psy ch 19
List Elisabeth Kübler-Ross' five stages of dying in order from beginning to end, with the first stage at the top. Instructions
1. denial and isolation 2. anger 3. bargaining 4. depression 5. acceptance
According to recent research, children as young as ______ understand the irreversibility of death and that it involves a cessation of mental and physical functioning.
4 to 5
True or false: Middle-aged adults think about and talk about death more than individuals in other age groups.
False
True or false: People of all ages can understand that death is irreversible and final.
False
___________ ___________ is the view that our aging society is being unfair to its younger members because older adults pile up advantages by receiving a large allocation of resources.
Generational inequality
Cremation is most popular in
Japan and other Asian countries.
Which of the following people is LEAST likely to live in more poverty than the others?
Robert, a 70-year-old white male
Carol has terminal cancer. She has read that eating certain foods has been found to prolong a person's life. Therefore she spends a great deal of time preparing meals for herself. She was given six months to live but has now exceeded that time. She owes it to her diet and perseverance. What can we expect of Carol's demeanor?
She will most likely be more alert and cheerful.
The diverse grieving patterns that people display are culturally embedded practices.
True
True or false: A common occurrence is for family members to go over again and again all of the events that led up to the death as a part of the grieving process.
True
True or false: Among the Hopi of Arizona, the deceased are forgotten as quickly as possible and life carries on as usual.
True
Those who provide care are increasingly interested in helping people experience
a "good death."
Making sense of the world becomes more important when the loss is a result of which of the following?
a disaster violence such as an accident, homicide, or suicide
Examples of disenfranchised grief include which of the following?
a relationship that isn't socially recognized such as an ex-spouse a hidden loss like an abortion circumstances of the death that are stigmatized such as death because of AIDS
Monica is an adult who has been asked what she would do if she only had six months to live. She responds that she would travel to Italy, go sky-diving, and volunteer at the Salvation Army. Based on studies evaluating attitudes toward death in adulthood, Monica is most likely to be
a younger adult.
According to a recent research review, the dual process model ______ the bereavement experience.
accurately represents
As compared to other cultures, children in the United States
are not exposed to death.
Which of the following have been identified as meaning-making processes that bereaved parents go through?
benefit finding continuing bonds identity reconstruction sense making
In general, respect for older adults is greater in ______ cultures.
collectivistic
Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of dying according to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross' stages of dying?
contemplation
In _________ the model of social relations, individuals go through life embedded in a personal network of individuals to whom they give and from whom they receive social support.
convoy
Census data suggests that the overall number of older adults living in poverty has ______ since the 1960s.
declined
What is the most beneficial type of communication one can have with a dying person?
discussions regarding the strengths of the individual and preparation for the remainder of life
When an individual's grief over a deceased person is a socially ambiguous loss that cannot be openly mourned it is called
disenfranchised grief.
In the ______ model of coping, effective coping with bereavement often involves an oscillation between coping with loss and coping with restoration.
dual-process
Which of the following refers to a model of coping with bereavement that emphasizes oscillation between two dimensions: (1) loss-oriented stressors, and (2) restoration-oriented stressors?
dual-process model
The emotional numbness, disbelief, separation anxiety, despair, sadness, and loneliness that accompany the loss of someone we love is best described as
grief
Which of the following are ways older adults are often perceived?
incapable of enjoying sex incapable of learning new things incapable of thinking clearly
According to research, widowed individuals were more likely to ______ their religious and spiritual beliefs following the death of a spouse.
intensify
Communication with someone who is dying should be directed toward
internal growth.
Positive and negative reappraisals of one's loss are associated with ___________ -oriented stressors in the dual-process model of coping.
loss
When a death is caused by an accident or a disaster, the effort to ______ is pursued more vigorously.
make sense of it
Which of the following has NOT been found to be an outcome for a person who has lost a spouse or intimate partner?
mental clarity
Individuals with which personality trait are more likely to experience complicated grief?
neuroticism
Prolonged grief disorder is more prevalent among ______ individuals.
older
Kevin is an adult who has been asked what he would want to accomplish if he had only six months to live. He says he'd spend his time meditating and contemplating the meaning of his life. Kevin is most likely in what phase of the life span?
older adulthood
Which pattern of aging characterizes people who show more decline than average?
pathological
What has been found to help dying individuals become more alert and cheerful?
perceived control
What type of emotional reactions can be expected after the sudden accidental death of a child?
post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms grief that is more intense and prolonged than a death that is not unexpected sleep disturbances, nightmares, and other symptoms of trauma
Psychologists prefer to describe Kübler-Ross' stages as ______ to dying.
potential reactions
Which of the following is a funeral trend in the United States?
private funerals followed by a memorial ceremony
Travis is experiencing the loss of his brother who died from cancer 18 months ago. He has reported feeling a numbness, believes that the future does not hold anything for him without his brother, and cannot move on from the loss. Of which of the following might Travis be suffering?
prolonged grief disorder
When someone close to them dies, young children most need
reassurance that they are loved and will not be abandoned.
