PSY FINAL PT.2

A psychologist who believes depression is linked to a decrease in the availability of the neurotransmitter serotonin would be following which perspective? A) Biological. B) Behavioral. C) Humanistic. D) Evolutionary. E) Psychodynamic.

A) Biological.

From time to time, someone suffers a brain injury due to an accident such as impaling the skull with a nail from a nail gun. Often these accidents lead to a change in behavior that is best understood using which research method? A) Case study. B) Experiment. C) Correlational study. D) Survey. E) Cross-sectional study.

A) Case study.

Mrs. Gabriel was teaching a lesson on ethics and she had the students form groups of four to discuss their feelings about a controversial topic. Although the classroom got very loud, Mrs. Gabriel was able to hear her name from across the classroom when a student needed help. Which of the following BEST describes this phenomenon? A) Cocktail party effect. B) Inattentional blindness. C) Unconsciousness. D) Change blindness. E) Blindsight.

A) Cocktail party effect.

Which of the following figures is most closely associated with the reformation of mental asylums? A) Dorthea Dix B) Anna Freud C) Mary Whiton Calkins D) Margaret Floy Washburn E) Mary Cover Jones

A) Dorthea Dix

Hannah receives a text that a close friend has been in a serious accident. Which neurotransmitter will her body immediately release after reading the text? A) Epinephrine. B) Serotonin. C) Testosterone. D) Lymphocytes. E) Estrogen.

A) Epinephrine.

Which of the following visual processes provides humans the ability to distinguish between different shapes, angles, and moving objects? A) Feature detection. B) Parallel processing. C) Color vision. D) Afterimage. E) Opponent processing.

A) Feature detection.

Which of the following types of psychology focuses on how people work to improve the efficiency of a group? A) Industrial-Organizational B) Developmental C) Research D) Education E) Counseling

A) Industrial-Organizational

In order to research test type and how it correlates to academic success, a high school teacher gives an exam in first period that is multiple choice and an exam in second period that has free-response​ essay questions. The teacher does not tell the students about the research in advance. Which ethical principle has the teacher violated? A) Informed consent. B) Protection from harm. C) Confidentiality. D) Wording effects. E) Debrief results.

A) Informed consent.

Which of the following sleep disorders is characterized by recurring problems falling or staying asleep? A) Insomnia. B) Sleep apnea. C) Narcolepsy. D) Night terrors. E) Somnambulism.

A) Insomnia.

What hormone will the body produce in anticipation of breaking down the glucose found in food? A) Insulin. B) Thyroxin. C) Epinephrine. D) Steroids. E) Melatonin.

A) Insulin.

In seventh grade, Petra was taught how to study and take notes, but she has never used those skills because she earned good grades without them. However, after failing her first two AP Psychology exams, she begins to use these techniques for the first time and continues to use them after she is rewarded with higher grades. This is an example of A) Latent learning. B) Insight learning. C) Spontaneous recovery. D) Observational learning. E) Stimulus discrimination.

A) Latent learning.

What is a possible biological basis for why humans are able to learn through observation? A) Mirror neurons. B) An oversized amygdala. C) A smaller-than-normal amygdala. D) Association areas. E) Dopamine.

A) Mirror neurons.

Jennifer sprays her cat in the face with water every time he jumps on the counter. Which of the following types of learning is Jennifer employing with her cat? A) Operant conditioning. B) Classical conditioning. C) Second-order conditioning. D) Latent learning. E) Variable-ratio reinforcement.

A) Operant Conditioned

Dr. Mitchem has created a new drug for treating attention deficit disorder. He believes that patients who take his drug are able to focus for longer periods of time. He knows the drug will go through several rounds of medical testing before it becomes available to purchase. What must Dr. Mitchem do to allow for a smooth replication of his study? A) Operationally define the dosage that will be given as well what specific behaviors the researcher expects to see if patients are more focused. B) In the experiment, neither the experimenter nor the participant knows who is in the control group and who is in the experimental group. C) Select every fifth person who enters the research facility to receive the placebo drug. D) Control for confounding variables. E) Define attention deficit disorder as the inability to remain focused on one subject for more than a 10-minute interval.

