PSY Test 1

________ refers to the phenomenon in which the presence of other people makes it less likely that any individual will help someone in distress because the obligation to intervene is shared among all the onlookers. A. Diffusion of responsibility B. Social exchange theory C. Altruism D. The reciprocity norm

A. Diffusion of responsibility

Which of the following is true of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory? A. It is an empirically derived test. B. It was designed to assess the personality traits of normal, psychologically healthy individuals. C. It can be administered and scored only by a trained psychologist. D. It is the most widely used projective test.

A. It is an empirically derived test.

Functionalism is to structuralism as ________ is to Edward Titchener. A. William James B. Carl Rogers C. John B. Watson D. B. F. Skinner

A. William James

Functionalism is to structuralism as ________ is to Edward Titchener. A. William James B. John B. Watson C. B. F. Skinner D. Carl Rogers

A. William James

A concern with the reasoning processes that contribute to effective problem solving is most characteristic of the ________ perspective. A. cognitive B. social-cultural C. behavioral D. evolutionary

A. cognitive

Which psychologists are MOST likely to be involved in basic research? A. cognitive psychologists B. clinical psychologists C. community psychologists D. industrial-organizational psychologists

A. cognitive psychologists

A sincere word of apology often helps to reduce the tension between two conflicting parties. This best illustrates the value of: A. conciliation. B. altruism. C. the mere exposure effect. D. the bystander effect.

A. conciliation

If children's positive self-esteem is largely a consequence rather than a cause of their successful accomplishments, parents would be best advised to enable their children to: A. effectively deal with challenges and achieve success. B. experience positive self-esteem regardless of how well or how poorly they perform. C. recognize that positive self-esteem inhibits self-serving bias. D. develop defensive self-esteem.

A. effectively deal with challenges and achieve success.

To maximize control over the factors they are studying, researchers engage in: A. experimentation. B. case studies. C. correlational research. D. surveys.

A. experimentation.

Freud emphasized that effective treatment of psychological disorders involves the: A. exploration of repressed memories. B. fixation of repressed sexual desires. C. displacement of repressed hostilities. D. projection of repressed fears.

A. exploration of repressed memories

Hindsight bias often leads us to place too much faith in: A. human intuition. B. wording effects. C. random assignment. D. random sampling.

A. human intuition.

Dr. Birk suggests that because depression is associated with pessimistic thinking, depressed students would be more likely than nondepressed students to perceive themselves as academically incompetent. Dr. Birk's prediction regarding students' self-perceptions is an example of a(n): A. hypothesis. B. confounding variable. C. placebo effect. D. operational definition.

A. hypothesis.

Spencer's therapist tells him that he needs to develop his self-image, value his uniqueness, and conform less to family pressures. Spencer's therapist values: A. individualism. B. narcissism. C. collectivism. D. personal privacy.

A. individualism.

Yuri decided to delay his road trip after hearing a weather forecaster warn that a severe snowstorm would pass through the area within several hours. Yuri's decision best illustrates the impact of: A. informational social influence. B. normative social influence. C. social facilitation. D. groupthink.

A. informational social influence.

Compared with those living in individualist cultures, people in collectivist cultures are likely to experience: A. less privacy and less loneliness. B. more privacy and more loneliness. C. less privacy and more loneliness. D. more privacy and less loneliness.

A. less privacy and less loneliness.

Mrs. Crane frequently thinks she has to shout at her husband to get his attention, but he thinks she yells because she's angry. Mr. Crane typically feels he has to shout back at his wife to defend himself, but she thinks his screaming proves that he's hostile. This couple's experience best illustrates: A. mirror-image perceptions. B. GRIT. C. a social trap. D. superordinate goals.

A. mirror-image perceptions

In a random sequence of coin tosses, series of successive heads occur ________ often than people expect and series of tails occur ________ often than people expect. A. more; more B. less; less C. less; more D. more; less

A. more; more

A biopsychosocial approach is one that requires the use of: A. multiple levels of analysis. B. behaviorism. C. introspection. D. the psychodynamic perspective.

