Psy - Review 3

Food, water, shelter, and warmth represent ________ needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs. A) acceptance B) esteem C) physiological D) security

C) physiological

Which of the following is an example of the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome? A) A burst of energy enables Hassan to run fast when he sees a skunk in his path. B) Bill collapses by the side of the road after the marathon. C) Sheila almost drowned, but she was able to keep her head out of the water and focus on swimming to shore. D) William sleepwalks when he eats too much candy before bed.

A) A burst of energy enables Hassan to run fast when he sees a skunk in his path.

Which of the following is an example of a stimulus-based definition of stress? A) Caroline experiences stress because she is home alone and hears unusual noises outside. B) Carrie experiences stress because she notices her car is almost out of gas and worries about being stranded on the highway, but then she feels better when she sees a gas station nearby. C) Grace experiences stress when she sees the coyote, but Mary thinks the coyote is a dog so she does not experience stress. D) Laura experiences stress because her heart rate increased when she noticed the spider.

A) Caroline experiences stress because she is home alone and hears unusual noises outside.

________ is the kind of stress that exceeds the optimal level, is no longer a positive force, and becomes excessive and debilitating. A) Distress B) Eustress C) Mega-stress D) Over-stress

A) Distress

________ is a state of intense engagement in an activity; it is usually experienced while participating in creative work and leisure endeavors. A) Flow B) Happiness C) Momentum D) Oneness

A) Flow

People living under stressful conditions tend to get sick more often than they would otherwise. How do researchers in psychoneuroimmunology explain this phenomenon? A) The stress response reduces immune system functioning, thus making us more vulnerable to diseases. B) The stress response, in the long run, leads to a lowering of the heart rate, which makes the heart inefficient. C) The stress response makes muscles stronger, which places a greater burden on the heart and respiratory systems. D) The body tends to adapt to the constant call for the stress response and, thus, future responses are not as strong as before.

A) The stress response reduces immune system functioning, thus making us more vulnerable to diseases.

A person who is ambitious, time conscious, extremely hardworking, easily annoyed, and tends to have high levels of hostility and anger is said to be exhibiting a ______ personality. A) Type A B) Type D C) Type B D) Type C

A) Type A

Shameka is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Shameka has ________ amnesia. A) anterograde B) flashbulb C) graduated D) retrograde

A) anterograde

Elizabeth finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________. A) chunking B) elaborative rehearsal C) mnemonic device D) persistence

A) chunking

Steven doesn't think that his actions will help change his stressful job. Instead, he adopts the "smile - the world looks brighter when you do" coping style to deal with his stress. He uses what type of coping style? A) emotion-focused B) problem-focused C) decision-focused D) avoidance-focused

A) emotion-focused

Under most circumstances, when you are intentionally trying to remember an item of information, ___________ is an easier task than __________. A) recognition; recall B) recall; recognition C) priming; the savings method D) the savings method; priming

A) recognition; recall

Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy? A) Josh does not believe that he is good at math. B) Nancy believes that she can successfully complete law school. C) Starla thinks that Tallulah underestimates her abilities. D) Tommy knows that Freddie frequently brags about his accomplishments.

B) Nancy believes that she can successfully complete law school.

Many middle-aged adults can vividly recall where they were and what they were doing the day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated, although they cannot remember what they were doing the day before he was assassinated. This is an example of ______. A) an eidetic image B) a flashbulb memory C) a semantic memory D) a procedural memory

B) a flashbulb memory

Lamont cares for his aging father, who suffers from dementia. This is an example of a(n) ________ stressor. A) acute B) chronic C) non-threatening D) positive

B) chronic

Rush hour traffic, lost keys, obnoxious coworkers, and inclement weather are all examples of a(n) ________. A) acute stressor B) daily hassle C) immunosuppressant D) item on the SRRS

B) daily hassle

A(n) ________ is a subjective, affective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. A(n) ________ refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience. A) habit; motivation B) emotion; mood C) mood; emotion D) motivation; habit

B) emotion; mood

Remembering ________ is a good example of procedural memory. A) how a cookie tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself B) how to use the phone C) what the word inconceivable means D) your least favorite vacation trip

