PSY ch 10
Ability
refers to your competence in an activity
Enterprising
financial planner, judge, lawyer, management trainee, operations manager, project director, sales manager, urban planner
begin by
focusing on yourself generate alternative solutions Gather and assess information about the alternatives generated weigh and prioritize your alternatives make a decision and formulate a plan carry out a decision get feedback
Deciding on a career involves
integrating the realities of the internal and external worlds
disadvantages of focusing on a particular occupation too soon
interest patterns are often not sufficiently reliable or stable in high school or sometimes in college years to predict job success or satisfaction
Deriving satisfaction from work and recreation
is very imortant
As with life-span stages, different factors emerge therefore
it could well be a mistake to think about selecting one occupation that will last a lifetime
the process of actively choosing a career involves
making an assessment of your personal interests, needs, values, abilities and then matching your personal characteristics with occupational information and trends in the world of work
You can consider your present job or field of study as
means of gaining experience and opening doors to new posibilities
Conventional types
value accuracy, honesty, persistence, order are well organized and practical enjoy clerical and computational activities that follow set procedures are dependable, efficient, and conscientious enjoy the security of belonging to groups and organizations and make good team members are status-conscious but usually do not aspire to high positions of leadership are most comfortable when they know what is expected of them tend to be conservative and traditional usually, conform to expected standards and follow the lead of those in positions of authority, with whom they identify like to work indoors in pleasant surroundings and place value on material comforts and possessions are self-controlled and low-key in expressing their feelings avoid intense personal relationships in favor of more casual ones are most comfortable among people they know well like for things to go as planned and prefer not to change routines
Artistic types
value beauty, self-expression, imagination, creativity are creative, expressive, original, intuitive, unconventional, individualistic like to be different and strive to stand out from the crowd like to express their personalities by creating new and different things with words, music, materials, and physical expression like acting and dancing want attention and praise but sensitive to criticism tend to be uninhibited and nonconforming in dress, speech, and action prefer to work without supervision are impulsive in outlook place great value on beauty and aesthetic qualities tend to be emotional and complicated prefer abstract tasks and unstructured situations find it difficult to function well in highly ordered and systematic situations seek acceptance and approval from others but often find close interpersonal relationships so stressful that they avoid them compensate for their resulting feelings of estrangement or alienation by relating to others primarily indirectly through art tend to be introspective enjoy creative work in music, writing, performance, sculpture
investigative type
value inventiveness, accuracy, achievement, independence are naturally curious, inquisitive, precise, analytical, reserved need to understand, explain, and predict what goes on around them are scholarly and scientific and tend to be pessimistic and critical about nonscientific, simplistic, or supernatural explanations tend to be engrossed in whatever they are doing and may appear oblivious to everything else are independent and like to work alone prefer neither to supervise others or be supervised are theoretical and analytic in outlook and find abstract and ambiguous problems and situations challenging are original and creative and often find it difficult to accept traditional attitudes and values avoid highly structured situations with externally imposed rules but are themselves internally well disciplined, precise, and systematic have confidence in their intellectual abilities but often feel inadequate in social situations tend to lack leadership and persuasive skills tend to be reserved and formal in interpersonal relationships are not typically expressive emotionally and may not be considered friendly
Realistic type
value nature, common sense, honesty, practicality are attracted to outdoor, mechanical, and physical activities, hobbies, and occupations like to work with things, objects, and animals rather than ideas, data, and people tend to have mechanical and athletic abilities like to construct, shape, and restructure and repair things around them like to use equipment and machinery and to see tangible results are persistent and industrious builders but seldom creative and original, preferring familiar methods and established patterns tend to think of terms in absolutes, dislike ambiguity, and prefer not to deal with abstract, theoretical, philosophical issues are materialistic, traditional, and conservative do not have strong interpersonal and verbal skills and are often uncomfortable in situations in which attention is centered on them tend to find it difficult to express their feelings and may be regaurded as shy
Social types
value service to others, fairness, understanding, empathy are friendly, warm, trusting, generous, enthusiastic, outgoing, cooperative enjoy the company of other people like helping and facilitating roles like teacher, mediator, advisor, or counselor express themselves well and are persuasive in interpersonal relationships like attention and enjoy being at or near the center of the group are idealistic, sensitive, and conscientious about life and in dealings with others like to deal with philosophical issues such as the nature and purpose of life, religion, and morality dislike working with machines or data and at highly organized, routine, and repetitive tasks get along well with others and find it natural to express emotions are tactful in relating to others and are considered to be kind, supportive, and caring enjoy working with others and tend to prefer team approaches
Enterprising types
value success, status, power, responsibility, initiative are outgoing, self-confident, assertive, persuasive, adventurous, ambitious, optimistic like to organize, direct, manage, and control the activities of groups toward personal or organizational goals Like to feel in control and responsible for making things happen are energetic and enthusiastic in initiating and supervising activities like to influence others enjoy social gatherings and like to associate with well-known and influential people like to travel and explore and often have exciting and expensive hobbies see themselves as popular tend to dislike activities requiring scientific abilities and systematic and theoretical thinking avoid activities that require attention to detail and a set routine enjoy leading, selling, motivating, persuading others, producing a great deal of work
Recreation is derived from
Re-create which means to restore, to refresh, to put new life into and create a new
in career planning, primary, consideration is given in assessing interests in three steps
1. discover your areas of interest 2. identify occupations in your interest areas 3. determine which occupations correspond to your abilities and aptitudes
Holland identified
6 worker personality types realistic investigative artistic social enterprising conventional
The fast pace of social and technological change is forcing people to adapt to
A changing world of work
Machiavellianism
A personality characteristic that predisposes an individual to manipulate and exploit others to maximize his or her own self-intrests
Peterson and gonzalez pointed out that
US workers must take advantage of the diversity that exists within our country to remain competitive in the global workplace for economic reasons if not for moral ones
Artistic
Advertising executive, architect, author, english teacher, film editor, interior designer, musician, photographer
Aptitude tests
Are designed to measure the specific skills needed to acquire certain proficiencies
Conventional
accountant, bookkeeper, building inspector, editorial assistant, investment analyst, mortage processor, payroll clerk, website editor
Personality types According to John Holland
People are attracted to a particular career by their unique personalities.
