psy ch 5

Salivating at the presentation of food is an example of Multiple Choice latent learning. a learned response. a reflex. insight learning.

a reflex.

Which neurotransmitter has been shown to be most closely associated with reinforcement of behaviors? Multiple Choice serotonin dopamine epinephrine acetylcholine

dopamine

Latent learning is Multiple Choice learning that is not demonstrated until one is motivated to perform the behavior. based on insight. highly susceptible to extinction. best explained by the concept of instinctive drift.

learning that is not demonstrated until one is motivated to perform the behavior.

In order for observational learning to take place, the person must Multiple Choice pay attention to the model's behavior. reflect about the model's behavior. associate the model's behavior with a reward. act instinctually.

pay attention to the model's behavior.

Any situation that involves learning Multiple Choice requires some relatively permanent change to occur. requires a great deal of effort. involves conscious determination. is relatively automatic.

requires some relatively permanent change to occur. Correct

Which of the following is an example of instinctive drift? Multiple Choice A rat learns to run a maze for a cheese food reward instead of a peanut butter reward. A raccoon learns to play basketball in a swimming pool instead of a stream. A pigeon learns to guide a warhead to its target. A pig shoves an object on the ground instead of learning to carry it in its mouth.

A pig shoves an object on the ground instead of learning to carry it in its mouth.

Being exposed to other cultures and diversity promotes _____ learning. Multiple Choice insight latent instinctive unconscious

insight

In classical conditioning situations, the _____ connection is unlearned, but the _____ connection is learned. Multiple Choice US-CS; UR-CR US-UR; CS-CR UR-CR; US-CS CS-CR; US-UR

US-UR; CS-CR

The behavioral approach to learning defines learning in terms of Multiple Choice thoughts. wishes and fantasies. behavioral change. inner feelings.

behavioral change.

In John Watson's Little Albert experiment, the white rat was the ______ and the loud noise was the ______. Multiple Choice conditioned stimulus / unconditioned stimulus unconditioned stimulus / conditioned response conditioned response / conditioned stimulus unconditioned response / unconditioned stimulus

conditioned stimulus / unconditioned stimulus Correct

Which brain structure has been shown to be related to learning through reinforcement? Multiple Choice hippocampus nucleus accumbens occipital lobe thalamus

nucleus accumbens Correct

Taste aversion can be explained by Multiple Choice kinesthetic learning. operant learning. observational learning. preparedness.

preparedness.

Which is NOT a component of observational learning? Multiple Choice attention reinforcement punishment motor reproduction

punishment

Goal-directed behavior, such as getting to work on time, is considered Multiple Choice purposive behavior. insightful behavior. associative behavior. role modeling.

purposive behavior.

_____ refers to rewarding approximations of a desired behavior. Multiple Choice Generalization Extinction Contiguity shaping

shaping

Troy would like to teach his dog to play a toy piano. Since the dog is unlikely to spontaneously begin playing the piano, Troy first rewards his dog for going near the piano, then for touching the piano, then for pressing on one of the keys of the piano, and so on until the dog is able to play a simple tune. This process is called Multiple Choice habituation. adaptation. generalization. shaping.

shaping.

Robert had a serious car accident while Mozart was playing on his stereo. Now, every time Robert hears a Mozart song, he feels frightened and panicked. What is the unconditioned stimulus? Multiple Choice the car accident Robert's fear and anxiety music by Mozart driving in a car

the car accident Correct

In operant conditioning Multiple Choice the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the occurrence of the behavior. the consequences of behavior is the CR to environmental stimuli. behavior is controlled by the environment. behavior is a consequence of the CS.

the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the occurrence of the behavior.