B) how to use the phone

Which memory system has an unlimited capacity and can keep information for hours or decades? A) short-term memory B) long-term memory C) sensory memory D) all types of memory

B) long-term memory

Geoffrey is 5 feet three inches tall and weighs 260 pounds. His body mass index, or BMI, is 42.7. According to the standards set by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Geoffrey is ________. A) normal B) obese C) overweight D) anorexic

B) obese

Lydia is often described as having a positive outlook on life. She assumes the best of people and situations. Lydia exemplifies ________. A) negative affectivity B) optimism C) positive psychology D) Type A personality

B) optimism

Which kind of psychology seeks to identify and promote those qualities that lead to happy, fulfilled, and contented lives? A) flourishing psychology B) positive psychology C) health psychology D) self-psychology

B) positive psychology

Which type of long-term memory is most difficult to bring into conscious awareness? A) episodic memory B) procedural memories C) declarative memories D) semantic memory

B) procedural memories

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance? A) Atkinson-Shiffrin model B) self-reference effect C) sensory memory D) Stroop effect

B) self-reference effect

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding. A) acoustic B) semantic C) sensory D) visual

B) semantic

Hachi is working against a deadline. She must have a term paper written by 8 am tomorrow. The deadline is an example of a ________. A) stress B) stressor C) stress response D) stress reaction

B) stressor

What "magic number" did Miller find to be the capacity of short-term memory? A) 11 B) 9 C) 7 D) 5

C) 7

Which of the following statements about the relationship between stress and performance is true? A) As stress levels decrease from moderate to low, performance also decreases. B) As stress levels decrease from moderate to low, performance increases. C) As stress levels increase from low to moderate, performance also increases. D) As stress levels increase from low to moderate, performance decreases

C) As stress levels increase from low to moderate, performance also increases.

_______________ can vary from culture to culture and are socially acceptable ways of showing emotion in public settings. A) Phenomes B) Facial grids C) Display rules D) Expressional norms

C) Display rules

Which of the following is something arousal theory might predict? A) We become accustomed to boredom and learn to enjoy it. B) We become accustomed to the excitement and learn to enjoy it. C) When we are bored we look for excitement; when we are overexcited we wish for relaxation. D) When we are sleepy we should sleep; when we are hungry we should eat.

C) When we are bored we look for excitement; when we are overexcited we wish for relaxation.

Which of the following best describes the main idea of drive theory? A) achieving homeostasis requires increasing the metabolic rate B) deviations from commonly accepted drives result in an inability to satisfy physiological needs C) deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that then push us to behave D) failure to achieve homeostasis results in poor cognition and deficits in memory and learning

C) deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that then push us to behave

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place. A) effortful processing B) decay C) encoding failure D) interference

C) encoding failure

A person who thrives on stress but lacks the anger and hostility typical of some others who have the Type A personality is said to have a _________personality. A) Type C B) Type B C) hardy D) Type D

C) hardy

Empty stomachs contract, causing both hunger pangs and the secretion of chemical messages that travel to the brain to serve as a signal to initiate feeding behavior. This is an example of ________. A) a genetic disorder that results in persistent feelings of intense hunger and reduced rates of metabolism B) binge eating behavior that is followed by an attempt to compensate for the large amount of food consumed C) how physiological mechanisms serve as the basis for hunger D) how physiological mechanisms serve as the basis for satiety

C) how physiological mechanisms serve as the basis for hunger

Brizan has just lost his job. He is proactive in trying to resolve this source of stress: He immediately uses the Internet to look up other jobs in his field and plans to eliminate non-essentials from his budget to make his savings last longer. Which type of coping approach is Brizan using? A) avoidant B) emotion-focused C) problem-focused D) stress reduction

C) problem-focused

Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten ____________. A) more rapidly as time goes by B) gradually at first, then with increasing speed C) quickly at first, then tapers off gradually D) most quickly one day after learning

C) quickly at first, then tapers off gradually

Shaquin finished his term paper and handed it in. As he walked out of the classroom, he realized that there were a few more things he should have included in the paper. Shaquin's problem is the __________component of memory. A) encoding B) storage C) retrieval D) retention

