PSY Quiz 6

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement. A. partial B. secondary C. continuous D. primary

C

Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement? A. John B. Watson B. Edward C. Tolman C. Ivan Pavlov D. B. F. Skinner

B

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion. A. Edward Thorndike B. John B. Watson C. Ivan Pavlov D. B. F. Skinner

B

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning. A. associational B. reflexive C. processual D. instinctive

A

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

D

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this? A. observational B. conditioning C. classical D. operant

A

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________. A. conditioned stimulus B. unconditioned response C. unconditioned stimulus D. conditioned response

A

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together. A. The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical." B. The word "repeatedly" should be changed to the word "never." C. The word "conditioning" should be changed to the word "reinforcement." D. The word "repeatedly" should be changed to the word "rarely."

A

Which of the following is an example of latent learning? A. remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute B. learning karate from your best friend who takes karate lessons C. a rabbit knowing to run away from an unleashed dog D. earning tokens for good behavior and spending the tokens on good behavior prizes

A

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement? A. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it. B. Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast. C. Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground. D. Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens.

A

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus? A. extinction B. acquisition C. recovery D. reflex

A

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true? A. He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning. B. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. C. He is considered the founder of behaviorism. D. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze.

A

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed. A. primary B. partial C. secondary D. continuous

B

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. A. neutral response and a conditioned response B. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus C. neutral stimulus and a neutral response D. conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response

B

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. A. extinction B. acquisition C. conditioning D. neutral stimulate

B

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? A. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting B. knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student C. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room D. rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinforcement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables

B

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment? A. Belinda saw Mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mavis get a reward for doing it. B. Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots. C. Job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom. D. Laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself.

B

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct? A. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. B. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. C. He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex. D. His experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

B

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? A. learning B. shaping C. acquisition D. reinforcement

B

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. A. negative punishment B. positive reinforcement C. negative reinforcement D. positive punishment

C

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment. A. John B. Watson did not have the consent of Little Albert's mother. B. John B. Watson falsified most of his data. C. It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear. D. Little Albert was much older than John B. Watson reported him to be, which invalidated the study.

C

To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule. A. UCS alone; continuous B. UCS alone; intermittent C. CS + UCS; intermittent D. CS + UCS; continuous

D

John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use? A. secondary B. continuous C. partial D. primary

C

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________. A. modeling B. imitation C. stimulus generalization D. stimulus discrimination

C

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning. A. Pavlovian B. latent C. observational D. vicarious

C

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________. A. classical conditioning B. higher order conditioning C. spontaneous recovery D. neutral stimulus

C

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________. A. learning B. acquisition C. extinction D. conditioning

C

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________. A. cognitive mapping B. reinforcement C. latent learning D. conditioning

C

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons? A. reflexes B. operants C. instincts D. conditions

C

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert? A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. B. One can learn new behaviors by observing others. C. Emotions can be a conditioned response. D. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

C

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In Social Learning Theory, B. F. Skinner identified three types of models: live, verbal, and symbolic. A. The words "social learning theory" should be changed to the words "classical conditioning." B. The words "live, verbal, and symbolic" should be changed to the words "primary, secondary, and tertiary." C. The name "B. F. Skinner" should be changed to "Albert Bandura." D. The word "models" should be changed to the word "reinforcers."

C

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory? A. pairing a puff of air to the eye with a handshake to see how long it will take someone to blink before offering her hand B. rewarding a girl for finishing her homework with ice cream and counting how much homework she will complete before becoming sick of ice cream C. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting D. blindfolding someone and timing her to see how long it takes her to determine what she is eating

C

Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment? A. sitting very still in the classroom B. becoming angry at your friend for raising his voice C. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light D. becoming bored at a wedding

C

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? A. acquisition B. learning C. shaping D. reinforcement

C

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________. A. unconditioned stimulus B. unconditioned response C. conditioned stimulus D. conditioned response

D

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus. A. initial B. secondary C. primary D. higher order

D

Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry. A. secondary conditioning B. extinction C. stimulation D. acquisition

D

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events? A. physiological conditioning B. psychic conditioning C. controlled conditioning D. classical conditioning

D

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed ratio B. variable ratio C. fixed interval D. variable interval

D

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. A. operant B. secondary C. classical D. primary

D

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. A. latent B. primary C. partial D. conditioned

A

Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior? A. vicarious punishment B. latent punishment C. vicarious reinforcement D. latent acquisition

A

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule? A. Viviane plays scratch-off lottery tickets B. Nikita takes her dog for a walk every day at 8 a.m. C. Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification D. Julie knows she will get a trampoline if she accumulates enough allowance money

C

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior? A. teacher demonstrating algebra to students B. believing that nudity is wrong C. baby seeking food by rooting and suckling D. toddler who is toilet training

C

Which of the following is false about John B. Watson? A. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. B. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. C. He is considered the founder of behaviorism. D. He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex.

C

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? A. fear cannot be a conditioned response B. emotion can be a conditioned response C. boys display more fear than girls D. boys display fear differently from girls

B

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. primary B. continuous C. secondary D. partial

B

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light. A. fixed interval map B. cognitive map C. latent map D. fixed ratio map

B