A. multiple levels of analysis.

Rogers' and Maslow's emphasis on developing human strengths laid the groundwork for today's: A. positive psychology. B. behaviorism. C. psychoanalysis. D. erogenous zones.

A. positive psychology.

Tests that present ambiguous stimuli designed to uncover hidden personality dynamics are called ________ tests. A. projective B. dynamic C. identification D. psychoanalytic

A. projective

Displacement refers to the process by which people: A. redirect aggressive or sexual impulses toward less threatening targets. B. retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of a more infantile stage of development. C. consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable, unconscious impulses. D. disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others.

A. redirect aggressive or sexual impulses toward less threatening targets.

According to Freud, the defense mechanism that underlies all others is: A. repression. B. reaction formation. C. projection. D. displacement.

A. repression.

Jeremy consistently attributes his poor work performance to his own incompetence. This most clearly indicates that he experiences a low level of: A. self-efficacy. B. reciprocal determinism. C. self-awareness. D. defensive self-esteem.

A. self-efficacy

Unlike Plato, Aristotle emphasized that knowledge is a product of: A. sensory experience. B. introspection. C. logical reasoning. D. inborn ideas.

A. sensory experience

Some psychoanalysts of Freud's era claimed that girls experienced an Electra complex involving an unconscious: A. sexual desire for their father. B. denial of their femininity. C. hostility toward their father. D. identification with their father.

A. sexual desire for their father.

For effective mastery of course material, the text emphasizes the value of: A. spaced practice and overlearning. B. speed reading and massed practice. C. informed consent and debriefing. D. all of these practices.

A. spaced practice and overlearning

Edward Titchener trained people to report elements of their experience and promoted a school of thought known as: A. structuralism. B. functionalism. C. behaviorism. D. humanistic psychology.

A. structuralism.

In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" were least likely to deliver the highest levels of shock when: A. the "teachers" observed other participants refuse to obey the experimenter's orders. B. the experiment was conducted at a prestigious institution such as Yale University. C. the experimenter became too pushy and told hesitant participants, "You have no choice, you must go on." D. the "learner" said he had a heart condition.

A. the "teachers" observed other participants refuse to obey the experimenter's orders.

Whenever she has to spend an hour in heavy traffic on the way to work, Sonya tends to speak rudely to her secretary, slam doors, and yell at clients. Sonya behavior can best be explained by: A. the frustration-aggression principle. B. the hindsight bias. C. outgroup homogeneity. D. implicit associations.

A. the frustration-aggression principle.

Kyle was so overconfident about his mathematical skills that he failed to study thoroughly enough for his final math test to get a passing course grade. Kyle's experience best illustrates the dangers of: A. the self-serving bias. B. the spotlight effect. C. low self-efficacy. D. defensive self-esteem.

A. the self-serving bias.

Professor Lee performed an experiment in which participants put on a Barry Manilow T-shirt before entering a room with other students. The participants' tendency to overestimate the extent to which the other students would notice their unusual T-shirt best illustrates: A. the spotlight effect. B. reciprocal determinism. C. narcissism. D. defensive self-esteem.

A. the spotlight effect.

Attribution theory was developed by: A. Phillip Zimbardo. B. Fritz Heider. C. Robert Cialdini. D. Walter Mishel.

B. Fritz Heider

Scientific studies conducted to solve practical problems are most clearly examples of: A. a biopsychosocial approach. B. applied research. C. introspection. D. positive psychology.

B. applied research.

The interdependent self is most closely associated with a culture that values: A. reciprocal determinism. B. collectivism. C. individualism. D. extraversion.

B. collectivism.

According to Carl Jung, the collective unconscious: A. is a reservoir for our sexual and aggressive motivations. B. contains archetypes derived from our species' universal experiences. C. includes memories of our childhood social tensions. D. triggers attempts to achieve superiority

B. contains archetypes derived from our species' universal experiences

Frank refuses to believe that he is addicted to drugs despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary. He is most clearly demonstrating the defense mechanism of: A. regression. B. denial. C. displacement. D. projection.

