PSY Final

Ninety-five percent of individuals fall within which range of IQ scores?

70-130

Door-in-the-face technique is best illustrated by which of the following examples?

A furniture salesperson suggests you buy a new couch, chair, and matching end tables. When you decline, they offer just the chair.

Which of the following scenarios depicts an example of a defense mechanism?

Anthony plays football to deal with anger over his parent's divorce.

Which of the following scenarios depicts the use of emotional suppression?

Bran feels intense sadness when watching a movie but keeps himself from crying.

Which of the following is a difference between using exemplars and prototypes for forming concepts?

Exemplars use a specific member of a category as representation

According to psychologists, which of the following reasons most likely explains why adults are less likely than children to use visual images in their thinking?

Increased use of language makes it more difficult to directly access visual images.

Which of the following best describes how contemporary psychologists view Sigmund Freud's approach to personality?

It is heralded for its early, profound impact on the field of psychology, but is generally not supported by research.

This psychologist studied styles of attachment between infants and their caregivers using an experiment known as the "Strange Situation."

Mary Ainsworth

Which of the following scenarios depicts someone utilizing the method of loci to improve their memory?

Melba pictures her family's boat and associates information she is learning to various areas of the vehicle.

As time passes, which of the following best describes what happens to long-term memories?

Older memories may be more difficult to retrieve.

Appraisal theory suggests that emotions are elicited in response to an assessment of how something affects one's

Personal Well-being

Which of the following best describes Freud's thoughts on the relationship between personality and psychosexual stages?

Personality characteristics emerge due to conflict in each psychosexual stage.

Which of the following is true about schemas?

Schemas can affect which information is retained or discarded from our memory.

Which one of the following accurately describes procedural memories?

They are best explained to others through demonstrations.

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion suggests which of the following relationships between physical sensations and subjective feelings?

They occur simultaneously.

In the famous Milgram obedience study, which of the following was true about the learners or confederates?

They received no actual shocks but pretended that the shocks were real.

The somatovisceral afference model of emotion (SAME) suggests that significant cognitive processing and evaluation is needed when a situation produces

a general state of arousal.

The state of being in a different place from where one would like to be is known as

a problem.

How long is information typically held in sensory memory?

a second or less

According to Piaget, this is the cognitive process wherein acquisition of new knowledge requires the alteration of existing schema.

accommodation

The social facilitation phenomenon suggests that the presence of another person

affects behavior differently depending on the complexity of the behavior.

Cues are used to

aid retrieval of information from storage.

A reflex is best defined as

an inevitable, uncontrollable response to stimuli.

Reinforcement sensitivity theory describes individual differences in

approach, avoidance, and inhibition of behavior.

The Yerkes-Dodson law predicts that individuals will perform best on a difficult task when their

arousal is moderate.

According to Piaget, this is the cognitive process wherein acquisition of new knowledge does not require the alteration of existing schema.

assimilation

Applied behavior analysis, a type of behavior therapy based on principles of operant conditioning, is most commonly used to treat individuals with

autism spectrum disorder.

Erikson held that toddlerhood was most concerned with which of the following psychosocial crises?

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Which of the following is the best definition of deindividuation?

becoming immersed within a group, leading to anonymity

Sexual orientation is comprised of which of the following components?

behavior, attraction, and identity

In defining a problem, psychologists suggest using which of the following approaches to reduce the likelihood of failure?

breaking down large goals into intermediate goals

The process of changing the meaning of an event to change the associated emotion is known as suppression.

cognitive reappraisal.

Special, organizing ideas formed from our experiences that help us to make sense of our knowledge base are

concepts.

According to Piaget, in this stage a child can solve cognitive tasks but lacks the ability to think abstractly.

concrete operational

The component of Freud's personality theory that represents the "self" that is visible to others is the

ego.

Being able to successfully perceive, use, understand, and manage emotions is referred to as

emotional intelligence.

Which of the following emotions is likely to be associated with the greatest amount of autonomic nervous system activation?

fear

This is the final stage in Piaget's theory or cognitive development, in which a child has begun thinking not only symbolically but abstractly and can apply abstract reasoning to solve complex problems.

formal operational

Broca's area is located in the brain's

frontal lobe.

A barrier in which a concept is only thought of in its most typical form is called

functional fixedness.

Before starting a diet, a person should take the time to create a food journal and write down the food they actually eat during the day. This is an effective way to change eating habits because the person is

gaining a better understanding of the behavior and when it occurs.

An important similarity between chunking and rehearsal is that they

help retain information in short-term memory longer.

Rules of thumb that are used as shortcuts to problem solving are

heuristics.

Humans are motivated to maintain a steady state of internal balance known as

homeostasis.