Motivation and achievement ~
Setting goals is at the core of the process of deciding on a vocation. If you have goals but do not have the energy and persistence to pursue them, your goals will not be met. Your need to achieve along with your achievements to date are related to your motivation to translate goals into action plans. In thinking about your career choices, identify those areas where your drive is the greatest.Also, reflect on specific achievements.
Robert lock emphasizes the importance of
actively choosing a career
Attitudes about occupations
We develop our attitudes toward the status of occupations by learning from the people in our enviroment.
Values
Your values indicate what is important to you and what you want from life. It is important to assess, identify and clarify your values so you will be able to choose a career that enables you to achieve what you value.
Work is
a broad concept that refers to something you do because you want to
It may be more fruitful to
a general type of work or a broad field of endevorthat appeals to you
Unemployment is
a reality that can erode self-esteem
Making a career choice is
a very personal matter
occupations represent
a way of life
John Hollands theory of career decision making
based on the assumption that career choices are an expression of our values and personality
Attitudes that are key to finding success
assuming responsibility for the future be committed to life-long learning viewing the future with vision and creativity be able to tolerate uncertainty viewing change as both positive and neccessary
realistic
carpenter, cook, electrician, industrial arts teacher, materials engineer, mechanical engineer, metal shop supervisor, paramedic
Investigative
chemical engineer, computer programmer, drafter, laboratory assistant, pharmacist, surgeon, system analyst, vetrinarian
Robert Lock
choosing an occupation is not easy. Externally, the working world is constantly changing; internally, your expectations, needs, motivations, values and intrests may change
When you begin to gather information about occupations
consider the nature of the work, rewards of the job, challenges you may need to face, job entry requirements, monetary aspects, opportunities for advancement, intrinsic job satisfaction, security, future outlook
Schlossberg five retirement paths
continuers adventurers searchers easy gliders recreators
social
counselor, elementary school teacher, employee relations specialist, nurse, occupational therapist, personal manager, police officer, a political scientist
Leisure
free time leisure gives us a respite from the responsibilities of work helps relieve work stress and re-focuses our work perspective
Abusive supervision can
have a deleterious impact on both the attitudes and behaviours of its victims
How you approach your post-secondary education is a good gauge of
how you will approach your career
The changing workforce and changing workplace have
implications for career decision making
Career development researchers have found that
most people go through a series of stages when choosing an occupation
Hollands (SDS) self-direct search
most widely used inventory
factors that determine occupational decisions
motivation and achievement attitudes about occupations abilities and aptitudes interests values self-concept
Factors that have been shown to be important in the occupational decision-making process include
motivation and achievement; attitudes about occupations; abillities and aptitudes; interests; values; self concept; temperment and personality styles; socioeconomic level; parental influence; ethnic identity;gender; and physical, mental, emotional, and social disabilities
People entering the workforce
need to have more than specific knowledge and skills; they need to be able to adapt to change
Chamberlain and Hodson three types of toxic working conditions
occupational organizational interpersonal
self-concept
people with poor, self-concept are not likely to envision themselves in a meaningful or important job. They are likely to keep their aspirations low, and thus their achievements will probably be low.
Harris, Harvey and Both conducted research
personality and situational variables that contribute to coworker abuse. their research showed that employees who view the world through a negative lens are likely to take their frustrations on co-workers
work values
pertain to what you hope to accomplish through your role in an occupation. work values are an important aspect of your total value system, and identifying what brings meaning to your life is crucial if you hope to find a career that has personal value for you.
Erickson calls for
psychological moratorium during adolescence
A moratorium can
reduce the pressure of having to make key life choices without sufficient data
Holland believes that
the choice of an occupation should reflect the person's motivation, knowledge, personality and abillity
Interest inventories are useful tools because
the results can help you compare your interests with those of others who have found job satisfaction. these inventories are not designed to predict job success but to give some indication of job satisfaction
Zunker emphasizes that
throughout the 21st century increasing numbers of women will enter the workplace, and the workplace will be more culturally diverse
Children are often asked what are you going to be when you grow up. embedded in this question is the implication that
we have not grown up until we have decided to be something
Work is fulfilling when
you feel you are being compensated adequately, when you feel valued for your contributions, and when you like what you are doing
Interests
your interests reflect your experiences or ideas pertaining to work=related activities that you like or dislike
your decisions about work are part of a developmental process and
your jobs may change as you change or may lead to related occupations within your chosen field
career can be thought of as
your lifes work
job is
your position of employment within an occupation
occupation is
your vocation, profession, business, or trade