B. denial.

In a test of the effects of cigarette smoking on physical health and development, groups of monkeys were raised in either a smoke-free or smoky environment. Monkeys in the smoky environment were assigned to the _______ group. A. survey B. experimental C. control D. correlational

B. experimental

People who score high on the Big Five trait dimension of ________ tend to use more adjectives in their e-mails and Facebook posts. A. conscientiousness B. extraversion C. neuroticism D. agreeableness

B. extraversion

Which personality theorists have been criticized the most for encouraging individual selfishness and self-indulgence? A. neo-Freudians B. humanistic theorists C. behaviorists D. psychodynamic theorists

B. humanistic theorists

Since 1937, Americans have expressed: A. decreasing support for a woman's right to abortion. B. increasing readiness to vote for a qualified female presidential candidate. C. decreasing readiness to support laws guaranteeing a pregnant woman's right to a leave of absence from the workplace. D. increasing approval of women marrying at earlier ages.

B. increasing readiness to vote for a qualified female presidential candidate.

Jennifer's new dorm roommate has the same first name as someone Jennifer dislikes. Without realizing it, Jennifer's immediate gut-level reaction to the name has led her to form a negative first impression of her roommate. This best illustrates the dangers of: A. overconfidence. B. intuition. C. random assignment. D. hindsight bias.

B. intuition.

Groupthink can be prevented by a leader who: A. is directive and makes his or her own position clear from the start. B. invites outside experts to critique a group's developing plans. C. tries to maintain high morale among group members. D. emphasizes the importance of the issue under discussion.

B. invites outside experts to critique a group's developing plans.

In many schools, ethnic groups segregate themselves in the lunchrooms. People in each group often think they would welcome more contact with the other group, but they assume that the other group does not reciprocate the wish. This pattern of thinking best illustrates: A. a social trap. B. mirror-image perceptions. C. altruism. D. superordinate goals.

B. mirror-image perceptions.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of narcissistic people? A. avoiding commitment B. modesty C. being materialistic D. having inflated expectations

B. modesty

A dispositional attribution is to ________ as a situational attribution is to ________. A. politically liberal; politically conservative B. personality traits; assigned roles C. high ability; low motivation D. central route persuasion; peripheral route persuasion

B. personality traits; assigned roles

Our motivation to achieve success and avoid failure is most directly influenced by our: A. narcissism. B. possible selves. C. conditioning. D. defensive self-esteem.

B. possible selves.

Freud believed that the latent content of dreams was: A. fixated. B. repressed. C. a false memory. D. a free association.

B. repressed.

To represent the correlation between two variables graphically, researchers often construct a: A. bar graph. B. scatterplot. C. skewed distribution. D. standard deviation.

B. scatterplot.

Narcissism refers to excessive: A. self-criticism. B. self-love. C. self-pity. D. self-control.

B. self-love.

Poverty and unemployment are likely to be explained in terms of ________ by political liberals and in terms of ________ by political conservatives. A. role playing; personal dispositions B. situational constraints; personal dispositions C. situational influences; role playing D. personal dispositions; situational constraints

B. situational constraints; personal dispositions

One of the earliest schools of thought in psychology was: A. humanistic psychology. B. structuralism. C. psychiatry. D. cognitive neuroscience.

B. structuralism.

A boy's sexual desires for his mother and feelings of hostility toward his father constitute what Freud called: A. regression. B. the Oedipus complex. C. reaction formation. D. an oral fixation.

B. the Oedipus complex.

Illusory correlation refers to: A. the belief that correlations indicate relationships between causes and effects. B. the perception of a relationship between two variables that does not exist. C. a correlation that exceeds the value of +1.00. D. a random cluster of points on a scatterplot.

B. the perception of a relationship between two variables that does not exist.

Evidence that our traits persist over time and across different settings is of greatest relevance to: A. reciprocal determinism. B. the person-situation controversy. C. the spotlight effect. D. self-efficacy.

B. the person-situation controversy.

Research participants were most likely to react aggressively to criticism of their written essays if they experienced ________ self-esteem. A. unrealistically low B. unrealistically high C. moderately low D. moderately high

B. unrealistically high

You would probably be least likely to commit the fundamental attribution error in explaining why A. a classmate you don't know was late for class. B. you failed a college test. C. the college administration decided to raise next year's tuition costs. D. your professor gave a boring lecture.