Which of the following are perceived negative social pressures regarding the late-adulthood decision to remarry?
rejection by adult children raised eyebrows
Which part of the dual-process model of coping with bereavement involves helping the survivor master new skills such as learning how to do routine home maintenance?
restoration-oriented stressors
Which of the following are part of the dual-process model of coping with bereavement?
restoration-oriented stressors loss-oriented stressors
Higher levels of __________ integration are linked with lower risk of depression in older adults.
social
The convoy model of social relations is best described as a personal network of individuals to whom one gives and from whom one receives ______ support.
social
When a person reports financial loss, loneliness, increased physical illness, and a psychological disorder such as depression after a loss, one could assume that the person who died was the person's
spouse
Which of the following deaths typically would be LEAST likely to result in an intense and prolonged grieving process for the survivors, due to its nature?
the death of a grandparent from a serious disease
What has been found to reduce depressive symptoms and enhance self-efficacy in widows and widowers following the loss of a spouse?
volunteer work
Which of the following reactions have been found to follow after the death of a loved one?
yearning pining separation anxiety
Which time period during adulthood sees the highest rate of dying from accidents?
young adulthood
About how long after the death of a loved one do most people start to accept their loss as a reality, become more optimistic about the future, and function more competently in their everyday lives?
6 months
What percentage of survivors still have difficulty six months after the loss of a loved one and report difficulty moving on with their lives?
7 to 10 percent
What percentage of survivors experience normal grief reactions?
80 to 90 percent
Which of the following statements is true regarding cultural diversity in healthy grieving?
All cultures have unique reactions to the deceased
______ theory states that the more participatory and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives.
Activity
___________ can play an adaptive role by insulating a dying individual against intense feelings of anger and hurt, but it can also function as a maladaptive strategy.
Denial
Which of the following statements best reflects the role of denial in the lives of individuals approaching death?
Denial is an adaptive strategy because it allows a person to delay dealing with impending death, which can help avoid shock.
Which of the following are arguments that critics present against the funeral industry?
Embalming is a grotesque practice. Funeral directors are focused more on making money than on providing closure.
Prolonged grief disorder is classified as a psychiatric disorder according to the DSM-V.
False
Which of the following statements is true regarding the grief reactions of individuals experiencing the loss of a loved one?
Many grieving spouses report that they have never gotten over the loss; they just learned to live with it.
Which of the following is a reason that older adults are more likely to accept death?
Older adults are less likely to have unfinished business.
Which of the following statements accurately reflects how psychologists today utilize Kubler-Ross' five stages of dying?
The stages are typically used not as stages but as potential reactions to dying.
Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the views of grieving across cultures?
There is no right, ideal way to grieve; each culture grieves differently.
Which of the following is an argument that supporters present for holding funerals and other community events to remember the deceased?
They provide a form of closure for family members of the deceased.
A cross-sectional study showed that persons ________ years of age invested their time in work, friends, family, and independence, in that order.
25 to 34
Which cultural group typically tries to avoid and/or deny death?
Americans
Which of the following are accurate statements about the influence of attachment in old age?
Attachment security is linked to competence in daily life in older adults. Avoidant attachment declines across the life span. Anxious attachment is lower for older adults than middle-aged adults.
Which two statements summarize the controversy regarding what experts argue should be the correct definition of brain death?
Death of higher cortical functioning should be sufficient for a brain death finding because those functions equal the "human being." Death of both the higher and lower portions of the brain should be necessary for a brain death determination.
Higher-SES non-Latino White parents are more likely than immigrant Mexican American parents to talk about death with their children.
False
Older adults are more likely to receive help than to provide help.
False
True or false: Experts believe that selective narrowing of social interactions is an unhealthy reaction to aging.
False
True or false: The increase in longevity has led to remarkable innovations and adaptations in science, technology, and behavior.
False
Which of the following statements is true regarding divorce in later adulthood?
It can weaken kinship ties, especially in the case of older men.
Which of the following statements is consistent with the death system in the United States?
It is common to reach adulthood without having seen someone die.
