PSY Ch 1-9&11

In a 2013 study, Horikawa et al. used brain imaging methods to investigate the content of participants' dreams. Which of the following results would lead the researchers to conclude that the content of a participant's dream included a house? Brain activity while the participant was awake responded more to images of houses than to images of people. Brain activity while the participant was asleep increased in a region of the brain associated with memories of houses. Brain activity while the participant was asleep was similar to the brain activity of other participants who reported houses in their dreams. Brain activity while the participant was asleep was similar to brain activity when the participant was awake and looking at an image of a house.

Brain activity while the participant was asleep was similar to brain activity when the participant was awake and looking at an image of a house.

Which specialized area of the brain is crucial to the production of speech? the thalamus the cerebellum the amygdala Broca's area

Broca's area

Which of the following statements about hypnosis is true? When hypnotized, a person experiences consciousness that is the same as sleeping. Hypnosis can change a person's pattern of brain activity. When hypnotized, a person is under the complete control of someone else. Hypnosis does not result in an altered state of consciousness.

Hypnosis can change a person's pattern of brain activity.

Which of the following best summarizes the main function(s) of your nervous system? It produces vital bodily fluids such as bile and regulates the body's secretion of these fluids. It regulates the oxygen in your blood, protects you from pain, and helps your body eliminate waste. It allows the right side of your brain to communicate with the left side of your brain. It allows you to receive sensory information, process it, and then respond to it.

It allows you to receive sensory information, process it, and then respond to it.

Which of the following is a potential drawback of using automatic processing? It makes us less likely to remember relevant details. It requires a lot of attention and effort. It makes us less able to focus attention on other things. It can only be used to learn complex tasks.

It makes us less likely to remember relevant details.

Which of the following is one way to determine if a piece of information can be trusted? There is no way to tell if a piece of information can be trusted. If you feel the information can be trusted and if it aligns with your opinion, then it is a fact. Locate the source of the claim while remaining skeptical of unreliable sources. Determine if the information can be trusted by asking your friends and peers.

Locate the source of the claim while remaining skeptical of unreliable sources.

Which of the following accurately describes how meditation affects brain function? Short-term practicing can lead to structural brain changes. Meditation and hypnosis affect brain function the same way. Meditation does not affect brain function. Long-term practicing can lead to structural brain changes.

Long-term practicing can lead to structural brain changes.

Odin is asleep when his neighbor starts banging on his window. Odin barely moves, and when he does finally wake up, he is confused and disoriented. Before he was awakened, Odin was most likely in ________ sleep. Stage N1 Stage N2 Stage N3 REM

Stage N3

Dr. Redbull conducts a study to determine whether her new energy drink helps college students perform better on math tests. She randomly assigns students to one of two groups: Group 1 receives her energy drink and Group 2 receives water. She then gives both groups a math test and compares the results. Which of the following is true about this study? This is a correlational study. Group 2 is the experimental group. Group 1 is the dependent variable and Group 2 is the independent variable. The independent variable is the type of drink the adolescents receive.

The independent variable is the type of drink the adolescents receive.

What do meditation and hypnosis have in common? They both enhance short-term memory. They both involve altered states of consciousness. They both occur in social contexts. They both promote physical health.

They both involve altered states of consciousness.

According to ________, culture dictates what people need to learn and the sorts of skills they need to develop. Greenberg You Answered Piaget Erikson Vygotsky

Vygotsky

The person who established the first psychology laboratory, an event that marked the beginning of experimental psychology, was Sigmund Freud. William James. Edward Titchener. Wilhelm Wundt.

Wilhelm Wundt.

An extensive study of just one person or a few people is characteristic of the scientific method. a case study. an experiment. a self-report.

a case study.

Paul is babysitting Pamela for the first time. When Pamela's mother leaves, Pamela cries. When her mother returns, Pamela reaches for her but then pushes her away. Paul assumes that Pamela has a(n) ________ attachment. anxious ambivalent secure avoidant

ambivalent

Which of the following brain structures plays an important role in how we respond to fearful things? hypothalamus thalamus hippocampus amygdala

amygdala

An enduring emotional connection is called assimilation. conservation. attachment. accommodation.

attachment.