A) Operationally define the dosage that will be given as well what specific behaviors the researcher expects to see if patients are more focused.

While exploring an interest in split-brain research with cats, Roger Sperry learned that symptoms of epilepsy could be alleviated by doing which of the following? A) Severing the corpus callosum. B) Performing an orbitofrontal lobotomy. C) Removing the ventromedial hypothalamus. D) Deep cranial stimulation. E) Connecting an electrode to the brain's 'reward pathways'.

A) Severing the corpus callosum.

Which of the following would indicate a user has built up a tolerance to a drug? A) The user needs a larger amount than before in order to feel the drug's effect. B) The user craves the drug less than before. C) The user feels relaxed when under the influence of the drug. D) The drug causes physical pain and discomfort. E) The user's mood is altered.

A) The user needs a larger amount than before in order to feel the drug's effect.

Due to a brain tumor, a dog has started to avoid food and has lost weight. The tumor is MOST likely located in the A) hypothalamus. B) amygdala. C) frontal lobes. D) occipital lobes. E) pineal gland.

A) hypothalamus.

A knee jerk reaction is triggered when stimulation of the ________ in the knee send a signal to the ________ in the spinal cord triggering a signal via ________ to kick the knee. A) sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons B) interneurons, motor neurons, sensory neurons C) motor neurons, sensory neurons, interneurons D) sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons E) interneurons, sensory neurons, motor neurons

A) sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons

Of the following choices, which coefficient indicates the smallest correlation between two variables? A) -0.66 B) -0.05 C) 0.09 D) 0.33 E) 0.75

B) -0.05

The mental ages of nine students are: 17, 13, 14, 16, 13, 12, 19, 13, 18 What is the mode? A) 12 B) 13 C) 14 D) 15 E) 19

B) 13

Mrs. Simmons gave a make-up test to her psychology class. The test scores were as follows: 40, 42, 44, 50, 62, 70, 70, 84, 90 What is the range of scores of those taking her make-up test? A) 70 B) 50 C) 61 D) 62 E) 68

B) 50

Dr. Thompson researches how different study techniques help people encode and store new memories. Which psychological approach BEST fits his research? A) Biological. B) Cognitive. C) Behavioral. D) Psychodynamic. E) Social-cultural.

B) Cognitive.

Beatrice is having difficulty balancing school, work, and family obligations. Beatrice should seek help from which of the following psychologists? A) Clinical. B) Counseling. C) Research. D) Psychiatrist. E) Educational.

B) Counseling.

Oliver Sacks pioneered treatment of patients with movement disorders, similar to Parkinson's, by using a drug that closely resembles which neurotransmitter? A) Serotonin. B) Dopamine. C) Acetylcholine. D) Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). E) Norepinephrine.

B) Dopamine.

Savante has just started a new job at a popular clothing store. He will be paid every Friday afternoon for the hours he has worked. Which of the following BEST describes the schedule of reinforcement of Savante's paychecks? A) Fixed ratio. B) Fixed interval. C) Variable ratio. D) Variable interval. E) Continuous reinforcement.

B) Fixed interval.

Julie is tired of picking up her five-year-old son's toys every day. She has decided to use operant conditioning to train him to pick up his own toys. Her friend recommends the use of primary positive reinforcement. Which of the following BEST describes a way Julie could use primary positive reinforcement to encourage her son to pick up his toys? A) Julie could take the toys he leaves out each night and not give them back. B) Julie could give her son a cookie every night he picks up his toys. C) Julie could give her son money to buy something at the store if he picks up his toys. D) Julie could play annoying music on the radio until her son has picked up all of his toys. E) Julie could give her son a star each time he finishes a chore. Once he has completely filled in his chart, he is able to purchase a new toy.