Which of the following defines the term 'self-schema'?

how we organize and process information about ourselves

Erikson held that adolescence was most concerned with which of the following psychosocial crises?

identity vs. role confusion

Individuals with Down syndrome experience intellectual disability and

impaired language ability.

The mere exposure effect occurs when regular exposure to neutral or positive stimuli leads to

increased liking of the stimuli.

Erikson held that middle childhood is most concerned with which of the following psychosocial crises?

industry vs. inferiority

Both romantic love and sexual desire involve which of the following brain structures?

insula

In Albert Bandura's research on imitation, children who saw an adult punch and yell at a Bobo doll were more likely to

interact with the Bobo doll in the same way.

Erikson held that early adulthood is most concerned with which of the following psychosocial crises?

intimacy vs. isolation

Appraisal theory suggests that assessment of a stimulus

is a continuous process.

Being bilingual means that an individual

is proficient in two languages.

According to Erikson, this developmental stage is centered on the psychosocial crisis of ego integrity vs. despair.

late adulthood

Learning that occurs without reinforcement is described as

latent learning.

A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as the result of experience is known as

learning.

Which theory of memory claims that the deeper information is processed, the better our memory of it will be?

levels of processing theory

The difference between compliance and obedience depends on whether the request is

made by an authority figure.

According to Erikson, this developmental stage is centered on the psychosocial crisis of generativity vs. stagnation.

middle adulthood

The smallest units of speech that carry meaning are known as

morphemes.

Research suggests that sleep plays a positive role in the formation of which type of memory?

most types of memory

Charles Spearman posited that generalized intelligence (g) is comprised of

one's overall intelligence rather than specific abilities.

Of the following, the best definition of "partial reinforcement" is reinforcing

only some occurrences of a desired behavior

Mary Ainsworth developed an experimental paradigm to determine children's attachment styles by examining their interactions with

parents and strangers

Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love focuses on which three dimensions?

passion, intimacy, and commitment

Of the following, the best definition of "projective test" is a test that measures a respondent's

personality projected onto an ambiguous stimulus.

Advertisements often attempt to influence our behavior through

priming

Which of the following theories of personality was created by Sigmund Freud and suggests that psychic energy moves among compartments of the personality?

psychodynamic

Memory decay is most likely to affect memories that are

rarely used.

The method of recitation involves

saying information aloud that you put into your own words.

Tests measuring intelligence quotient (IQ) are designed to predict

school performance.

According to Freud, the id component of personality is most concerned with

seeking immediate pleasure and relief.

The pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions that an individual perceives in their mind is their

self

When someone asks, "tell me about yourself," they are asking you to describe your

self-concept.

When making attributions, members of individualistic cultures are more likely than members of collectivist cultures to demonstrate

self-serving bias.

Punishment is most effective under the conditions of

significance, immediacy, and consistency.

A group's rules for behavior are referred to as

social norms.

Memory retrieval is the process of recovering information from

storage.

The principle of encoding specificity suggests that long-term memories include which of the following?

target information and other pieces of information noticed during encoding

This term describes the beginnings of personality patterns observed in infants.

temperament

Wernicke's area is located in the brain's

temporal lobe

The theory of emotion that claims that physical sensations lead to subjective feelings is called

the James-Lange theory

Which theory of emotion suggests that humans are very good at interpreting their physical states?

the James-Lange theory

Observational learning is best defined as

the ability to learn by watching others.

The prisoner's dilemma is a classic model of

the factors that underlie decisions to compete or cooperate within groups.

According to Freud, which aspect of personality resides solely in our unconscious mind?

the id

The idea that good things happen to good people but bad things happen to bad people is called

the just-world belief.

Extinction occurs when

the pairing of the CS and UCS is broken.

The term 'negative' in operant conditioning refers to

the removal of a stimulus

An individual's view on who or what is responsible for outcomes in their life is known as

their locus of control.

The Sally-Anne Test is used to assess in young children the development of a working

theory of mind

Of the following, the best definition of "personality" is a characteristic way of

thinking, feeling, and behaving.

Both Skinner and Thorndike agreed that punishment was generally

too weak to control behavior

Compared to other theoretical approaches to personality, humanistic theories generally view humans as

unique and good natured.

Findings from Tolman's maze experiments suggest that cognitive maps are typically formed via

unique non-associative learning.

The theory of motivated forgetting suggests that we are more likely to forget which type of information?

unpleasant information

Negative reinforcement involves the removal of something that a person considers

unpleasant.

Which of the following best describes when catharsis is likely to occur?

when an individual has reached their limit for a particular emotion

Lev Vygotsky is famous for exploring this concept which describes the relationship between a learner being able to accomplish more difficult tasks with instruction.

zone of proximal development