers. One of the mothers was made of wire, and the other was made of soft cloth. Either mother could provide food. Harlow was interested in which of the mothers the infant monkeys would seek out when they were startled or frightened. In these studies the dependent variable was the:
sensorimotor; preoperational
In Piaget's theory, grasping the notion of object permanence marks the transition from the _____ stage to the _____ stage.
classical conditioning
In ___________, the unconditioned stimulus naturally and automatically triggers a response.
prenatal
In ____________ development, the period of the zygote begins at conception.
classical conditioning
In _________________, the neutral stimulus elicits no response before conditioning begins.
Men
In a study on aggression, a group of college students are given an experimental task intended to be purposely frustrating. Then, the participants are given a task that forced them to administer (fake) electric shocks to another participant. Given what we know about gender differences and aggression, what should the research expect? _______will administer more painful electric shocks.
conditioned response (CR)
In classical conditioning, the learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus is called the:
inattentional blindness
In one study cited in the textbook, participants counted passes while watching a video of a basketball game (Neisser, 1979). The researchers recorded whether participants noticed a woman walk across the screen with an umbrella. This study was intended to demonstrate:
secure attachment
Infants use the mother as a home base from which to explore when all is well, but seek physical comfort and consolation from her if frightened or threatened
preconventional
Jarrell thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrell demonstrates a _____________ morality.
pneumonia
Jeannette is in her mid-seventies and she is in remarkably good health. If she were to worry about getting sick, she should probably worry most about:
observational learning
Jill is learning how to play tennis. For her first lesson, her instructor models serving and backhand returns while Jill patiently watches. Jill then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor. This concept describes how Jill is learning to play tennis.
stability and change
Juan Carlos' son was just arrested for setting the school's outdoor shed on fire. Juan Carlos and his wife admitted to the police that their son has always had an aggressive streak. This example represents:the stability side of the "__________________" developmental issue.
65
Late adulthood begins at age:
directive, democratic
Male leaders are to female leaders as __________ is to ______________.
avoid places where she usually smoked
Marcia is in therapy to get help in her efforts to stop smoking. Her therapist made a series of suggestions to help reduce her cravings. Which suggestion is based on Pavlov's research on classical conditioning? In order to reduce her cravings, she should:
40
Marcie is driving Adam to the airport. Adam is telling Marcie about some financial difficulties he is having. Periodically, he asks Marcie for her opinion. According to the textbook, attending to the conversation may decrease activity in the areas of Marcie's brain critical for safe driving by nearly __ percent.
postconventional
Mark believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates ___________morality.
classical conditioning
Marshall ate a hamburger he purchased from his favorite fast food restaurant. An hour later, his stomach became very upset and he spent the rest of the evening vomiting. A week later, he entered the restaurant and immediately became nauseous when he saw a hamburger. Marshall's nausea when he saw the hamburger is an example of:
False
Nadine, who is familiar with Harlow's work with monkeys, hears a television talk-show guest remark that "A baby's mother provides it with food, and that's the basis for attachment." Nadine immediately realizes this statement is True or False?
Epinephrine
Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also known as adrenaline.
zygote, embryo, fetus.
Nine months after conception, a baby girl named Tracy is born. The stages of her prenatal development, from first to last, were:
large
Nine-year-old Jared has one very good friend. The two boys spend a great deal of time playing one-on-one basketball, and often can be heard talking to each other about a wide range of personal topics. Compared with other boys his age, Jared's social behavior is: somewhat unusual because most boys his age typically play in _________ groups and do not engage in intimate discussion.
adrenal glands
People who engage in extreme sports often do so to feel the rush of epinephrine and norepinephrine. This hormone rush comes from the
narcolepsy
People with a sleep disorder called _____________experience periodic, overwhelming sleepiness.
dopamine
Popular actor Michael J. Fox lives with Parkinson's disease. His symptoms include shaking and trembling, signs of a deficiency of the neurotransmitter:
developmental
Research on how people change physically, mentally, and socially across the lifespan is MOST often conducted by ____________________ psychologists.
cerebral
Research with split-brain patients led Michael Gazzaniga to conclude that the left _____________ hemisphere typically constructs the theories people offer to explain their own behaviors.
unconditioned stimulus (US)
Researchers conditioned a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n):
Psychology
Ruben is reading the descriptions of some of the psychology courses in his college's course catalog. The description of one course reads in part, "A introduction to the processes whereby new and enduring behavior and information is acquired through experience." This course is MOST likely titled: "The __________ of Learning."
excitement
Sabrina's genital areas have become engorged with blood. Her vagina expands and secretes lubricant, as her breasts and nipples enlarge from her boyfriend's caresses. She is in the ____________phase of the sexual response cycle.
theory of mind.
