Psy exam 4

Cal was worried because of how much his newborn son was sleeping. He called the doctor to check how many hours a typical 2-month-old sleeps. The doctor told him newborns are supposed to sleep _____ hours each day.

14-17

Rene Descartes

17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completly seperate; known as father of modern rationalism

Quincy notices that he feels much more focused and aware later in the day and struggles to concentrate in his 8 a.m. meeting at work. Based on his circadian rhythm, Quincy is most likely in what age group?

20-25

Jaebok stayed up studying most of the night for his calculus final. He only slept about 4 hours. According to research, his memory and cognitive functioning will be decreased by approximately what percentage?

30%

Rina works hard all week long. On the weekend, she engages in binge drinking with her friends. How many drinks must she have in one night for it to be considered binge drinking?

4

Adolescents need _____ hours of sleep each night but on average only get ______ hours of sleep each night.

8-10; 7

In a study on inattentional blindness, what percentage of radiologists failed to detect the intentional insertion of the image of a gorilla in CT scans?

83%

Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

Parasomnias

Abnormal behaviors such as nightmares or sleepwalking that occur during sleep.

People commonly dream of their teeth falling out; if you ascribe to the idea that dreams have hidden meanings, what is a way to interpret this dream?

Anxiety about self-image and appearance

nightmares

Anxiety-arousing dreams that lead to awakening, usually from REM sleep.

Ritalin, a stimulant drug, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. How does a stimulant help people who already have difficulties with distraction and hyperactivity?

By providing internal stimulation of neurotransmitters within the brain instead of the person seeking external stimulation

Which neurotransmitter receptors does methamphetamine destroy in the brain?

Dopamine

Stimulants

Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

Billy is having trouble with insomnia. He has difficulty going to sleep and wakes up numerous times throughout the night. Based on what you know about sleep hygiene, what should you recommend he start doing?

Go to bed and get up at the same time each day

In order to study sleep in natural conditions, researchers took people out to camp in the woods for one week. What did they discover about the influence of natural light on the participant's biological clocks?

It shifted the increase and decrease of melatonin in their bodies to 2 hours earlier to correspond with the natural light-dark conditions.

continuous postive airway pressure

Method of respiratory assistance based on application of a distending flow via an external interface to attain and defined constant positive pressure.

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine changed the sleep cycle system in 2012 and now recognizes which stage of sleep as the deepest stage?

N3

This stage lasts about 10-25 minutes and is accompanied by the cessation of eye and body movements, a slower heart rate, and a decrease in body temp. about 50% of our nights sleep is in this state

NOTE

This disorder involves excessive daytime sleepiness and periodic, uncontrolled sleep attacks that may leave the sufferer falling asleep at odd and inconvenient times.

Narcolepsy

This type of meditation trains a person to become a nonjudgmental observer of all their thoughts and emotions.

Open monitoring meditation

Markita promised her parents she would stop smoking marijuana. Every time she worried about school and bills, she would remember how marijuana relaxed her and made her feel good. She ended up smoking again and again, even though she hated disappointing her parents. This is an example of what type of dependence?

Psychological

In which stage of sleep do vivid dreams typically occur?

REM

Sasha has her laptop open in class and is watching funny cat videos while the professor talks. After class is over, she hears the other students talking about the quiz they are having Friday. Which phenomenon explains why Sasha didn't hear her professor talk about the quiz?

Selective inattention

Narcotics

Specific drugs that are obtainable only by prescription and are used to relieve pain

Choose the correct pairing of characteristic brain waves with their stages of sleep.

Stage W || Beta Waves; Stage N1 || Alpha Waves; Stage N2 || Theta Waves; Stage N3 || Delta Waves

_________ perception is an example of awareness without attention.

Subliminal

This small part of the hypothalamus controls the circadian clock and is responsive to light.

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

____________ waves emerge in sleep Stage N1 and continue into Stage N2.

Theta

Mia gets so drunk at college parties that she passes out and wakes up in a different location. She is not concerned about her behavior; however, her actions would fit into which diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder?

Using the substance in risky situations

What is one of the most commonly prescribed benzodiazepines on college campuses?

Xanax

selective attention

a consious focus on one stimulus or perception at a time

stage R

a deep sleep consisting of rapid eye movement (REM) typically associated with dreaming

REM

a deep stage of sleeping consisting of rapid eye movement typically associated with dreaming

suprachiasmatic nucleus

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm

sleep terrors

a parasomnia characterized by scary dreams and increased autonomic nervous system activity; typically occurs during NREM sleep and therefore can be accompanied by movement

Sleepwalking

a parasomnia that occurs during stage 4 sleep during NREM, usually in children; most often consists of sitting up in bed

cocktail party phenomenon

a phenomenon in which people tune in one message even while they filter out others nearby

sleep apnea

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

physiological dependence

a state of physical dependence on a drug caused by repeated usage that changes body chemistry

manifest content

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream

latent content

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream

Beta waves are associated with ___________, while theta waves are characteristic of the __________ stage.

alert wakefulness; N2

Petra feels really alive and an overwhelming sense of well-being after her 4-mile morning run. We could say Petra has entered a(n) __________state of consciousness after exercise.

altered

Meditation

an altered state of consciousness that may focus on on regulated breathing, specific body positions, minimization of external distractions, mental imagery, and mental clarity

focused attention meditation

attention is concentrated on a specific object, image, sound, or bodily sensation

open monitoring meditation

attention is directed to the contents of one's moment-to-moment experience in a nonjudgmental and nonreactive way

beta waves

awake and alert, low amplitude, high frequency

Consiousness

awareness of the internal and external environment

Select the correct order of brain waves from actively awake to deep sleep.