B) Julie could give her son a cookie every night he picks up his toys

A real estate agent boasts: "The average household income in this neighborhood is $100,000/year so that means that you will live around only affluent people." What measure of central tendency is the real estate agent using to represent the set of household incomes? A) Range B) Mean C) Median D) Correlation E) Differential

B) Mean

Jamar is riding in the back seat of a car and presses against the window. When he does so, he notices the fence on the side of the road is zipping along quickly, but the house in the distance is not moving much. What is Jamar observing? A) Müller-Lyer illusion. B) Motion parallax. C) Phi phenomenon. D) Size constancy. E) Retinal disparity.

B) Motion parallax.

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? A) When Josie comes in after curfew, her parents restrict her from going out for a month. B) When Blaine gets in his car, the seatbelt alarm goes off until he puts his seatbelt on. C) When Tyler reaches for a hot stove, his mom quickly slaps his hand and tells him no. D) When Julie gets good grades, her parents take her out to a special dinner. E) When Katarina takes her phone out in class, her teacher takes it away.

B) When Blaine gets in his car, the seatbelt alarm goes off until he puts his seatbelt on.

Ibrahim starts a new job selling concessions at an amusement park and spends his breaks taking strolls without really thinking about where he is going. He finds he is soon able to give directions to park visitors, even though he has not consciously tried to learn the layout of the park. His experience is an example of: A) insight. B) cognitive mapping. C) social learning. D) modeling. E) contingency

B) cognitive mapping.

Toni put a plate of freshly baked cookies on the table in front of her sister, Mary, and told her not to eat any. If Mary obeyed, Toni would give her a surprise. Excited about the surprise, Mary did not eat the cookies even though she wanted to. Mary was exhibiting A) learned helplessness. B) self-control. C) problem-focused coping. D) observational learning. E) emotion-focused coping.

B) self-control.

The change in energy level and attention an individual experiences throughout the day is largely due to A) the amount of REM sleep they get each night. B) the circadian rhythm they experience. C) the number of carbohydrates consumed each day. D) the amount of time spent in front of a computer each day. E) there is no difference in energy level throughout the day.

B) the circadian rhythm they experience.

A dog trainer is teaching a dog to perform a complicated trick. Which of the following approaches is MOST likely to be effective when shaping this new behavior? A) Offering positive reinforcement only after the entire task has been completed correctly. B) Punishing any behavior that is not related to the trick. C) Continuously reinforcing successive approximations of the trick until the entire trick has been learned. D) Reinforcing behavior on a fixed-interval schedule. E) Utilizing a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement

C) Continuously reinforcing successive approximations of the trick until the entire trick has been learned.

Identifying a Double-Blind Experiment A) . The patients are unaware of whether or not they received the real drug, but he knows which group received the new medication. B) . He puts every fifth person to enter the research facility into the experimental group. C) . He has two randomly assigned groups. One receives the new drug and the other receives a placebo. Neither the participants nor Dr. Phillips is aware of which group received the experimental medication. D) . He deliberately selects participants from a variety of ages, educational backgrounds, and socioeconomic status for his research study. E) To find participants for his study, he sends out invitations to anyone who has an 8 in their home address from his town.

C) He has two randomly assigned groups. One receives the new drug and the other receives a placebo. Neither the participants nor Dr. Phillips is aware of which group received the experimental medication.

People with schizophrenia have been shown to have larger than average ventricles, the fluid-filled spaces in the brain. What did scientists MOST likely use to make this discovery? A) Positron emission tomography (PET) scan. B) Lesion studies. C) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). D) Split-brain studies. E) Electroencephalogram (EEG).

C) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

A school is considering a major change to its grading system. It recognizes that even though students work hard and do well for most of the grading period, sometimes students get overwhelmed and do poorly on one test, which affects their overall grades. Which measure of central tendency does the school likely already use that causes one low score to negatively affect a student's overall grade? A) Median. B) Mode. C) Mean. D) Regression to the mean. E) Dispersion.

C) Mean.

