PSY Ch. 11

The Implicit Association Task (IAT) used in research, which records participants' reaction times to categorizing objects, is measuring what type of attitude?

Implicit

The _______ is a computer-based test that measures the degree to which you associate particular groups of people with specific characteristics or attributes & is based on the assumption that people can sort images & words more easily when concepts seem to match or go together.

Implicit Association Test

Anything that draws 2 or more people together is called

attraction

Calvin is interested in measuring his schools willingness to do volunteer work around the community. He sent out a self-report survey that asks students to directly fill out their ______ attitudes on the topic.

explicit

social psychologists define the need to belong as the desire to

form & maintain close, lasting relationships with other individuals

people naturally use mental "shortcuts" to simplify their social world. these shortcuts are known as:

heuristics

When we want to be correct but are uncertain or doubt our own judgment, we may look to the group as a source of accurate information. This tenancy is referred to as:

informational social influence

Imagine that as you stand in the checkout line of the cafeteria, several people ahead of you in line put loose change in a charitable donation box. According to your readings, which of the following is accurate?

it is quite probable that you will also make a donation

Standards that are established by society regarding what type of behaviors are typical or expected are known as _________

norms

attitude(s) is (are) defined as:

opinions, feelings, & beliefs about a person, concept, or group

In costal psychology, the tendency for people to be less likely to offer help when they are in the presence of others than when they are not is known as:

pluralistic ignorance

________ is defined as a negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific group.

prejudice

Real estate agents promoting a new recreational development offer a free breakfast & the opportunity to win a trip to Hawaii for attending a short sales promotion meeting. It would appear they are using the __________ persuasion technique.

rule of reciprocity

The mental frameworks we hold about traits & behaviors associated with different types of people are called:

schemas

Collectively, ______ refers to the mental processes people use to make sense of their social environment.

social cognition

social psychology focuses on a broad range of topics. 2 key research areas in social psychology are:

social cognition & attitudes

Social psychology focuses on a broad range of topics. 2 key research areas in social psychology are:

social cognition & social influence

one of the topics of key interest to social psychologists is:

social cognition, which is concerned with how people think about other people & how people think about the social world in general

what is the difference between stereotyping & prejudice?

social psychologists consider stereotyping a shortcut to judgment made to navigate social situations or to make decisions; while prejudice refers to how a person feels about an individual based on the person's group membership.

The phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress is called:

the bystander effect

Sharon decided to morph images of different faces into a composite of "average faces." Sharon begins with 4 faces that she combined in pairs to make 2 new faces. Then, she combined the 2 faces into a final, single composite face. Which of the following, on average, would be *most* attractive?

the final, single composite face

The tendency for people to perceive ambiguous actions by others as evidence of hostility is known as:

the hostile attribution bias

compared to personality, clinical, & psychodynamic psychologists, social psychologists are more likely to attempt to explain a person's behavior by looking to

the immediate situation that the person is in

The term schema refers to:

the mental framework, or "mental blueprint," of the various people, objects, situations, & events we encounter in our daily lives.

which of the following is the best example of "cognition"?

thinking it is a good day to go to the beach

when psychologists talk about "cognitions," they are typically referring to

thought, beliefs, or attitudes

what is the "halo effect?"

when people associate attractiveness with a variety of positive traits, such as being more sociable, intelligent, competent, & healthy, they are demonstrating the "halo effect"

as a rule, social psychologists are primarily interested in

"normal" adult human beings

______ is a person's general belief about a group of people &, once activated, may guide judgments outside of conscious awareness

A stereotype

which of the following statements is *most* accurate regarding the references that people show for physically attractive people?

Adults, children, & even babies seem to show such preferences across a variety of circumstances.

While reading a magazine, Juan notices an advertisement for tennis shoes. Juan is very interested in reading about the materials the shoes are made out of & logically concludes the tennis shoes would be a good purchase. Juan was likely in which persuasion route?

Central

During a job interview, the person being interviewed will often mirror the interviewer's behavior. This can be explained by what concept?