beta, alpha, theta, delta

The brain of a person who is actively awake consists of _________ waves, followed by _________ waves, where the person is still awake, but relaxed. The earliest stages of sleep are characterized by ____________ waves, whereas the deepest sleep is represented by __________ waves.

beta, alpha, theta, delta

The different sleep stages are characterized by particular brain waves. Wakefulness is associated with ___________ waves, whereas delta waves occur during __________. Theta waves are typical of the ________ stage of sleep.

beta; N3; N2

One of the many reasons psychologists believe we need to sleep is that our bodies tire during the day, and sleep helps the body recuperate and function at maximum capacity. This is a description of which theory?

body restoration

theta waves

brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep, may be present in stages N1 and N2

alpha waves

brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep, high frequency, low amplitude

What is the most widely used stimulant drug in the world?

caffeine

Cocaine is a central nervous system stimulant. Alcohol is a _______________. Other drugs that have similar effects to alcohol include _____________ and ___________.

central nervous system depressant; barbiturates; benzodiazepines

circadian rhythm is also responsible for...

changes in body temp and levels of arousal during periods of sleep and wakefulness

psycoactive drugs

chemicals that affect the central nervous system and alter activity in the brain

Our ___________is a biological clock responsible for the regulation of body temperature and levels of arousal during our sleep and wake cycle.

circadian rhythm

Syed is sitting in a bustling restaurant listening to his friend talk about the test he just took. Syed is interested in the conversation because he is taking the test tomorrow but all of a sudden his interest is drawn across the room because he heard his name spoken. This is called ___________________.

cocktail party phenomenon

Justin installed a blue tooth device in his car. He now believes he will be safe from distracted driving because he does not have to use his hands to hold his phone. Justin doesn't understand that distracted driving stems from impaired _______ caused by redirection of ________.

cognition; attention

David Chalmers

consciousness is more than the sum of the parts of the brain

Depressants _____________ the functioning of the central nervous system. Some examples of these drugs include alcohol, __________, and ____________.

decrease; barbiturates; benzodiazepines

Brain waves that are lowest in frequency and highest in amplitude are called _____________ waves.

delta

The brain waves with the highest amplitude are referred to as _________ waves.

delta

Which of the following correctly pairs the class of drugs with specific drugs from that class?

depressants = Alcohol; stimulants = Amphetamine; narcotics = Vicodin; hallucinogens = LSD

Which of the following correctly pairs the class of drugs with specific drugs from that category?

depressants = Xanax; stimulants = Methamphetamine; narcotics = Oxycodone; hallucinogens = LSD

Benzodiazepines come from the class of drugs called _______________, which ______________ the functioning of the central nervous system.

depressants; decrease

Depressants

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

the suprachiasmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to...

either increase in the evening or decrease in the morning the production of melatonin

Patricia Churchland

eventually neuroscience will show that consciousness is simply a matter of different brain states

activation-synthesis hypothesis

explanation that states that dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep periods

change blindness

failing to notice changes in the environment

delta waves

higher amplitude, lower frequency brain waves that appears when sleep deepens

Andre sometimes will wake himself up because his body jerks as he is drifting off to sleep and he says it feels like he is falling. Researchers refer to this bodily sensation as a _______________.

hypnagogic jerk

Most psychologists define consciousness as the awareness of our ______ and __________ environment.

internal; external

N1 doesn't last long...

it only takes up about 5% of the total sleep time

This altered state of consciousness involves training the mind by using focused and regulated breathing, minimization of distractions, and mental imagery

meditation

The information-processing perspective on dreaming suggests dreams allow us to consolidate experiences from the day into ___________.

memories

Heroin

narcotic drug derived from opium that is extremely addictive

Heroin is classified as a ________ and directly _______ stress-related emotions.

narcotic; decreases

Kirsten started taking her mother's prescription for Vicodin. While this drug use doesn't appear to be significantly affecting her life in any way, she has noticed over the past few months that she needs to take more Vicodin to feel its effects. Kirsten is experiencing ____________.

physiological dependence

Hallucinogens

psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

Drugs that alter brain functions resulting in changes in consciousness, perception, and/or mood are called ___________ drugs.

psychoactive

insomnia

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

our body temp and therefore our alertness...

rises in the morning, peaks during the day, and declines both in the early afternoon and before we go to sleep

A person can be diagnosed with a substance use disorder when the pattern of drug use causes _________ impairment or ___________ in the person's life.

significant; distress

Katie who is 10 years old will occasionally find herself asleep at the foot of her parents' bed in the morning, even though she went to sleep in her own bed. She never remembers leaving her room and walking to her parents' room. Katie is experiencing _______, which tends to occur during ______ sleep.

sleepwalking; NREM

Cyan told her friend that she believes her dreams are just random neural activity and they have no deeper meaning. Cyan believes in:

the activation-synthesis hypothesis.

circadian rhythm

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle

Tolerance

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect

psychiological dependence

the emotional or motivational symptoms associated with repeated drug use such as intense cravings

N1

the first stage of sleep where alpha wave activity decreases and larger, slower theta wave activity increases

N2

the second stage of sleep characterized by increased relaxation and a period of light sleep

N3

the third stage of sleep consisting of deep sleep characterized by higher amplitude delta waves

Multiple studies have shown that when students multitask during class or studying

they do not learn effectively, which leads to lower grades.

Physiological dependence on a substance typically includes __________ and __________

tolerance; withdrawal

According to Freud, the latent content of our dreams is __________ and contains the repressed _______ and drives of the dreamer.

unconscious; wishes

selective inattention

what we are not focused on, what we do not notice