B. you failed a college test

Rhonda has just learned that her neighbor Patricia was involved in an automobile accident at a nearby intersection. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error may lead Rhonda to conclude: A. "Patricia's children probably distracted her." B. "Patricia's brakes must have failed." C. "Patricia's recklessness has finally gotten her into trouble." D. "The road must have been wet and slippery."

C. "Patricia's recklessness has finally gotten her into trouble."

Which of the following is true of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory? A. It is the most widely used projective test. B. It can be administered and scored only by a trained psychologist. C. It is an empirically derived test. D. It was designed to assess the personality traits of normal, psychologically healthy individuals

C. It is an empirically derived test.

Who dismissed introspection and redefined psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior"? A. Rogers and Maslow B. Freud and James C. Watson and Skinner D. Wundt and Titchener

C. Watson and Skinner

Carl Jung proposed the importance of: A. the inferiority complex. B. identification. C. a collective unconscious. D. erogenous zones.

C. a collective unconscious.

If two countries are rivals for exclusive control of the same area of land, their predicament best illustrates: A. the two-factor theory. B. superordinate goals. C. a conflict. D. the reciprocity norm.

C. a conflict.

Which of the following statistical measures is most helpful for indicating the extent to which high school grades predict college or university grades? A. a scatterplot B. a random sample C. a correlation coefficient D. an independent variable

C. a correlation coefficient

Conducting a case study best illustrates: A. random sampling. B. correlational research. C. a descriptive method. D. the double-blind procedure.

C. a descriptive method.

According to Professor Fayad, we like people who like us because their affection for us boosts our own self-esteem. His idea is an example of: A. replication. B. informed consent. C. a theory. D. an operational definition.

C. a theory.

Helping another person with no expectation of personal reward or benefit is the definition of: A. companionate love. B. social exchange theory. C. altruism. D. passionate love.

C. altruism.

The just-world phenomenon often leads people to: A. respond with kindness to those who mistreat them. B. dislike and distrust those who are wealthy. C. believe that victims of misfortune deserve to suffer. D. express higher levels of prejudice after suffering frustration.

C. believe that victims of misfortune deserve to suffer.

A descriptive method in which one individual or group is studied in great depth is called a(n): A. double-blind procedure. B. experiment. C. case study. D. replication.

C. case study.

Slender women are considered especially beautiful in one country; in another country, stout women are seen as particularly attractive. In both countries, however, women perceived as very beautiful receive preferential treatment. This best illustrates that ________ often underlie cultural differences. A. unconscious preferences B. gender differences C. common psychological processes D. genetic dissimilarities

C. common psychological processes

Projection refers to the process by which people: A. offer self-justifying explanations in place of real, but unacceptable, unconscious reasons for action. B. retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of a more infantile stage of development. C. disguise unacceptable unconscious impulses by attributing them to others. D. consciously express feelings that are the opposite of underlying unconscious impulses.

C. disguise unacceptable unconscious impulses by attributing them to others.

Jason is typically restless, anxious, and easily irritated. In terms of the Eysencks' basic factors he would most clearly be classified as: A. introverted. B. defensive. C. emotionally unstable. D. narcissistic.

C. emotionally unstable.

Dr. Lopez is a therapist who shares and mirrors his clients' feelings and reflects their meanings so that they can understand their problems. Dr. Lopez is utilizing ________ in his practice. A. self-transcendence B. individualism C. empathy D. denial

C. empathy

The double-blind procedure is most likely to be used in ________ research. A. survey B. case study C. experimental D. correlational

C. experimental

Which personality theorists have most clearly been credited with encouraging the popular belief that a positive self-concept is the key to happiness and success? A. neo-Freudians B. psychodynamic theorists C. humanistic theorists D. behaviorists

C. humanistic theorists

When psychologists insist that "the rat is always right," they are emphasizing the scientific attitude of: A. skepticism. B. respect for animals. C. humility. D. curiosity.

C. humility.

Freud suggested that the superego strengthens through the process of: A. fixation. B. repression. C. identification. D. free association.

