PSY - Ch. 8 & 12

An individual enters late adulthood around age:

65

_____ is one's initial assessment of a situation to determine its personal impact and whether it is irrelevant, positive, challenging, or harmful.

A primary appraisal

Aggression is associated with the Type ______personality; whereas, anxiety is more typically associated with Type ________ personality individuals.

A; D

_____ is the process of cultural adjustment and adaptation, including changes to one's language, values, cultural behaviors, and sometimes national identity.

Acculturation

The FIRST stage in the general adaptation syndrome is that of:

Alarm

_____ refers to emotional, mental, and physical fatigue that results from repeated exposure to challenges, leading to reduced motivation, enthusiasm, and performance.

Burnout

_____ argued that language development depends on _____.

Chomsky; an internal language acquisition device

_____ are the threadlike structures a person inherits from his or her biological parents.

Chromosomes

_____ refers to the cognitive, behavioral, and emotional abilities used to manage something that is perceived as difficult or challenging.

Coping

_____ is a field of study that examines the processes involved in the development of phenotypes

Epigenetics

____ means pushing children to go just beyond what they are competent and comfortable doing, while providing help in a decreasing manner

Scaffolding

_____ refers to one's distinct patterns of emotional reactions and behaviors that are evident from birth

Temperament

_____ are experiences that are positive and have the potential to make one happy

Uplifts

A _____ is a single cell formed by the union of a sperm cell and egg.

Zygote

Maternal stress experience during pregnancy, such as exposure to natural disasters or trauma may increase the likelihood of all of the following EXCEPT:

advanced cognitive abilities

An approach-avoidance conflict involves:

an option or situation with both favorable and unfavorable characteristics.

In an _____ conflict, two or more favorable alternatives are pitted against each other

approach-approach

"High control, high warmth" is one way to summarize Baumrind's _____ parenting style.

authoritative

The differences across groups that result from common experiences within the groups is referred to as the _____ effect.

cohort

Five-year-old twins Keith and Kevin each have 4 ounces of juice in their glasses. Keith's glass is tall and narrow, whereas Kevin's is shorter and wider. Kevin complains that Keith has more juice, revealing his lack of:

conservation

Sixteen-year-old Michael begins growing a marijuana plant in a corner of his family's garden. His stepfather asks him to remove it because it is illegal. In Kohlberg's terms, Michael's stepfather is demonstrating _____ reasoning.

conventional

Short-term stressors and long-term stressors have _____ effects on the immune system

distinct

A(n) _____ is the unborn human from the beginning of the 3rd week of pregnancy, lasting through the 8th week of prenatal development.

embryo

When bad things happen to him, Joe lists all the good things in his life that he is thankful for. Joe's practice exemplifies _____ coping.

emotion-focused

A man excitedly awaiting the birth of his child is described as experiencing

eustress

An individual is more susceptible to illness during the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

exhaustion

An individual's 23 chromosome pairs make up his or her:

genotype

An individual's _____ is observable in his or her _____.

genotype; phenotype

The most abbreviated period of prenatal development is the _____ period.

germinal

As people age, they tend to:

get better at managing stress.

Unemployment resulting from Hurricane Katrina _____ the risk of cardiovascular illness

greatly increased

The "3 Cs" of _____ are commitment, control, and challenge.

hardiness

The _____ system oversees the sympathetic nervous system's response to stress

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal

Heightened cortisol levels:

impair working memory but improve vigilance.

Konrad Lorenz conducted studies of:

imprinting among goslings.

During adolescence, the development of the _____ is faster than that of the _____.

limbic system; prefrontal cortex

Laney is investigating early language acquisition. She selects a group of 6-month-old babies, and then assesses them every 3 months until they are 2 years old. Laney is using a _____ research design

longitudinal

Age changes are to age differences as _____ research designs are to _____ research designs

longitudinal; cross-sectional

When disease-causing invaders threaten the body, the immune system deploys a special army of white blood cells called:

lymphocytes

Sensitive periods provide evidence that development:

may occur in stages.

Carole has stopped ovulating and is now incapable of reproduction. Carole has experienced:

menopause

Children of _____ parents tend to lack self-control, act impulsively, and show no respect for boundaries.

permissive

The final stage of Kohlberg's theory is the _____ level of development.

postconventional

The negative effects of stress may become apparent:

prenatally

Claire extends her left calf then relaxes it, concentrating on the tension leaving that area of her body as she does so. Claire then tenses and relaxes her left quadriceps, again noting the flow of tension from the area. Claire is engaged in:

progressive muscle relaxation.

Edmund Jacobson introduced a technique known as:

progressive muscle relaxation.

Preconventional moral reasoning is to conventional moral reasoning as _____ is to _____.

self-interest; social relationships

The first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development is the _____ stage. The final stage in the theory is the _____ stage.

sensorimotor; formal operational

In Piaget's theory, grasping the notion of object permanence marks the transition from the _____ stage to the _____ stage.

sensorimotor; preoperational

According to the _____ hypothesis, _____.

stress inoculation; moderate stress can be beneficial

Which language acquisition stage or phenomenon is appropriately matched with its definition?

telegraphic speech - two-word phrases

In the long run, problem-focused coping is _____ more productive than is emotion-focused coping

usually