Michael's father, Otto, often tells Michael: "You need to clean your room because I said so!" Otto does not explain to Michael why keeping his room clean is important, and he punishes Michael if he disobeys. This sounds like ________ parenting. permissive neglectful authoritative authoritarian

authoritarian

Which of the following types of infants seem to show little interest for their caregivers when they leave or return and are somewhat willing to explore an unfamiliar environment? avoidantly attached ambivalently attached insecurely attached securely attached

avoidantly attached

Helen keeps her new baby boy well fed and clean. However, she does not want to spoil him, so she does not hold him or touch him too much. After reading about Harry Harlow's research, Helen now knows that humans are intelligent and their young can thrive even without being held. humans cannot form true attachments until they are 18 to 24 months old. babies need to be touched and held in order to develop normally. infants prefer food more than comforting contact.

babies need to be touched and held in order to develop normally.

The part of the neuron that collects information from other neurons and integrates it is called the synapse. cell body. terminal button. axon.

cell body.

The spinal cord is part of the ________ nervous system. central peripheral somatic parasympathetic

central

Damage to what brain structure might cause problems with coordination and balance? temporal lobe amygdala hippocampus cerebellum

cerebellum.

What area of development relates to how we think, reason, and communicate? cultural physical socio-emotional cognitive

cognitive

One way to achieve an altered state of consciousness is by focusing your attention on one thing, like your pattern of breathing. A deep sense of tranquility can be achieved through this process of ________ meditation. concentrative hypnotic mindfulness transcendental

concentrative

Joey needs to use his fingers to add and subtract. He can also sort blocks according to both their shape and their color at the same time. Based on this information, you know that Joey is most likely in the ________ stage of development. preoperational formal operational concrete operational sensorimotor

concrete operational

"Who should have access to data collected in an experiment?" is a question associated with the ethical issue of confidentiality. deception. risk. informed consent.

confidentiality.

According to the textbook, the first step in thinking critically about a claim is considering the popularity of the source. considering whether the source of the information is believable. considering the evidence for the claim. considering the consensus opinion about the claim.

considering whether the source of the information is believable.

The brain structure that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex is called the temporal lobe. corpus callosum. somatosensory cortex. split brain.

corpus callosum.

A psychologist whose goal is to determine the strength of the relationship between two variables might conduct a(n) ________ study. independent correlational experimental descriptive

correlational

The shared beliefs, values, rules, and customs that exist within a group make up a person's civilization. community. culture. society.

culture.

During the reception phase of neural communication, the ________ will accept signals from presynaptic neurons. cell body dendrites myelin sheath axons

dendrites

Marco has great difficulty walking due to uncontrollable tremors and shakiness. His doctor told him that this was due to a decreasing amount of a neurotransmitter in his brain. Which neurotransmitter was the doctor talking about? epinephrine dopamine glutamate norepinephrine

dopamine

One central factor that contributes to the development of substance use disorder is ________ activity in the ________. dopamine; hindbrain serotonin; hindbrain dopamine; limbic system serotonin; limbic system

dopamine; limbic system

Lisa has problems sleeping, so she goes to a sleep clinic. At the clinic the researchers measure her brain's electrical activity as she sleeps by using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). electroencephalographs (EEGs). functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). phrenology.

electroencephalographs (EEGs).

The period between the end of physical growth and the completed transition to stable adult relationship and work patterns is known as germinal adulthood. emerging adulthood. the integrity versus despair crisis. the identity versus role confusion crisis.

emerging adulthood.

The purpose of an institutional review board is to analyze research data. ensure that proposed research is ethical. recruit research participants. make it more difficult to conduct research.

ensure that proposed research is ethical

Which of the following actions does NOT typically happen during sleep? controlling body movements analyzing danger finding comfortable body positions experiencing conscious awareness

experiencing conscious awareness

Insomnia is more frequently observed among ________, whereas sleep apnea is more common among ________. adolescents with anorexia nervosa; females with anxiety disorders females with anxiety disorders; elderly males with neurological deficits adolescents with anorexia nervosa; elderly males with neurological deficits females with anxiety disorders; middle-aged males with obesity

females with anxiety disorders; middle-aged males with obesity

When a neuron is sufficiently stimulated, it becomes an agonist. fires an action potential. achieves a resting state. becomes an antagonist.

fires an action potential.

