Psy - Chpt. 6
ratio
the relationship in quantity, amount, or size between two things
PQ4R
1. preview 2. question 3. read 4.reflect 5. recite 6. review
reward
increases the frequency of behavior, similar to positive reinforcement
counter-conditioning
involves the pairing of pleasant stimuli with fearful ones in order to counteract the subject's fear
massed learning
learning occurs all at one time
distributed learning
learning occurs regularly and distributed over time
variable-ratio schedule
reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses
Francis P. Robinson
PQ4R
flooding
a conditioning method in which people with fears are exposed to harmless stimuli until fear responses are extinguished
taste aversions
a learned avoidance of a particular food
conditioned response
a learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral
classical conditioning
a simple form of learning in which one stimulus calls forth a response normally generated b a different stimulus
conditioned stimulus
a stimulus that causes a learned response
unconditioned stimulus
a stimulus that causes a response that is not learned
unconditioned response
an automatic response to a stimulus
systematic desensitization
the use of relaxation techniques to help people overcome fears
operant conditioning
type of learning in which people and animals learn to behave in certain was because of the results of what they do
conditioning
type of learning that involves stimulus-response connections
variable-interval schedule
varying amounts of time go by between reinforcements
punishment
decreases the frequency
Pavlov
dog, food, sound classical conditioning
vicarious reinforcement
experienced indirectly through the experience of another person
fixed-interval schedule
fixed amount of time must elapse between reinforcement
modeling
form of observational learning in which people observe behavior and can later reproduce it
latent learning
learning that remains hidden until it is needed
chaining
method of learning in which each step of a sequence leads to another step until the final action is achieved
shaping
method of teaching complex behaviors in which one first reinforces small steps
spontaneous recovery
organisms display responses to stimuli that had been extinguished earlier
reinforcement
process by which a stimulus increases the chances that a behavior will occur again
fixed-ratio schedule
reinforcement occurs after fixed number of response
positive reinforces
stimuli that increases the frequency of a behavior that they follow
negative reinforcement
stimulus when removed after a response, increase the frequency
token economic
system in which people are paid to act correctly by earning rewards, such as points that can be cashed in for treats or privileges
observational learning
the acquiring of knowledge by observing and imitating other people
discrimination
the act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar to each other
generalization
the act of responding in the same ways to stimuli that seem to be similar
extinction
the loss of a stimulus's ability to bring about a conditioned response
B.F. Skinner
"Skinner Box" operant conditioning
J.B. Watson
classical conditioning little kid scared of white animals