As a whole, which of the following are most likely to feel life satisfaction in old age?
Latino immigrants
Which of the following populations are at particular risk for poverty in late adulthood?
Latinos African Americans
Lucille signed a living will when she was 65 years old and in good health. It stated that she wanted no extraordinary medical procedures to be used if doctors determined she would not recover. She was conscious of the ramifications of her decision. At the age of 85 she had a stroke in her brain stem and could no longer breathe for herself or take in food. Doctors determined that she would not recover respiration or digestion. Which of the following would be true in Lucille's case?
Lucille could be given sedatives and pain medications but should not be put on a ventilator or given a feeding tube.
Which of the following statements is consistent with the experiences that many dying individuals face near the time of death?
Many health care professionals have not been trained to provide adequate end-of-life care.
Monique's mother has recently passed away, and Monique needs to talk to her 5-year-old son about his grandmother's death. Which of the following strategies would a psychologist most likely suggest?
Monique should be honest with her son about his grandmother's death and answer any questions he might have.
Which of the following is true about emotion in late adulthood?
Older adults are better at ignoring negative information and remembering positive information.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the causes of death for young, middle, and older adults?
Older adults often die as a result of diseases that incapacitate before they kill.
Which of the following statements best describe the findings of research into the role of friendship in the lives of older adults?
Older individuals with close ties to friends had increased longevity. The death of a spouse may be a catalyst for finding new friends.
Which of the following factors are likely to predict whether a culture accords a position of high status to older adults?
Older persons are permitted to engage in useful functions as long as possible. The extended family is a common family arrangement in the culture. Older persons control key family resources.
Which of the following factors are likely to predict whether a culture accords a position of high status to older adults?
Older persons have valuable knowledge. Older adults are integrated into extended families.
Which statements are true of older adults' use of the internet?
One of older adults' main reasons for using the internet is communicating with family and friends. One concern is making sure that people find accurate information online. Older adults are the fastest-growing segment of internet users.
Which of the following are accurate according to results of studies of the influence of the Big Five personality factors in the lives of older adults?
Openness to experience declines prior to death in older adults. Higher neuroticism is associated with depression.
Which of the following statements is true regarding living wills and advance directives?
People can state in a living will that they want to have all possible life sustaining procedures performed.
Which of the following statements captures the reality of the death system in developing nations such as India and in parts of Africa?
Poverty, illness, and conflict make death impossible to deny as a daily reality.
Which statements about older adults and their children are true?
Research on the emotional quality of parent-child relationships has shown mixed results. Adult children are an important part of their parents' social network.
Which statements are true of gender roles in late adulthood? (Choose every correct answer.)
Research on this topic is particularly sensitive to cohort effects. Men typically become more feminine with age.
Which statement is true when evaluating the experiences that dying individuals face?
Scientific advances have made dying prolonged and complicated.
Michael is an 80-year-old man who gets together with his friends over coffee every Friday morning. Their conversations typically revolve around friends who have died, what they have accomplished in their lives, and talking about funerals. In general, why do they do this when they did not talk this way when they were in their fifties?
Some of his friends are more likely to have lost a spouse. The talk helps Michael and his friends accept death. The subject of death has taken on an appropriateness it lacked in earlier years.
Which of the following statements is most accurate with regard to attitudes toward death?
The ages of children and adults influence the way they experience and think about death.
What does the activity theory state?
The more active and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives.
In which of the following ways are older adults discriminated against?
They're not hired for new jobs. They're shunned socially. They're eased out of old jobs.
True or false: The same factors traditionally associated with divorce in younger adults are also likely to occur in older adults.
True
Match the age range (on the left) to the most common personal life investments (on the right) for that age range. 25 to 34 years of age 35 to 54 70 to 84 85 to 105 years of age
Work and friendship are more important than family. Family becomes more important than friends. Health becomes a top personal life investment for the first time. Very little change occurs in personal investments. Health becomes most important.
Which of the following is NOT identified as a component of a "good death"?
a hospital setting
Which of the following is NOT a component of the death system as described by Robert Kastenbaum?
actions
Thomas is an 88-year-old man with incurable cancer. He has been given approximately one month to live. He is suffering with intense pain and has asked that he be aided in taking a lethal dose of a medication to end his life. Thomas is asking for
active euthanasia.
Which of the following may be a part of advance care planning?
advance directive POLST living will
What is the "double jeopardy" faced by elder ethnic minority individuals in the United States?
ageism and racism
In older adults it has been found that self control plays a role in which of the following?
better quality of life decreased depression less obesity
According to Laura Carstensen, the major challenge to increased longevity is
changing a world constructed mainly for young people.