Sally is playing outside with her brother Micah one day and wants to push him down after he takes her swing. Sally does not push Micah, however, because she predicts that she will be punished by getting no television privileges after dinner if she does. Sally is most likely in the ________ stage of development. formal operational preoperational concrete operational sensorimotor

formal operational

Rachel is about to retire from her successful job as a high school teacher. She has several grandchildren who are now in college, and she is excited about picking up some hobbies in her newfound free time. Erikson would argue that Rachel is most likely experiencing integrity. stagnation. intimacy. generativity.

generativity.

A research team finds that an experimental drug causes problems for prenatal development, but only if it is given within the first 20 days of pregnancy. What are the researchers worried that this will most likely affect? the length of gestation the baby's birth weight heart development fetal growth

heart development

Tanya looks back on her high school years with fondness because this was the first time she began to find others who dressed and acted like her and who held similar beliefs. Based on this information, Tanya recognizes how her identity was affected by her peers. her teachers. the media. her parents.

her peers.

According to Maguire and colleagues' study on the brain structures of London taxi drivers, which part of a taxi driver's brain is more likely to be larger than normal? cerebellum thalamus frontal lobe hippocampus

hippocampus

Which of the following terms refers to a specific, testable prediction? hypothesis correlation introspection theory

hypothesis

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, individuals experience the crisis of ________ during the adolescent years as they face the challenge of addressing questions about who they are. identity versus role confusion industry versus inferiority intimacy versus isolation initiative versus guilt

identity versus role confusion

What recent advances have helped psychologists better understand the functions of the brain? improved therapeutic techniques and methods better nutrition and greater access to improved medications improved brain imaging technology better access to psychiatric patients for research

improved brain imaging technology

In a study by Simons and Levin (1998), participants were asked for directions by a stranger. The stranger was then blocked momentarily by a large object and replaced by another person. Half the participants did not notice the change. This experiment demonstrated subliminal perception. inattentional blindness. automatic processing. unconscious processing.

inattentional blindness.

To be considered a stimulant, a drug must ________ mental activity and ________ physical activity. increase; decrease decrease; decrease decrease; increase increase; increase

increase; increase

The action of neurotransmitters is ________ by agonists and ________ by antagonists. increased; decreased increased; not affected decreased; increased not affected; decreased

increased; decreased

The variable that a researcher manipulates in an experiment is called the third variable. independent variable. dependent variable. experimental group.

independent variable.

Joe is nearing the end of his life. He reflects on his past, focusing on the fact that he has spent his whole adult life working long hours at his job. As a result, he is struggling to decide whether his life has been well lived. Joe is most likely experiencing the ________ stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. trust versus mistrust integrity versus despair generativity versus stagnation intimacy versus isolation

integrity versus despair

Studying psychological processes from the viewpoint of two or more domains can provide richer understanding. For this reason, we say that the domains are interconnected. elaborated. disconnected. mutually exclusive.

interconnected.

Sampson is a physician who sees many elderly patients. He is likely to notice decreases in their cognitive functioning in all of the following ways EXCEPT knowledge of basic facts. perceptual sensitivity. the time it takes to learn information. memory capacity.

knowledge of basic facts.

Sasha, who is 13 years old, has a hard time getting along with her siblings because she often feels emotional and acts irrationally. She knows that she overreacts to their teasing, but she cannot help it. Sasha's feelings are most likely due to activation in her limbic system. temporal cortex. prefrontal cortex. hippocampus.

limbic system.

Eva is chronically sleep deprived. She will most likely experience all of the following EXCEPT increased anxiety. loss of appetite and weight loss. reduced short-term memory. microsleeps during daytime.

loss of appetite and weight loss.

Brain imaging research indicates that most behavior is driven by specific areas of the brain. many brain regions working together. genetic influences. neurons in the hippocampus.

many brain regions working together.

The idea that the activity of neurons in the brain produces consciousness is called dualism. consolidation theory. materialism. dissociation theory.

materialism.

