Psy Ch 9 States of Consciousness

brain areas involved in sleep-wake cycles

-hypothalamus: contains SCN - biological clock of the body -thalamus: works in conjunction to hypothalamus to regulate slow-wave sleep -pons: regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

how could researchers determine if given areas of the brain are involved in the regulation of sleep?

-lesion or brain stimulation techniques to determine how deactivation/activation of a brain region affects behavior -brain imaging techniques like fMRI or CT scans

benefits of getting adequate sleep

-maintaining a healthy weight -lowering stress levels -improving mood -increasing motor coordination -increased capacities for creative thinking, language learning, inferential judgements

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

-period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids -when dreaming occurs -paralysis of muscle systems (no voluntary muscle movement occurs) -plays role in learning, memory, emotional processing/regulation

stage 2 sleep

-second stage of sleep -the body goes into deep relaxation -characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles and K-complexes -theta waves (interrupted by sleep spindles)

pituitary gland

-secretes hormones during sleep -secretes both follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH) which regulate reproductive system -secretes growth hormone which plays a role in physical growth, maturation, and metabolic processes

adaptive function of sleep

-theories dealing with evolution to explain why we sleep -one thinks we adapted to sleep due to the need to restore essential resources that are expended throughout the day (has little support) -one thinks we sleep due to danger or predators at night (has some, but not full support)

cognitive function of sleep

-theory of why we sleep -says that our bodies naturally sleep to improve cognitive function and memory retention

stage 3 sleep

-third stage of sleep -deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves -slow-wave sleep -heart rate and respiration slow dramatically

How does blindsight happen?

-when there is damage to the primary pathway (retina to thalamus to primary visual cortex) -but secondary pathways allow for unconscious visual processing (retina to thalamus to other brain areas) -frontal lobe = guides eye movements -parts of midbrain = help guide visual attention

how much sleep should a 5-10 year old get a night?

10-11 hours

how much sleep should a 3-5 year old get a night?

11-13 hours

how much sleep should a 1-3 year old get a night?

12-14 hours

how much sleep should a 0-3 month old get a night?

12-18 hours

how much sleep should a 3 months to 1 year old get a night?

14-15 hours

a circadian rhythm is a biological clock that dictates fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature over roughly...

24 hours

how much sleep should a 18 year old and older get a night?

7-9 hours

how much sleep should a 10-18 year old get a night?

8-10 hours

which of the following is true about REM sleep? (2 correct answers) a. it occurs later in the night b. it occurs early in the night c. it accounts for 90-95% of our total sleep time d. it account for 20-55% of our total sleep time

a. d.

diurnal

active during the day

_______ is considered a depressant because it suppresses central nervous activity

alcohol

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

area of the hypothalamus in which the body's biological clock is located

consciousness

awareness of internal and external stimuli

a major sleep disruption is ___________, which refers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis a. sleep debt b. rotating shift work c. insomnia d. jet lag

b.

slow-wave sleep typically occurs during the _____ stage of the sleep cycle

beginning

circadian rhythm

biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours ex: changes in body temp or alertness that fluctuate cyclically over a 24-hour period

ultradian rhythms

biological rhythms that last less than 24 hours

infradian rhythms

biological rhythms that last longer than 24 hours (like the menstrual cycle)

sleep reulation

brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world

_________ is one way in which people can help reset their biological clocks a. coffee consumption b. alcohol consumption c. light-dark exposure d. napping

c.

which of the following describes insomnia? a. the action of taking a sleeping aid b. disorder characterized by pauses in breathing that last at least 10 seconds during sleep c. persistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep d. extreme daytime sleepiness with frequent episodes of "nodding off"

c.

wakefulness

characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior

individual differences in circadian rhythms are known as a person's

chronotype

_________ cycles occur roughly once every 24 hours

circadian

jet lag

collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment -fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia

insomnia

consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time

hypothalamus and thalamus play a role in...

controlling slow-wave sleep

which is the best explanation of how blindsight can happen? a. blindsight is a psychological defense mechanism, caused by a self-protective need to deny visual information that might cause fear, anxiety, or shame b. people with blindsight can see normally, but they are lying in order to get attention c. the memory system has been damaged, so people with blindsight can report what they see, but then they forget that they saw it d. visual information from the eye is being processed unconsciously, so people with blindsight don't know what they are visually processing

d.

which theory of hypnosis suggests that people are performing the role of a hypnotized person? a. expectation-role theory b. dissociation view c. theory of relativity d. social-cognitive theory

d.

Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.

darkness; light

slow-wave sleep is a sleep stage characterized by ______ sleep, _______, and ______ muscle tone

deep; undreaming; high

Jake is in a deep sleep, which is characterized by _________ waves

delta

Symptoms of ________ may be improved by REM deprivation

depression (individuals who are deprived of sleep become more efficient sleepers, have a higher proportion of slow-wave sleep and serve in a restorative function)

evolutionary psychology

discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection

Cooper had a misunderstanding with a co-worker at the Megaplex. That night he dreamt about getting in a fight with him. Which theory of dreaming does that support?

dreaming serves to discharge emotional arousals that haven't been expressed during the day

REM cycles are concentrated toward the _______ of a night of sleep

end (generally short at the beginning of the sleep cycle and become longer as the night goes on)

pineal gland

endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin -involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune system during sleep

zeitgeber

external stimulus that resets the circadian rhythm -light, atmospheric conditions, temp, social interactions

stage 1 sleep

first stage of sleep -transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep -the period during which a person drifts off to sleep -slow down in respiration and heartbeat -decreased muscle tension and core body temp -both alpha (early portion of stage 1) & theta waves (later portion)

latent content

hidden meaning of a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams

alertness is associated with ________ body temperatures and sleepiness with ___________ body temperatures

higher; lower

melatonin

hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleep-wake cycle

which part of the brain plays a critical role in regulating homeostasis?

hypothalamus

The body's biological clock is located in the ________.

hypothalamus (specifically, the suprachiasmatic nucleus or SCN)

chronotype

individual differences in circadian patterns of activity indicating a propensity to sleep at a certain time

biological clock

innate timing device controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus

biological rhythm

internal cycle of biological activity

when internal circadian cycles do not align w/ the environment, the result is known as

jet lag

hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in regulating biological rhythms and immune function

melatonin

___________ is sometimes administered as a way for people to overcome heroin addictions

methadone

REM sleep is part of the sleep cycle, and so it occurs _______ during the night

multiple times

stimulants include

nicotine and cocaine

We spend about ___ of our lives sleeping.

one third

occipital lobe

organization and processing of visual information: shape, color, movement, depth

lucid dream

people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content

non-REM (NREM)

period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

the _______ gland in the endocrine system is important in releasing _______, which helps regulate biological rhythms

pineal; melatonin

growth hormone is secreted by the _______ while we sleep

pituitary gland

continual-activation theory

proposes that dreaming is a result of brain activation and synthesis; its assumption is that, during REM sleep, the unconscious part of the brain is busy processing procedural memory

if a person has an emotional need for a drug, they probably have a __________

psychological dependence

sleep spindle

rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory

REM sleep is a sleep stage characterized by ________ eye movements, _________, and _______ muscle tone

rapid; dreaming; low

sleep debt

result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis -decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency

_______ causes disruptions in cognition and memory deficits

sleep deprivation

homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by

sleep rebound following sleep deprivation

sleep rebound

sleep-deprived individuals will experience longer sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep

appears to be especially important for enhanced performance on recently learned tasks

slow-wave sleep

sleep spindles and K-complexes are most often associated with ______ sleep

stage 2

described as slow wave sleep due to the detla waves that characterize this stage

stage 3

sleep

state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness

activation-synthesis theory

states that dreams don't actually mean anything; instead, dreams are merely electrical brain impulses that pull random thoughts and imagery from our memories

which are the main categories of psychoactive drugs?

stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, opioids

manifest content

storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams

meta-analysis

study that combines the results of several related studies

threat-simulation theory

suggests that dreaming should be seen as an ancient biological defense mechanism that provides an evolutionary advantage because of its capacity to repeatedly simulate potential threatening events, thus enhancing the mechanisms required for efficient threat avoidance

homeostasis

tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

the use of strong magnets to briefly interrupt normal brain activity as a way to study brain regions

collective unconscious

theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung (believed we accessed this through our dreams)

t or f: only some brain activity feeds into the experience we call consciousness; other brain activity is disconnected from consciousness

true

delta wave

type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 3 and stage 4 sleep

theta wave

type of low frequency, low amplitude brain wave characteristic of the end of stage 1 sleep

alpha wave

type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized; characteristic of the beginning of stage 1 sleep

____________ neurotransmitters are mostly impacted by hallucinogens

various

K-complex

very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli

what does blindsight reveal about unconsciousness?

vision can still take place in secondary visual pathways below the level of consciousness

rotating shift work

work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis

first three stages of sleep are ________ sleep, which the fourth and final stage of sleep is ________ sleep

NREM; REM

Rita finds her roommate, McKenzie, asleep on the couch when she gets home. She's amused to see that McKenzie's eyes seem to be moving under her eyelids. She is in which stage of sleep?

REM

______________ represents an adaptive response to stress in nondepressed individuals by suppressing the emotional salience of aversive events that occurred during wakefulness

REM rebound

the ________ within the hypothalamus plays an important role in sleep-wake cycles

SCN