According to Laura Carstensen, an expert in aging, what do older adults prefer?
close friends over new friends
Selective optimization with ______ theory states that older adults can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to the tasks they want to master.
compensation
Which of the following are risk factors for declining self-esteem in late adulthood?
declines in health widowhood being institutionalized
Which of the following examples is NOT consistent with how the American culture denies death?
disbelief in the afterlife
The personal dimensions of life review may unfold in such a way that the pieces ______ the older adult.
do or do not make sense to
Gloria is an older woman who lives alone and doesn't go out often. She rarely has visitors. What is she at risk for?
early death
Because they place a high value on ______, older adults spend more time with familiar individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships.
emotional satisfaction
Which of the following is NOT a goal of hospice?
ensuring that the patient remains in the hospital
Which of the following do ethnic minorities rely on to help cope with the stress and discrimination in their lives?
extended families church
Compared with younger adults, older adults experience
fewer emotional highs and lows.
Divorce later in life often results in which of the following?
financial worries weakened kinship ties more health problems
______ is the view that our aging society is being unfair to its younger members because older adults pile up advantages by receiving a large allocation of resources.
generational inequity
Resolving regrets in older adults has been related to
greater life satisfaction.
Researchers have found that older adults with children
have more contact with their families.
In an analysis of many cultures, which of the following factors were found to be important to living the "good life" as an older adult?
health kinship/support security
Which behaviors have been linked to health benefits for older adults?
helping others
Some experts believe that death should be declared once (higher/lower) portions of the brain have ceased to function even though breathing and heart rate may continue.
higher
A program committed to making the end of life as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible is referred to as
hospice
Which of the following have led to an increase in remarriage by older adults?
increased longevity better health rising divorce rates
Which of these are benefits of volunteering in late adulthood?
increasing life expectancy providing a sense of meaningfulness social integration
The extent to which individuals are involved in social exchanges with others and feel a sense of belonging in these social contexts is referred to as social
integration
What is the eighth stage of Erikson's life-span theory, which takes place during late adulthood, called?
integrity versus despair
Adults experiencing the approach of the end of life and feeling depressed about the outcomes of their life would be in which of Erikson's stages of development?
integrity vs. despair
According to Erikson's theory, if retrospective glances and reminiscences reveal a picture of a life well spent, an older adult will feel satisfied. Erikson refers to this as
integrity.
Judy reminisces about when her children were young. She reveals to her daughter that she often felt tired and discouraged during those times. Seeing her children as parents helps Judy to realize that she was and is a good mother. This is an aspect of Judy's...
life review.
Research related to how attachment influences the lives of aging adults is
limited
Which of the following was NOT found to be among the important factors in living "the good life" as an older adult?
material wealth
Realistic and accurate perceptions of death, such as understanding that its cause is biological in nature, develop in
middle and late childhood.
Which age group is most likely to die from chronic diseases, such as heart disease and cancer?
older adults
Which group contains the fastest-growing segment of Internet users?
older adults
Selective _____________ with compensation theory states that older adults can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to tasks they want to master. (Watch your spelling!)
optimization
Abigail has incurable lung cancer. Her lungs no longer have the capacity to function without the aid of a respirator. She wants to be sedated and to have her respirator turned off. What has Abigail requested?
passive euthanasia
Almost half of the volunteering efforts of older adults are done on behalf of services provided by
religious organizations.
What is it called when an individual discusses past activities and experiences with another individual or group?
reminiscence therapy
A recent study with older adults coping with adverse situations showed that instrumental reminiscence therapy improved which of the following?
resilience adaptive ability
Although older adults are aware of age-related losses, most still effectively maintain a sense of
self-control.
People in later adulthood who display an active lifestyle, mental stimulation, positive coping skills, and social support are involved in ______ aging.
successful
The ___________ pattern of aging characterizes people who maintain their skills and health longer than average.
successful
Components such as people (clergy), places (Vietnam Memorial Wall), times (9/11/2001), objects (wearing black in mourning), and symbols (skull and crossbones) are all part of what Robert Kastenbaum calls
the death system.
According to research, adult daughters are ______ adult sons to give parents assistance with daily living activities.
three times more likely than
Female ethnic minority older adults may face what could be described as ______: ageism, sexism, and racism.
triple jeopardy
Older adults with negative affect don't live as long as those with more positive affect.
true
Which of the following has been linked to higher self-esteem in older adults?
varied interests
Older (men/women) are much more likely to live in poverty than older (men/women).
women men