In her last seven basketball games, Jennifer has scored 44, 66, 77, 99, 99, 1010, and 1111 points. What are the mean and median points Jennifer scored per game? A) Mean: 77Median: 88 B) Mean: 88Median: 88 C) Mean: 88Median: 99 D) Mean: 99Median: 88 E) Mean: 99Median: 9

C) Mean: 88Median: 99

A real estate agent boasts: "The average household income in this neighborhood is $100,000$100,000/year so that means that you will live around only affluent people." The neighborhood data is listed below: What measure of central tendency would give a more accurate picture of the neighborhood data regarding household income? A) Range. B) Mean. C) Median. D) Correlation. E) Differential.

C) Median.

Research in social learning can help explain the phrase "monkey see, monkey do," which focuses on an animal's ability to imitate others. What do some scientists believe is the neural basis that allows for this imitation? A) Sensory neurons B) Motor neurons C) Mirror neurons D) Afferent neurons E) Efferent neurons

C) Mirror neurons

The principal of Jackson High School has discovered that participation in extra curricular activities positively correlates with academic achievement. With this information, what is a reasonable next step for the principal? A) Require all students to participate in an extra curricular activity to boost achievement. B) Require all students with poor performance to participate in an extra curricular activity. C) Share the information with parents and encourage them to consider extra curricular participation for their children. D) Begin the process of removing non-academic extra curricular activities from the school. E) Restrict extra curricular participation for students with poor performance.

C) Share the information with parents and encourage them to consider extra curricular participation for their children.

A cat owner wants to prevent his pet from entering a particular room in the house. Which of the following is an example of a positive punishment that will reduce the likelihood that the cat will enter the room in the future? A) Taking away the cat's favorite toy when she enters the room. B) Giving the cat a treat when she stays out of the room. C) Spraying the cat with water when she enters the room. D) Petting the cat until she purrs when she enters the room. E) Giving the cat a food she does not like the next day to punish her for entering the room the day before.

C) Spraying the cat with water when she enters the room.

A sensation is the process of turning physical energy like light, pressure, or sound, into neural signals that travel from the sensory system to the brain. Which term BEST describes this process? A) Visual accommodation. B) Perception. C) Transduction. D) Sensory adaptation. E) Top-down processing.

C) Transduction.

Which of the following BEST describes a normal pattern of sleep? A) Soon after laying down, you reach REM sleep and remain there until you wake up the next morning. B) You go through stages of sleep that progressively get deeper throughout the night until you wake up to your alarm clock the next morning. C) You go through a series of sleep cycles throughout the night. Each cycle lasts approximately 90 minutes and as the night progresses, your time in REM sleep increases. The cycles each have periods of both light and deep sleep. D) You go through several stages of sleep each night. Each stage lasts approximately 90 minutes and after your 90 minutes of REM sleep, you awake refreshed. E) Sleep patterns vary each night. Some nights you sleep in deep Stages 3-4 of sleep, and other nights you remain in REM.

C) You go through a series of sleep cycles throughout the night. Each cycle lasts approximately 90 minutes and as the night progresses, your time in REM sleep increases. The cycles each have periods of both light and deep sleep.

Dr. Richards wants to discover whether his new medication is going to be effective for treating depression. In order to BEST eliminate his own biases as well as the biases of the participants he should A) obtain informed consent from all participants. B) make sure that participants are aware they may be deceived. C) conduct a double-blind study in which neither the participants nor the researchers know who is in the control and experimental groups. D) conduct a blind study in which the participants are unaware of whether they are in the control or experimental group. E) use random assignment to create a control and an experimental group.

C) conduct a double-blind study in which neither the participants nor the researchers know who is in the control and experimental groups.

Bill is trying to understand the report from his recent tests. He is looking at a long piece of paper on which there are thin black lines, but no pictures or images. Bill is most likely looking at a report from his A) magnetic resonance image (MRI) B) positron-emission tomography (PET) C) electroencephalogram (EEG) D) X-ray E) functional magnetic resonance image (fMRI)

C) electroencephalogram (EEG)

When Jeremy thinks of vacation, he thinks of snow-covered mountains, skiing the slopes, and ice skating. When Jerrod thinks of vacation, he thinks of sunny beaches and swimming in the ocean. Jerrod and Jeremy's differences in perception of vacation are best explained by their different A) procedural memory. B) assimilation. C) schemas. D) accommodation. E) iconic memory.