C. identification.

The desire to differentiate yourself from others by emphasizing your unique values and traits is most common among those who value: A. group identification. B. collectivism. C. individualism. D. respect for the elderly.

C. individualism.

Using his model of reciprocal determinism, Albert Bandura would consider self-efficacy to be a(n): A. narcissism. B. genetic predisposition. C. internal personal factor. D. defense mechanism.

C. internal personal factor.

Which research method waned in popularity because its results varied when the technique was used by different people? A. empiricism B. behavior genetics C. introspection D. critical thinking

C. introspection

According to Freud, the psychosexual stage in which the child's unconscious sexual feelings for the opposite parent are dormant is called the _______ stage. A. phallic B. oral C. latency D. anal

C. latency

Mark typically responds to stress in a calm and thoughtful manner. Chandler usually becomes agitated. The reactions of Mark and Chandler indicate that each has a distinctive: A. Oedipus complex. B. collective unconscious. C. personality. D. reaction formation.

C. personality.

According to Freud, boys develop unconscious sexual desires for their mother during the ________ stage. A. anal B. latency C. phallic D. oral

C. phallic

After getting lost in a forest, Andrea became so hungry and thirsty that she became preoccupied with finding something to eat and drink. She was most clearly focused on satisfying ________ needs in Maslow's pyramid-shaped hierarchy of needs. A. self-actualization B. self-transcendence C. physiological D. safety

C. physiological

To balance psychology's historical focus on human problems and negative emotions, Martin Seligman called for the development of: A. introspection. B. cognitive neuroscience. C. positive psychology. D. behavior genetics.

C. positive psychology

Professor Bolden claims that his experimental research demonstrates that eating an apple every day improves children's reading skills. How might he best offer further support for the reliability of this finding? A. naturalistic observation B. correlational research C. replication D. case studies

C. replication

Ever since he lost his job because he was constantly late for work, Richard has become increasingly hostile toward the "government bureaucrats who are leading the country toward bankruptcy." Richard's increasing prejudice is best explained in terms of: A. the other-race effect. B. the just-world phenomenon. C. scapegoat theory. D. the hindsight bias.

C. scapegoat theory

As the size of a representative sample increases, the ________ of that sample is most likely to decrease. A. range B. median C. standard deviation D. mean

C. standard deviation

The SQ3R method encourages students to: A. read entire text chapters at one sitting in order to maximize comprehension. B. read each text chapter without any preconceptions about what they might learn. C. survey a text chapter's organization before actually reading the chapter itself. D. read each text chapter quickly in order to minimize boredom.

C. survey a text chapter's organization before actually reading the chapter itself.

Trait theorists would be most likely to highlight the impact of our biologically inherited ________ on personality. A. empathy B. individualism C. temperament and behavioral style D. self-esteem

C. temperament and behavioral style

Which of the following correlations between self-esteem and body weight would enable you to most accurately predict body weight from knowledge of level of self-esteem? A. -0.06 B. +0.01 C. -0.10 D. +0.60

D. +0.60

Hindsight bias is defined as the tendency: A. to favor our own group. B. to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. C. to blame ourselves for our failures while downplaying our successes. D. after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome.

D. after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome.

A person who is helpful and trusting most clearly ranks high on the Big Five trait dimension known as: A. openness. B. conscientiousness. C. extraversion. D. agreeableness.

D. agreeableness

Gamblers often throw dice gently for low numbers and hard for high numbers. This most directly illustrates: A. a scatterplot. B. regression toward the mean. C. the normal curve. D. an illusion of control.

D. an illusion of control.

Self-actualized people, as described by Maslow, are especially likely to: A. avoid political disagreements. B. demonstrate a reactive temperament. C. enjoy many unusually close friendships. D. be open and spontaneous.

D. be open and spontaneous.

The principle of informed consent is most directly relevant to people's right to: A. know whether they are assigned to an experimental or control group. B. be fully debriefed following their participation in research. C. replicate the results of a research study. D. choose whether they wish to participate in a research study.

D. choose whether they wish to participate in a research study.

The principle of informed consent is most directly relevant to people's right to: A. replicate the results of a research study. B. be fully debriefed following their participation in research. C. know whether they are assigned to an experimental or control group. D. choose whether they wish to participate in a research study.