Basic survival functions such as heart rate are controlled by the hindbrain structure called the medulla. thalamus. cerebellum. hippocampus.

medulla.

One part of the neuron covers and protects it much like insulation protects water pipes from freezing in winter. In a neuron this protective covering is called the axon. myelin sheath. terminal button. dendrite.

myelin sheath.

Occasionally, Jessie will fall asleep at inappropriate times, for example, in the middle of talking to a customer at work. Based on this information, Jessie might be experiencing REM behavior disorder. sleep apnea. narcolepsy. somnambulism.

narcolepsy.

The human body's nervous system is built from billions of nerve cells, which are called neurotransmitters. cell bodies. axons. neurons.

neurons.

Chemical substances that carry messages from one neuron to the next are called agonists. hormones. antagonists. neurotransmitters.

neurotransmitters.

Luis, who is 11 months old, watches as his mother comes in and goes out of his bedroom while she is putting away laundry. Luis does not get upset when his mother leaves the room and seems to know that his mother is still in the house even if he cannot see her. Luis is demonstrating which of the following? goal-directed behavior object permanence assimilation reflexes

object permanence

As a part of her research, Vonciel sits at a traffic light and observes drivers' behaviors. Her study sounds like a(n) self-report. experiment. correlational study. observational study.

observational study.

Liam conducts research in a kindergarten classroom by observing and coding boys' and girls' acts of kindness. After reviewing the results, Liam finds that he likely showed ________ by consistently considering the girls' behavior to indicate more kindness. deception observer bias participant bias reactivity

observer bias

Visual information is primarily processed in the ________ lobes of the cerebral cortex. frontal occipital temporal parietal

occipital

Consciousness is best defined as one's subjective experiences of the external world and one's internal mental activity. moving from a state of sleep to a state of wakefulness. processing of sensory information without full awareness. one's ability to objectively pay attention to important information.

one's subjective experiences of the external world and one's internal mental activity.

The precise way in which a researcher defines and measures a variable is known as the independent variable. operational definition. theory. hypothesis.

operational definition.

Informed consent means that participants' information must be kept strictly confidential. a research study has been reviewed and approved by a group of reviewers based on ethical standards. participants must be told about a research study and allowed to choose whether they would like to participate. a researcher is not permitted to observe people in public places without their knowledge.

participants must be told about a research study and allowed to choose whether they would like to participate.

REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because the person's brain is asleep, but the person's body is active. person is not really asleep. person's body is asleep but the person's brain is active. person has no awareness of being asleep.

person's body is asleep but the person's brain is active.

Penelope has been drinking coffee for the past 10 years. She says she needs the caffeine just to get through the day. Today she has not had any coffee, and she has a severe headache, fatigue, and shakiness. Penelope is most likely ________ dependent on caffeine. socially behaviorally psychologically physically

physically

The brain area that releases melatonin is the hippocampus. superchiasmatic nucleus. substantia nigra. pineal gland.

pineal gland.

Sodium ions are ________ charged and flow into a neuron to ________ the likelihood the neuron will produce an action potential. negatively; increase positively; increase negatively; decrease positively; decrease

positively; increase

Zac has been studying for his biology final all day, but he is still having trouble remembering all the terms he will need to know to pass the exam. Which of the following will give him the best chance of success? going to bed and then getting up early to practice practicing during the day, getting a full night of sleep, and then practicing again in the morning staying up all night to practice but making sure he gets plenty of sleep the next night staying awake and practicing until he is confident he knows all the terms

practicing during the day, getting a full night of sleep, and then practicing again in the morning

A child is playing at the beach. She pours an equal amount of sand into both a short, fat container and a tall, thin container. When asked which container holds more sand, the child points to the tall, thin container. This response suggests that she is most likely in the ________ stage of cognitive development. preoperational formal operational sensorimotor concrete operational

preoperational

Amy enjoys shopping online and feels happy every time she buys something new. One month, she buys too much and cannot pay her rent. Even though she worries about losing her home, Amy makes herself feel better by shopping some more. Amy has developed a(n) physical dependence. altered state of consciousness. psychological dependence. tolerance.

psychological dependence.