C) schemas.

Which of the following accurately depicts the relationship between afferent and efferent neurons? A) Efferent neurons tell the brain you stubbed your toe and afferent neurons make you hop on one foot. B) Efferent neurons communicate messages such as anger to the frontal lobe and afferent neurons activate the parasympathetic nervous system. C) Afferent neurons tell the body to throw a punch and efferent neurons transmit messages from the limbic system to the hippocampus. D) Afferent neurons tell the brain the hand is on a hot stove and efferent neurons move the hand off the stove. E) Efferent neurons see an oncoming car and afferent neurons recognize the imminent danger and activate the fight-or-flight response.

D) Afferent neurons tell the brain the hand is on a hot stove and efferent neurons move the hand off the stove.

Mrs. Adams teaches algebra. She believes that positive reinforcement is the key to classroom management. Even though she teaches high school, she puts stickers on good papers and offers candy treats for when her students exceed her expectations. Which psychological perspective is Mrs. Adams using with her approach to classroom management? A) Biological. B) Cognitive. C) Sociocultural. D) Behavioral. E) Psychodynamic.

D) Behavioral.

The stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from which of the following systems? A) Sympathetic nervous system. B) Parasympathetic nervous system. C) Central nervous system. D) Endocrine system. E) Hippocampus.

D) Endocrine system.

Which of the following is an example of therapy with a sociocultural orientation? A) Therapy where a patient is given drugs to address the physiological roots of their problems B) Rational emotive behavioral therapy that teaches patients to control their negative thoughts C) Aversive conditioning that changes the way patients react to specific stimuli D) Family therapy where a psychologist learns about a patient in the context of their community E) Psychoanalysis where a psychologist learns about a patient's unconscious desires and drives

D) Family therapy where a psychologist learns about a patient in the context of their community

A group of scientists is interested in studying how political views change throughout the course of a person's life. They have a group of people complete a survey every five years from the time the people are 15 until the age of 50. Which of the following BEST describes this type of study? A) Cross-sectional. B) Experimental. C) Case study. D) Longitudinal. E) Meta-analysis.

D) Longitudinal.

When two-year-old Sam reaches for the hot stove, her Dad quickly slaps her hand to keep her from burning herself. Which method is he using to teach Sam NOT to touch the hot stove? A) Negative reinforcement. B) Positive reinforcement. C) Negative punishment. D) Positive punishment. E) Intermittent reinforcement.

D) Positive punishment

In order to identify which of Lucy's brain areas were most active when she talked, neuroscientists gave her a temporarily radioactive form of glucose and used which of the following neural measures? A) Electroencephalogram (EEG). B) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). C) Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). D) Positron emission tomography (PET). E) Computed tomography (CT).

D) Positron emission tomography (PET).

Every student in fourth grade at Watson Elementary took a Big Five Personality test the first week of school. Principal Albert recorded the agreeableness score for each child along with the number of referrals for misconduct. He thinks that rating high on the agreeableness scale might predict better behavior from students. What type of graph should he choose to best represent his data? A) Histogram B) Frequency Distribution C) Box Plot D) Scatterplot E) Time Plot

D) Scatterplot

Omar wants to teach his young daughter the importance of doing her daily chores around the house. He knows he would like to incorporate positive reinforcement techniques to teach his daughter the value of helping out. Which schedule of reinforcement would be the MOST effective for producing a long-term change in behavior and be LEAST likely to be impacted by extinction? A) Using a fixed interval schedule. B) Using a fixed ratio schedule. C) Using a variable interval schedule. D) Using a variable ratio schedule. E) Using a continuous reinforcement schedule.

D) Using a variable ratio schedule.

