psy exam ch5,6,8,9

This is the approximate capacity and duration of Short-term Memory.

7 items and about 20 seconds

The continuous development approach views development as a ________.

cumulative process

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory?

determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

What is the primary psychosocial milestone of childhood?

developing a positive sense of self

Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________.

developmental milestones

This is the idea that development takes place in separate, unique stages, as opposed to gradual change.

discontinuous development

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion can be a conditioned response

This is the name for the decrease in the conditioned response when the UCS is no longer presented.

extinction

A person working in sales who gets a 2% commission for every item sold is being rewarded on this type of schedule.

fixed-ratio

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.

flashbulb memory

This is the term for loss of information from long-term memory.

forgetting

Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified by the following? Amantha left her phone somewhere, but she can't remember where.

forgetting

This first stage of prenatal development (weeks 1-2) runs from conception to attachment to the uterus.

germinal stage

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.

gross

Which of the following is false about John B. Watson?

he is considered the founder of behaviorism

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent.

he word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition."

This type of conditioning is where a second CS is established by way of an original CS, without need for a UCS.

higher-order conditioning

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

This researcher showed the rate of forgetting (the forgetting curve) by learning (and forgetting) lots of nonsense syllables.

Ebbinghaus

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

Edward C. Tolman

Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?

Edward C. Tolman

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

Which of the following examples illustrates that the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm?

Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list.

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.

acquisition

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?

amygdala

What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged?

another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus

Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia.

anterograde

Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

arousal theory

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?

authoritative

This type of childhood attachment style, the child is unresponsive to the parent as a secure base and does not care if the parent leaves.

avoidant attachment style

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization?

being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

In a(an) ________, developmental psychologists collect a great deal of information from one individual in order to better understand physical and psychological changes over the lifespan.

case study

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________.

conditioned stimulus

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?

conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________.

memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running

This effect shows that when we provide incorrect information to individuals about an event, they tend to misremember that original event.

misinformation effect

These are memory aids that help us organize information for encoding (like acronyms, acrostics, method of loci, etc.).

mnemonics

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

When a child misbehaves and we take away their favorite toy, what technique of operant conditioning are we using?

negative punishment

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

observational

The Bobo Doll experiment show that people don't always learn by operant or classical conditioning, but by watching others, called this.

observational learning

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

partial

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

permissive

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

physical

Engram refers to the ________.

physical trace of memory

This is the part of the auditory system that we can all see.

pinna

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________.

short-term memory itself has different forms

This Gestalt principle posits that we tend to group things that are alike together.

similarity

This is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest.

spontaneous recovery

To obtain a classically conditioned response, we need the pair of stimuli to occur together in space and time, which is called this.

stimulus contiguity

What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in?

stroop effect

Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories?

suggestibility

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period.

surveys

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Children with FASD may have a large head size and abnormal facial features, poor judgment, poor impulse control, higher rates of ADHD, learning issues, and lower IQ scores.

the word "large" should be changed to the phrase "below average"

According to this theory of color vision, we see all colors as a result of a combination of three types of cones (red, green, and blue).

trichromatic theory of color vision

Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________.

universal

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

This sense, closely associated with the structures of the ear, contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture.

vestibular sense

________ encoding is the encoding of images.

visual

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In Social Learning Theory, B. F. Skinner identified three types of models: live, verbal, and symbolic.

The name "B. F. Skinner" should be changed to "Albert Bandura."

In classical conditioning, this is the reaction that occurs without any learning needing to occur.

UCR

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?

Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

In adolescence (ages 12-18), children face this developmental task according to Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development.

identity vs confusion

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

With regard to cognitive development, this stage taking place between ages 2-6 centers on issues of pretend play, egocentrism, and language development.

preoperational stage

Which of the following is an example of latent learning?

remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

this light sensitive lining of the eye contains all of your photoreceptor cells.

retina

This type of amnesia is a loss of information that encoded before a trauma, resulting in people not being able to recall their past.

retrograde amnesia

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

When you are motivated by getting good grades, the good grades are this kind of reinforcer.

secondary reinforcer

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.

your first day of school

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

zygote

The concept conservation refers to ________.

knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.

learning

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.

CS + UCS; continuous

Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?

assimilation

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory.

long-term

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?

Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

How did Lashley develop the equipotentiality hypothesis?

He trained rats in the correct route through a maze, then deliberately damaged their brains and observed that this did not inhibit their progress through the maze.

Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?

Sigmund Freud

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Spontaneous acquisition is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response.

The word "acquisition" should be changed to the word "recovery."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together.

The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical."

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.

accommodation

Late maturing boys are ________.

at a higher risk of depression

________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.

attachment

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Long-term memory has two parts: semantic memory and episodic memory.

change the word "long-term" to the word "declarative"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The step of recall, which is the conscious repetition of information to be remembered in order to move it from STM into long-term memory, is called memory consolidation.

change the word "recall" to "rehearsal"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory.

change the word "sensory" to the word "acoustic"

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

chunking

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

cognitive

During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations.

concrete operational

Specific normative events are also called ________.

developmental milestones

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.

encoding failure

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.

fine

Dorothy knows songs and rhymes by memory. She can name most colors and numbers, she can even write the letters of her name. Assuming she reached these cognitive and language development milestones at the average age, about how old is Dorothy?

four

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias

hindsight

Which of the following statements about parenting styles is true?

in some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.

Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

initiative vs guilt

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

instincts

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

instincts

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

integrity vs despair

People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

intimacy vs isolation

Chuck was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?

intrusion

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

Which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? Police have ________.

modified the way witnesses are questioned

Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________.

moro reflex

________ skills refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects.

motor

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts.

postformal

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?

pre-conventional

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language?

preoperational

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

recognition

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.

reflexes

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

rehearsal

Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.

relearning

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

retrieval

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.

retrograde

Rochelle has a glass of Kool-Aid. She pours her Kool-Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the Kool-Aid from the teacup into a beer stein. She then pours it from the beer stein back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool-Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify?

reversibility

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.

schemata

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?

secure

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance?

self-reference effect

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

semantic

What are the two components of declarative memory?

semantic and episodic

Which of the following is not a way you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states?

stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

stimulus discrimination

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the sensorimotor stage?

stranger anxiety

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The zygote is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord.

the word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta"

During the early childhood years, the number of words a child uses increases at a rapid pace. This is sometimes referred to as the ________.

vocabulary spurt