C) retrieval

According to Craik and Tulving, how do we process verbal information best? A) acoustic encoding B) effortful encoding C) semantic encoding D) visual encoding

C) semantic encoding

The fact that it is easier to recall items at the beginning and end of a list of unrelated items is known as the __________. A) phi phenomenon B) implicit memory effect C) serial position effect D) sequestering effect

C) serial position effect

Which part of the nervous system reacts when the human body is subjected to stress? A) parasympathetic B) somatic C) sympathetic D) central

C) sympathetic

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________. A) implicit is to explicit B) auditory is to visual C) visual is to auditory D) quick is to slow

C) visual is to auditory

Emotion has been defined to have three elements. Please identify which choice below is NOT one of the three elements. A) Physical arousal B) Behavioral expression which reveals the feeling to the outside world C) Inner awareness and labeling of the feeling D) Cognitive dissonance for the exhibited behavior

D) Cognitive dissonance for the exhibited behavior

Which of the following describes the Yerkes-Dodson law? A) An individual's belief in his own capabilities or capacities to complete a task influences his ability to complete the task. B) Deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need and ultimately bring the system back to homeostasis. C) Humans experience a spectrum of needs ranging from basic biological needs to social needs to self-actualization. D) Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low

D) Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low

Sasha is experiencing stress in her work that is causing her to feel dissatisfied and pessimistic. As a result, she has a desire to quit her job. Sasha is experiencing________. A) acculturative stress B) eustress C) poverty-related stress D) burnout

D) burnout

Claire firmly believes that every child deserves a loving parent. She becomes a foster parent because she knows that it is the right thing to do, even though she receives no material rewards for doing so. Claire becomes a foster parent because of ________ motivation. A) biological B) extrinsic C) innate D) intrinsic

D) intrinsic

When Bruno was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________. A) Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm B) equipotentiality hypothesis C) levels of processing theory D) misinformation effect paradigm

D) misinformation effect paradigm

Arlo is so driven to become a school psychologist that he spends every night studying. This sentence describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal, also called ________. A) emotion B) habit C) drive D) motivation

D) motivation

Tiffany crafts imitation dream catchers in her spare time. Her father constantly encourages her to sell them on Etsy. When she finally agrees to sell them, she notices that while she still enjoys making the dream catchers, she no longer does it for fun—she does it to make money. This is an example of the ________ effect. A) drive-reduction B) hierarchical C) heuristic D) overjustification

D) over justification

Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Italian. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Italian vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference. A) active B) inactive C) proactive D) retroactive

D) retroactive

Information gets from sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of __________. A) elaborative rehearsal B) maintenance rehearsal C) automatic encoding D) selective attention

D) selective attention

According to Ekman, which of the following is NOT one of the universal facial expressions? A) disgust B) fear C) contempt D) shame

D) shame

Guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and tangible assistance are all examples of ________. A) eustress B) happiness C) health D) social support

D) social support

A stressor would be appraised as a ________ if someone anticipates that it could lead to some kind of harm, loss, or other negative consequence; however, if someone believes that it carries the potential for gain or personal growth, it would be appraised as a ________. A) challenge; threat B) response; stimulus C) stimulus; response D) threat; challenge

D) threat; challenge

Which of the following is an example of eustress? A) getting a divorce B) losing a job C) recovering from a car accident D) training for a marathon

D) training for a marathon

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory. A) how a hamburger tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself B) how to use the microwave C) what the word January means D) your first day of school

D) your first day of school

Facial feedback hypothesis

Proposes that information from facial muscles intensifies emotional experiences

Schacter-Singer/two-factor/cognitive appraisal theory

States that emotions consist of physiological and cognitive factors

Cannon-Bard theory

States that the experience of the emotion occurs simultaneously with bodily changes

James-Lange Theory

States that your body reacts before you experience an emotion

Cognitive mediational theory

Suggests that the appraisal of the situation is what causes both the emotion and the arousal

Commonsense Theory

Tells us that emotion is experienced, then the physiological response occurs