PSY final exam study guide

__________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar

Congruence

Which individual is probably not living in a culture that promotes a collectivist view of the world?

James, who lives in England

Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias?

Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding social exchange theory?

People are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more costs than benefits unless the relationship is an example of consummate love

According to the ________ theory of emotion, one's physiological arousal precedes the cognitive experience of a feeling

Schachter and Singer

According to the frustration aggression theory, which of the following is likely to occur when Simon gets frustrated with his toilet training?

Simon bites his mother

What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study personality?

They can be scientifically tested because they involve observable actions

_________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving

Trait

Which of the following is something an advocate for arousal theory might observe?

When we are bored we look for excitement, when we are overexcited we wish for more peace

Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?

archetypes

Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect.

asch

According to Carl Jung, which of the following best served the goal of self-realization?

balance between extroversion and introversion

According to Galen, the __________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold

choleric

Rhona and Jerome share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel physical attraction. Their love is called ________.

companionate

In Stanley Milgram's obedience research, the person playing the part of the "learner" was an accomplice, or __________, of the experiment. He was aware of the true purpose of the research, was never shocked, and was acting according to Milgram's instructions

confederate

Fantasia believes that people with blue eyes are somehow more creative than other people. Whenever Fantasia encounters a person that has blue eyes and is creative, she places greater importance on this evidence supporting her already existing belief. At the same time, Fantasia ignores any evidence that people without blue eyes might display exceptional creativity. This is called a ________.

confirmation bias

The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________.

emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition

In the HEXACO model of personality traits, to what does the "X" refer?

extraversion

Which type of persuasion involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item?

foot-in-the-door technique

According to Freud's psychosexual theory of personality, the _____ stage involves a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent).

genital

Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?

getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether

How can parents help their children achieve high congruence?

giving them unconditional positive regard

Orlando shares with a friend that he does not like people who are homosexual, and that he goes out of his way at work to avoid helping customers who he suspects are gay. His friend says to him, "man, that isn't a cool way to be. You do realize that you're expressing a form job prejudice called _______, don't you?"

homophobia

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive

id

What was the primary finding of the Minnesota study of twins reared apart?

identical twins have very similar personality when raised together, but not when raised apart

Which of the following is an example of an instinctive behavior?

infant rooting for a nipple

Cici firmly believes that every child deserves a loving parent. She becomes a foster parent because she knows that it is the right thing to do. Cici becomes a foster parent because of ________ motivation.

intrinsic

Which option is best described as a hormone that induces feelings of satiety, or fullness when eating?

leptin

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos using?

moving against people

Suppose you hate reality shows, but you pretend to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by your friends, who all love reality television. This is an example of ________ social influence.

normative

Greg is 5 feet three inches tall and weighs 260 pounds. His body mass index, or BMI, is 42.7. According to the standards set by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Greg is _________

obese

According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the __________ stage of her psychosexual development

oral

When a person is making a persuasive argument that utilizes the _____ route, they rely on factors unrelated to their actual message to persuade their listener. The hope is that these factors will encourage positivity with the message itself

peripheral

Within the field of social psychology, a script is defined as a _______

person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual that is based solely on that person's membership in a specific group is called _________

prejudice

What was the third personality dimension eventually proposed by Hans and Sybil Eysenck?

psychotics versus supergo control

Heather and Mike share the household chores as equally as possible. They take turns with the cooking and driving their son to daycare. Both of them work outside the home, and each of them takes responsibility for child care one night a week to give the other one a break. We can say that their relationship has ________.

reciprocity

Which choice would you not expect to occur during the excitement phase of the sexual response cycle?

reduction in pulse and blood pressure

According to Abram Maslow, the highest need is _______

self-actualization

The ___________ theory asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight that Is resistant to change.

set point

What was the main conclusion drawn from the Stanford prison experiment?

social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

What is the single most important fact that predicts the person with whom you will become friends or have a romantic relationship?

the amount of contact you have with people

What was responsible for the development of the indigenous model of studying the cultural context of personality?

the dominance of Western approaches to studying personality in non-Western cultures

Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she is just a nasty person, and does not consider that she may just have had a bad day and is venting. Lee is making a ________.

the fundamental attribution error

Of the following options, which is not one of the temperaments first proposed by Thomas and Chess (1977)?

the secure baby

What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan

___________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as individual traits or temperaments

Dispositionism

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother". What does this exemplify?

Freudian slip