When a child hears a loud noise, he cries. The family's dog often barks loudly. Each time the child sees the dog, he cries. What is the conditioned response? Multiple Choice the dog the loud noise the crying the barking

the crying Correct

A hitchhiker most likely gets rides on a _____ schedule of reinforcement. Multiple Choice continuous variable-ratio fixed-ratio fixed-interval

variable-ratio Correct

Which researcher is most often associated with observational learning? Multiple Choice Pavlov Skinner Bandura Watson

Bandura

Janice is trying to teach her dog to heel, so she buys a choke collar. Every time the dog strains on the leash, the collar restricts around his neck. When the dog drops back to walk beside her, the collar loosens up. In theory, this should cause the dog to learn to walk beside Janice. What type of consequence does the dog experience when he strains on the leash? Multiple Choice positive reinforcement negative reinforcement positive punishment negative punishment

positive punishment

Tamara normally feeds her cat canned cat food. She noticed that every time she uses her electric can opener, her cat comes to the kitchen. What is the conditioned stimulus? Multiple Choice the cat food the sound of the electric can opener the cat coming to the kitchen Tamara

the sound of the electric can opener Correct

Two students are in the same degree program at their college. Alison has a growth mindset, and Marissa has a fixed mindset. Based on this information, which one is more likely to succeed in her studies? Multiple Choice Marissa, because she has lower intelligence. Marissa, because she is more likely to give up when things become difficult. Alison, because she is more likely to focus on memorization when she studies. Alison, because will be more likely to take active steps to improve her skills and learn from mistakes.

Alison, because will be more likely to take active steps to improve her skills and learn from mistakes.

Learning Multiple Choice involves a systematic change. involves a relatively permanent change in behavior. is central to behaviorist theories. All of these.

All of these.

According to Bandura's model of observational learning, what are the four primary processes involved in observational learning? Multiple Choice Attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement Attention, retention, generalization, and discrimination Acquisition, extinction, generalization, and discrimination Unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response

Attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement Correct

Which of the following statements is correct? Multiple Choice Classical conditioning focuses on involuntary responses, while operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviors Classical conditioning is involved with negative outcomes, while operant conditioning is involved with positive outcomes. Extinction occurs in classical conditioning, but not in operant conditioning. Shaping occurs in classical conditioning, but not in operant conditioning.

Classical conditioning focuses on involuntary responses, while operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviors. Correct

A worker is paid $25 for every 20 wind chimes that she builds. On which schedule of reinforcement is she being paid? Multiple Choice Fixed-interval Variable-ratio Continuous-ratio Fixed-ratio

Fixed-ratio

Which of the following is the best example of a primary reinforcer? Multiple Choice Praise Money Food Attention

Food Correct

After seeing dogs catching Frisbees in the park, Lionel decides that he wants to teach his dog Ivan to do it too. He takes Ivan to the park and sits with him, making sure that he watches the other dogs successfully catching Frisbees. What technique is Lionel using on Ivan, and what are the chances for success? Multiple Choice He is using associative learning, and his chances for success are very good, because dogs and humans both learn this way. He is using operant conditioning, and his chances for success are very good, because dogs and humans both learn this way. He is using observational learning, and his chances for success are pretty bad, because dogs are not as likely as people to learn in this way. He is using classical conditioning, and his chances for success are pretty bad, because dogs are much less likely than people to learn in this way.

He is using observational learning, and his chances for success are pretty bad, because dogs are not as likely as people to learn in this way. Correct

Which one of the following statements is true about learning? Multiple Choice Learning can only be accomplished by higher-level species, such as mammals. Learning is not permanent. Learning occurs through experience. Learning processes in humans are distinct from learning processes in animals.

Learning occurs through experience. Correct

A supervisor comes into the workplace to check on her employees every hour and a half. An observer notices that the workers increase their work behavior about 10 minutes before the supervisor arrives and then decrease their work behavior after she leaves. What type of reinforcement schedule are the workers on? Multiple Choice a fixed-ratio schedule a variable-ratio schedule a fixed-interval schedule a variable-interval schedule

a fixed-interval schedule

Irinia's dog loves to go for walks, and she always puts a leash on him when they go out. The dog used to wag his tail as soon as they got outside, but now he wags his tail when she picks up the leash. The period of time in which the dog learned to associate the leash with walks is called Multiple Choice acquisition. generalization. habituation. persistence.

acquisition. Correct

A therapist may use _____ to help John identify rewards that may be encouraging his negative behavior. The goal of the therapy is to change John's behavior for the better. Multiple Choice fixed mindset observational learning latent learning applied behavior analysis

applied behavior analysis

Classical and operant conditioning are types of Multiple Choice associative learning. observational learning. social behavioral learning. biological learning.

associative learning.