Chameleon effect

_____ refers t the phenomenon in which the presence of other people makes it less likely that any individual will help someone in distress because the obligation to intervene is shared among all onlookers.

Diffusion of responsibility

Oscar would like to go to a movie without supervision. to try & get what he wants, he starts by asking his mom if he can go on a trip to the Rollercoaster Park with just his friends. When his mm says no, like he predicted, he goes on to ask if he can at least go to the movies with his friends. Oscar's strategy in asking to go to the movies is an example o what persuasion trick?

Door in the face

The peripheral route to persuasion takes advantage of "trigger features" that activate sequential behavior in animals & humans. What is this sequence of behavior called?

Fixed action patterns

Exposing participants to weak arguments before presenting them with strong persuasive messages helps participants resist persuasion. What is this effect called?

Inoculation

Asch's study on conformity, where participants had to make line-judgments, can be best explained by what concept?

Normative influence

Hammond has just started working at a new job stacking items at the supermarket. He notices that most of his colleagues do stretching exercises before they begin their shift. Hammond assumes that this is a workplace regulation and also begins to do the stretching exercises. Which of the following concepts explains Hammond's behavior?

Normative influence

there are a number of problems associated with stereotyped thinking. Which of the following is one of those problems?

Once formed, stereotypes are very hard to change

Physically attractive people experience many benefits in life. Particularly, more physically attractive people have an easier time persuading others. Which characteristic is an example of why this occurs?

Physically attractive people are perceived as having higher moral character.

Tracey enters a car dealership interested in buying a new car. Immediately she is greeted by a sales representative offering her water or soda & a cookie. The sales representative is likely relying on what social norm to persuade Tracy to buy a car?

Reciprocity

Walking down the street, Areanna is approached by a police officer. the police officer encourages Areanna to be a Good Samaritan & put money in a parking meter that is about to expire on a stranger's car. What factors might lead Areanna to obey this police officer's request & put money in the parking meter?

She views the police officer as an authority figure

Suppose you volunteered to take part in a psychology experiment to earn extra credit for your psychology class. The experiment was one that studies obedience, & you are asked to deliver aversive (unpleasant) consequences to another student. Based upon what you know about the forces that influence a subject to continue obeying an experimenter's orders, which of the following reactions is most likely?

Since you volunteered to participate in the experiment (& receive extra credit), it is likely that you will have the mental expectation to obey the experimenter.

The social psychologist who is best known for his controversial series of studies investigating obedience to authority is:

Stanley Milgram

________ is defined as a cluster of characteristics that are associated with all members of a specific social group, often including qualities that are related to the objective criteria that define the group.

Stereotype

Elsa purchased outdoor concert tickets about 2 months ago. Today is the concert, but it is raining out, meaning Elsa would have to purchase rain gear if she still wants to go. Why is Elsa still likely to be persuaded to attend the concert?

Sunk costs

Imagine you are purchasing a new computer. When you are unsure of your decisions, the salesperson says to you: "If you buy this computer system today, I'll throw in a larger hard drive & a couple of computer games. Have we got a deal?" The salesperson appears to be using which technique to persuade you?

That's-not-all

Which of the following is/are relevant in person perception?

Your reactions to others are determined by your perception of them, not by who or what they "really" are; You evaluate people partly in terms of how you expect them to react in the given situation; Your self-perception influences how you perceive others & how you act on your perceptions.

Mario helps Martin with the singular goal of increasing Martin's well-being. Mario expects nothing from Martin in return. Mario is engaging in

altruistic helping

Giving up or at least adjusting your opinions, judgments, or behaviors so they match the opinions, judgments, or behaviors of other people is referred to as:

conformity

There is a cognitive basis to prejudice & often an emotional component as well. when prejudice is displayed behaviorally, it is called:

discrimination

Lest weekend, Victor helped his sister move into her new apartment. He didn't really feel like helping her, but he wanted to put her "in his debt" cease he is planning to ask her if he can stay at her place for a couple of weeks. Victor was engaging in

egoistic helping

Altruistic helping is motivated by ______ & the end goal is to ______

empathy, reduce others' distress