The hypothalamus is a brain structure that is important in regulating emotions. synthesizing incoming information. thinking. regulating bodily functions.

regulating bodily functions.

When determining whether a research project is ethical, researchers and the institutional review board consider the ________ as part of the mandate to protect participants from harm. deception quotient amount of money offered for participation risk/benefit ratio potential stress component

risk/benefit ratio

Which style of attachment, shown by 60-65 percent of infants, indicates that they are readily comforted by the caregiver during times of distress and are comfortable playing in an unfamiliar environment as long as the caregiver is present? insecure avoidant ambivalent secure

secure

Rosita sits in a crowded coffeehouse to study. She focuses on reading her textbook while using noise-canceling headphones to shut out the sounds of others around her. Rosita is engaging in repeated practice. connecting. elaboration. selective attention.

selective attention.

Investigators who are interested in studying attitudes and want to gain a lot of information very quickly are likely to use a case study. self-reports. an experiment. observation.

self-reports.

If you want to increase the production of melatonin, you should go for a walk at sunset. sit in a completely dark room. go outside during the day. sit under a bright light.

sit in a completely dark room.

Changes in how we understand ourselves, interact with others, and experience and regulate emotions are part of what area of development? physical cognitive cultural socio-emotional

socio-emotional

The site where communication occurs between neurons through the release of chemicals is called the dendrite. axon. cell body. synapse.

synapse.

Critical thinking is best defined as thinking that criticizes others' opinions. systematically evaluates information. uses inferences but does not solve problems. is open-minded and creative.

systematically evaluates information.

Auditory information is processed in the ________ lobes of the cerebral cortex. frontal parietal temporal occipital

temporal

Julia is pregnant and she wants to stay healthy throughout her pregnancy. Since her house is old, she has it checked for lead paint because she is afraid of the effect of what on the fetus? infections premature birth nature teratogens

teratogens

Information travels from our sensory receptors to the ________ in the brain, which relays it to the cortex. hippocampus hypothalamus thalamus cerebellum

thalamus

The minimum amount of change required for a person to detect a difference between two stimuli is referred to as the absolute threshold. transduction. the difference threshold. the signal detection limit.

the difference threshold.

Dr. Osmond is a developmental psychologist who studies adulthood. Which of the following is he most likely to research? peer relationships within cliques the mental effects of stagnation the physical effects of teratogens the development of object permanence

the mental effects of stagnation

Circadian rhythms can best be described as the changes that occur in wakefulness after jet lag and shift work. heartbeats that trigger a change in blood circulation. the regulation of biological cycles into regular, daily patterns. the time between sunrise and sunset, which determines sleep patterns.

the regulation of biological cycles into regular, daily patterns.

Which of the following is the best definition of psychology? the analysis of the mind and its unconscious thoughts the study of thoughts, social interactions, and emotions the study of the brain and its inner function the study of mental activity and behavior based on brain processes

the study of mental activity and behavior based on brain processes

In correlational studies, it is always possible that an unmeasured factor is responsible for the relationship that is observed. This complication is known as the third variable problem. the directionality problem. researcher bias. observer bias.

the third variable problem.

By age 4, children understand that someone with hurt feelings might like a hug. This shows the development of theory of mind. preconventional. conservation. assimilation.

theory of mind.

A set of interconnected ideas that psychologists use to explain prior research findings and make predictions about the future is called a hypothesis. theory. replication. literature review.

theory.

In the nervous system, the job of the axons is to ________ other neurons. detect information from integrate information from release neurotransmitters to transmit action potentials to

transmit action potentials to

The purpose of psychology is to help us to respond to the world around us. verify personal beliefs. understand and predict human behavior. interpret memories, thoughts, and dreams.

understand and predict human behavior.

The part of the brain associated with ________ is not fully developed until the ________. storing memories; mid-20s understanding the self; mid-20s understanding the self, mid-teens storing memories, mid-teens

understanding the self; mid-20s

Which of the following is most likely an example of an automatic process? walking down the sidewalk learning how to drive in snowy weather taking a difficult test threading a tiny needle for the first time

walking down the sidewalk