Rebecca is making silly faces at Grace, her 5-month-old baby girl. Soon, Grace begins to try to make silly faces back to Rebecca. This illustrates the power of ____ in observational learning. Multiple Choice motor reproduction attention association biology

attention

Gavin recently went deep-sea fishing with some friends. Unfortunately, Gavin was extremely seasick the entire time he was on the boat, and now when he sees boats, he feels queasy. In this situation, the conditioned stimulus is the Multiple Choice sea. boat friend who invited Gavin. nausea.

boat. Correct

Recent research suggests that people view their lives to be more meaningful when they make systematic connections between reliable stimuli—when they can rely on connections in their lives. What type of associative learning best explains this research? Multiple Choice classical conditioning operant conditioning aversion learning discrimination

classical conditioning

Gavin recently went deep-sea fishing with some friends. Unfortunately, Gavin was extremely seasick the entire time he was on the boat, and now when he sees boats, he feels queasy. This is an example of Multiple Choice habituation. spontaneous recovery. discrimination. classical conditioning.

classical conditioning.

Lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it. Thus, when we see lightning, we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of Multiple Choice classical conditioning. observational learning. operant conditioning. stimulus experience.

classical conditioning.

A cat that associates the sound of a can opener with being fed has learned through Multiple Choice behaviorism. operant conditioning. classical conditioning observational learning.

classical conditioning. Correct

After Meg eats hamburger for the first time, she gets sick and vomits. The next time someone asks Meg if she wants a hamburger, she feels so nauseated she actually vomits. Meg has a Multiple Choice phobia. conditioned taste aversion. Correct shaped response. generalization.

conditioned taste aversion. Correct

Juan developed a fear of dogs after being attacked by one. His counselor helped him to overcome this fear by teaching him to relax in the presence of dogs. Eventually, he was no longer afraid of dogs. Which of the following processes occurred? Multiple Choice extinction spontaneous recovery discrimination counterconditioning

counterconditioning

We cannot learn something that we don't experience. Therefore, ____ plays a very important role in what we learn. Multiple Choice biology culture education health

culture

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer? Multiple Choice getting a high grade on a test being complimented on your clothes eating some delicious ice cream getting a promotion at work

eating some delicious ice cream Correct

You have trained your dog to bark on command by giving her rawhides when she is successful. However, you quit giving her the rawhides when she barks and you find that eventually she will not bark on command. What has occurred? Multiple Choice discrimination extinction counterconditioning secondary reinforcement

extinction Correct

Some people believe that their abilities cannot be changed. This is known as a(n) Multiple Choice fixed mindset. conditioned response. innate mindset. growth mindset.

fixed mindset. Correct

Mark's dog, Gus, sits whenever he says, "Sit." Mark now wants to teach Gus a new trick. He wants to teach him to bark each time he says, "Speak," but whenever Mark says, "Speak," Gus sits. The dog's behavior is an example of Multiple Choice generalization. habituation. contiguous occurrences. contingent occurrences.

generalization.

Robert developed a conditioned response of fear and anxiety to hearing music by Mozart. If he were to have the same response to any classical music, it would be called Multiple Choice acquisition. counterconditioning. spontaneous recovery. generalization.

generalization.

Irinia's dog loves to go for walks, and she always puts a leash on him when they go out. The dog used to wag his tail as soon as they got outside, but now he wags his tail when she picks up the leash. In this case, what is the unconditioned stimulus? Multiple Choice Irinia the leash going for a walk the wagging tail

going for a walk Correct

After studying a psychological concept for some time, Vatana still has not been able to grasp the concept. However, while she is driving to work, she has an "ah-ha!" moment and the concept finally makes complete sense to her. Vatana has experienced Multiple Choice insight learning. latent learning. observational learning. operant conditioning.

insight learning

Creative thinking, or thinking outside of the box, often results in Multiple Choice associative learning. latent learning. insight learning. none of these.

insight learning.

Shelly and Mike have done a good job training their cat Felix to not jump on the dinner table. However, jumping is a behavior that cats don't have to learn. As a result, sometimes Felix reverts to his old ways and jumps on the dinner table. The reason for the introduction of old behaviors is best explained by Multiple Choice instinctive drift. insight learning. latent learning. associative learning.

instinctive drift.