According to the graph above, which schedule of reinforcement produces a rate of response that is BOTH consistent and frequent? A) Fixed-interval. B) Variable-interval. C) Fixed-ratio. D) Variable-ratio. E) Fixed-variable.

D) Variable-ratio.

Someone under the influence of alcohol is MOST likely to experience A) insomnia. B) an increase in energy. C) permanent reduction in dopamine production. D) decreased inhibition. E) paranoia.

D) decreased inhibition.

Based on operant conditioning principles, a person who feels pleasure and relaxation from smoking A) is physically addicted to nicotine. B) will continue smoking because of negative reinforcement. C) will stop smoking because of negative punishment. D) will continue smoking because of positive reinforcement. E) will stop smoking because of positive punishment.

D) will continue smoking because of positive reinforcement

All of the following are ethical requirements that researchers must follow when working with human participants EXCEPT A) informed consent. B) protection from harm. C) confidentiality. D) wording effects. E) debrief results.

D) wording effects.

If a high score on the Big Five trait of Openness has a strong positive correlation with job satisfaction, which of the following statements are true? A) Job satisfaction will lead to a more open personality. B) The personality trait of openness allows greater friendships on a job, leading to higher satisfaction. C) Openness and job satisfaction do not affect each other since correlation does not equal causation. D) A third variable most likely influences the personality trait of openness AND leads to greater job satisfaction. E) A pool of employees who score higher on the openness personality scale are more likely to enjoy their job than those with lower scores.

E) A pool of employees who score higher on the openness personality scale are more likely to enjoy their job than those with lower scores.

Good health and wealth are positively correlated. Which of the following statements is a proper conclusion to draw from this fact? A) Wealthier people are more likely to take better care of themselves. B) A lack of hygiene among people with less wealth likely leads to more health problems. C) Health and wealth are just correlated, so neither is a cause of the other. D) The stress of poverty leads to more sickness. E) A wealthier individual is likely to be in better health than someone who is not as wealthy.

E) A wealthier individual is likely to be in better health than someone who is not as wealthy.

Opiate-derived drugs such as heroin and morphine act as agonists for which neurotransmitter in the human body? A) Dopamine. B) Serotonin. C) Epinephrine. D) GABA. E) Endorphins.

E) Endorphins.

Which of the following choices is LEAST related to the endocrine system? A) Testes/ovaries B) Pancreas C) Thyroid Gland D) Hypothalamus E) Heart

E) Heart

Which of the following is the best example of an antagonist? A) Mescaline promotes the release of dopamine in the body. B) Sertraline increases serotonin levels by blocking reuptake. C) Psilocybin can distort an individual's perception of reality. D) Depressants impede activity in the central nervous system. E) Naloxone binds to receptors to block the effects of opioids.

E) Naloxone binds to receptors to block the effects of opioids.

Grandpa John is often irritated by high-pitched sounds, like the squeaky noise his dog's toy makes. Which theory of audition best explains Grandpa John's ability to hear those high-pitched sounds? A) Pitch theory B) Frequency theory C) Transduction D) Absolute threshold E) Place theory

E) Place theory

Rachel moves in with Joey. Within days of moving in, Joey's refrigerator stops working. Joey believes that it is Rachel's fault that the refrigerator stopped working because she just moved in. Joey's assumption that Rachel's arrival is related to the refrigerator breaking is an example of A) confirmation bias. B) self-fulfilling prophecy. C) placebo effect. D) hindsight bias. E) illusory correlation.

E) illusory correlation

When she flies on an airplane, Shana enjoys looking out the window at the city below. Even though the skyscrapers appear very small from the plane window, Shana knows they are huge. The perceptual concept that best explains Shauna's understanding of the buildings' height is A) color constancy. B) shape constancy. C) retinal disparity. D) perceptual adaptation. E) size constancy.

E) size constancy.

The gestalt principle that involves our perception of objects that look alike as being a group instead of individual pieces is known as A) proximity. B) continuity. C) figure-ground. D) closure. E) similarity.

E)similarity.