Shelly's brother hid her favorite stuffed bear in another cabinet after Shelly had originally put the bear in her own toy chest. When she returns she is able to find the bear in the other cabinet where her brother had put it. This illustrates Shelly's development of:
homosexual
Someone who is attracted to the same sex.
both fingerprint ridge counts and relative finger length
Studies reveal that heterosexuals and homosexuals differ in:
preconventional
Susie does not eat cookies before dinner because her parents will send her to her room for the rest of the night. In Kohlberg's terms, Susie is at the ________________________ level of moral reasoning.
feedback system
The ______ involving the intimate connection of the nervous and endocrine systems begins with the brain and ends with the body and brain.
endocrine
The _________ system is made up of glands that secrete hormones.
somatic nervous
The _____________ system contains sensory and motor nerves.
assimilation
The ability to incorporate new information within existing mental representations of the world is called:
stimulus
any event or situation that evokes a response
psychology of learning
The science that deals with the mental process involved in acquiring knowledge, behavior, skills, or values.
prenatal
The second and third trimesters of pregnancy occur entirely within the fetal period of ______________ development.
evolutionary psychology
The study of how our behavior and mind have changed in adaptive ways over time due to natural selection.
secure attachment
Three-year-old Adam happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist's waiting room while his mother is in the room. However, if she briefly leaves and then returns, he will return periodically to her side for brief moments. Adam MOST clearly displays signs of:
unconscious
To most people the sexual abuse of a very young child is so emotionally repulsive that they immediately recognize it as immoral. This best illustrates that moral judgments may possibly reflect: ___________ decision making.
discrimination
Walter was bitten by a dog when he was 5 years old. To this day, he is fearful of dogs; however, he is not frightened of cats. This reaction BEST illustrates:
social learning theory
When 6-year-old Kyla imitates her mother, carefully wrapping and setting out presents for the holiday celebration, she is praised and given holiday cookies. Kyla's learning of gender-linked behaviors is best explained by:
classical conditioning
When Juan was a child, he was attacked by a swarm of hornets in his backyard. Now, every time he hears the sound of hornets, he immediately becomes frightened. This is an example of:
dendrite-cell body-axon-neural impulse (action potentials)-myelin sheath-terminal branches of axon
Which sequence accurately reflects the route followed by nerve impulses within a receiving neuron when it receives information from a sending neuron?
chromosome-DNA-gene
Which sequence correctly arranges the building blocks of life from largest and most inclusive to smallest and MOST specific?
role
Your neighbors have three children, and both parents work. Without fail, whenever there is a sick child in the family, the mother will stay home to care for the child because she is expected to do so. The mother is fulfilling a set of expectations called gender:
sympathetic nervous system
Your roommate wakes you from your peaceful slumber to tell you she heard a noise. As you slowly get up to investigate, your heart begins to race, your mouth is dry, and you begin to sweat. Clearly, your _______________has/have been activated.
Preoperational
_______________ children know that objects exist even when they are not visible. They can also: pretend that one object is another.
Classical and operant
__________conditioning involve learning through association, whereas observational learning involves learning through imitation.
biological psychology
a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior
developmental psychology
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
difficult temperament
a child's general responsiveness marked by a more negative mood, intense responses, slow adaptation to change, and irregular patterns of eating, sleeping, and elimination
electroencephalograph (EEG)
a device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp
classical conditioning
a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.
bisexual
a person who is sexually attracted to both sexes
role
a set of expectations associated with a particular social position.
sympathetic nervous system
a set of nerves that prepares the body for action in challenging or threatening situations
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
theory of mind
ability to reason about what other people know or believe
Bisexual
attracted to both sexes
homosexual
attracted to the same sex
feedback system
brain -> pituitary -> other glands -> hormones -> body and brain
Hormones
chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues
Erik Erikson
developed stages of human development that all humans go through eight developmental stages, each characterized by a challenging developmental crisis. Proposed five psychosocial stages build on Freud's theory, but added three adult stages
inattentional blindness
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
norepinephrine
helps control alertness and arousal; undersupply can depress mood
conditioned response
in classical conditioning, the response elicited by the conditioned stimulus
preoperational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
sensorimotor stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
fMRI (functional MRI)
is a functional neuroimaging procedure using MRI technology that measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow.
observational learning
learning by observing others; also called social learning
associative learning
learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).
prenatal development
period of development from conception until birth
conventional morality
second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior
unconscious decision making
sometimes our unconscious mind can be better at making a decision than our conscious mind
Cerebellum
the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance
cognitive learning
the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language
endocrine
the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
fetus
the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
embryo
the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
parasympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
somatic nervous system
the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles
zygote
the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
selective attention
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
sexual response cycle
the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
fight or flight response
the initial reaction of the body to stress during the alarm stage
conservation
the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
evolutionary psychology
the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
gender schema theory
the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly
Piaget
theorist that developed a series of stages in which an individual passes during cognitive development.
Kohlberg
theorist who claimed individuals went through a series of stages in the process of moral development.
postconventional morality
third level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the person's behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and that may be in disagreement with accepted social norms
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
Glutamate
too much can cause migraines and seizures.
amygdala
two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.