Behaviors tend to be MOST resistant to extinction when the reinforcement Multiple Choice is accompanied by punishment. occurs on a fixed-ratio schedule. is unpredictable. occurs after every response.

is unpredictable. Correct

The first day of a new job, you may find yourself walking around, gathering information about the "lay of the land." This behavior demonstrates that sometimes learning that is not necessarily reinforced occurs and may show up later as new behaviors. This illustrates _____ learning. Multiple Choice observational insight purposive latent

latent

Kalliyan has taken the same route home from work for years, but today the road is closed due to an accident. Kalliyan has an important work presentation that she can't miss, so she takes a back road that she knows is there but has never used. She is displaying Multiple Choice latent learning. shaping. instinctive drift. preparedness.

latent learning.

When a teenager gets poor grades, his father takes away his cell phone. This consequence is considered Multiple Choice positive reinforcement. negative reinforcement. positive punishment. negative punishment.

negative punishment.

Horatio's mother has been nagging him for weeks to clean the garage. When he does so, his mother's nagging ceases. When she stops nagging, Horatio experiences Multiple Choice positive reinforcement. negative reinforcement. positive punishment. negative punishment.

negative reinforcement. Correct

A student in your class often asks questions of your professor. You see that the professor rolls her eyes each time the student asks a question. You find that you are reluctant to ask the professor a question. What have you experienced? Multiple Choice classical conditioning operant learning observational learning negative reinforcement

observational learning

Dogs are often used in airports to detect explosive materials and/or narcotics. Their trainers teach them to smell out a certain substance by rewarding them with treats for correctly identifying a substance. In what type of learning are the dogs engaging? Multiple Choice classical conditioning observational learning operant conditioning negative reinforcement

operant conditioning

Sonia's mother is often busy and doesn't pay very much attention to her. When Sonia cries or screams, her mother comes over and scolds her. Though she doesn't like being scolded, Sonia prefers some attention to no attention at all. Sonia learns that when she wants her mother's attention, she should scream or cry. What kind of learning is this? Multiple Choice operant conditioning discriminatory learning higher-order conditioning classical conditioning

operant conditioning Correct

Organisms learn about the consequences of behavior through Multiple Choice classical conditioning. operant conditioning. latent learning. discovery learning.

operant conditioning.

Although behaviorists maintain that the principles of learning are the same for all species, Multiple Choice secondary reinforcers are likely to be more effective with animals than with humans. secondary reinforcers are likely to be more effective with humans than with animals. primary reinforcers are likely to be more effective with humans than with animals. primary reinforcers are likely to be less effective with animals.

secondary reinforcers are likely to be more effective with humans than with animals. Correct

Bryn adopted her cat Minnie from the local shelter. She feeds Minnie dry food, but the previous owner fed her canned food, which was kept in the refrigerator. Every time Bryn opens her refrigerator, her new cat comes running. Bryn never gives Minnie food after she opens the refrigerator, so eventually Minnie stops showing up. Once in a while, Minnie will come running when Bryn opens the refrigerator, looking to be fed. This reappearance of Minnie's old behavior is called Multiple Choice generalization. extinction. habituation. spontaneous recovery.

spontaneous recovery.

Contingency in classical conditioning refers to Multiple Choice the amount of time that passes between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. the frequency with which the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus occur together. the pairing of the conditioned response with the unconditioned response. the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.

the frequency with which the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus occur together. Correct

The word conditioning refers to Multiple Choice the process of observing and modeling others. the process of learning associations between stimuli. the process of generalizing associations. none of these.

the process of learning associations between stimuli.

Slot machines reward an average number of times, but on an unpredictable basis. This is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement. Multiple Choice fixed-ratio variable-ratio fixed-interval variable-interval

variable-ratio Correct

Positive punishment _____. Negative reinforcement _____. Multiple Choice weakens behaviors / strengthens behaviors weakens behaviors / weakens behaviors strengthens behaviors / strengthens behaviors strengthens behaviors / weakens behaviors

weakens behaviors / strengthens behaviors Correct