D. choose whether they wish to participate in a research study.

The study of how neurobiology and cultural traits influence each other is most central to a new subfield called: A. behaviorism. B. the social-cognitive approach. C. humanistic psychology. D. cultural neuroscience.

D. cultural neuroscience.

Cross-sectional research indicated that during early and middle adulthood, aging is associated with ________ levels of intelligence. Longitudinal research indicated that during this period of life, aging is associated with ________ levels of intelligence. A. declining; declining B. increasing; stable C. stable; declining D. declining; stable

D. declining; stable

If children's positive self-esteem is largely a consequence rather than a cause of their successful accomplishments, parents would be best advised to enable their children to: A. experience positive self-esteem regardless of how well or how poorly they perform. B. develop defensive self-esteem. C. recognize that positive self-esteem inhibits self-serving bias. D. effectively deal with challenges and achieve success.

D. effectively deal with challenges and achieve success.

Twelve-year-old Jack wants to buy a new video game, but he is $5 short. He considers sneaking the money from his older brother's room but instead asks his father if he may cut the grass as a way of earning the money. According to Freud, asking to earn the money comes from the ________, which provides a compromise solution that reflects the ________ principle. A. id; reality B. ego; pleasure C. id; pleasure D. ego; reality

D. ego; reality

In a collectivist culture, individuals are likely to avoid: A. modesty. B. prolonging conversations. C. displaying personal humility. D. embarrassing other people.

D. embarrassing other people.

Ethical principles developed by the American Psychological Association and the British Psychological Society urge investigators to: A. avoid the use of laboratory experiments when the behaviors of interest can be directly observed in natural settings. B. forewarn potential research participants of the exact hypotheses that the research will test. C. avoid the use of monetary incentives in recruiting people to participate in research. D. ensure that research participants give informed consent before participating in the research.

D. ensure that research participants give informed consent before participating in the research.

Studying the impact of natural selection on the development of behaviors and mental processes that we humans have in common is of most central interest to: A. social psychology. B. community psychology. C. humanistic psychology. D. evolutionary psychology.

D. evolutionary psychology.

High rates of violence are most common among those who experience minimal levels of: A. prejudice. B. stereotyping. C. unconscious patronization. D. father care.

D. father care.

Which of the following techniques was Freud most likely to use in an attempt to discover the hidden conflicts underlying his patients' symptoms? A. fixation B. questionnaires C. projective testing D. free association

D. free association

Which personality theorists have most clearly been credited with encouraging the popular belief that a positive self-concept is the key to happiness and success? A. behaviorists B. psychodynamic theorists C. neo-Freudians D. humanistic theorists

D. humanistic theorists

The most frequently occurring score in a distribution of scores is the: A. standard deviation. B. median. C. mean. D. mode.

D. mode.

The use of negative-emotion words in text messaging is best predicted by the Big Five trait of: A. openness. B. conscientiousness. C. extraversion. D. neuroticism.

D. neuroticism.

Toby publicly agrees with his fraternity brothers that Ahmed, a senior, would make the best student senate president. On the secret ballot, however, he actually votes for Yoram. Toby's public conformity to his fraternity brothers' opinion best illustrates the power of: A. the chameleon effect. B. social facilitation. C. informational social influence. D. normative social influence.

D. normative social influence.

Psychologists study animals because: A. they want to understand how different species think and behave. B. animal physiology is often simpler and easier to understand than human physiology. C. it is more permissible to conduct certain types of research with animals than with humans. D. of all of these reasons.

D. of all of these reasons.

Merri is a very kind and compassionate person who gives generously to people in need. She most clearly ranks high on the Big Five trait dimension of: A. agreeableness. B. extraversion. C. conscientiousness. D. openness.

D. openness.

As students prepare for a test, they often believe that they understand the course material better than they actually do. This best illustrates: A. the placebo effect. B. hindsight bias. C. random assignment. D. overconfidence.

D. overconfidence

Thinking that she had outperformed most of her classmates, Glenda was surprised to receive just an average grade on her psychology test. Glenda's experience best illustrates: A. hindsight bias. B. perceiving order in random events. C. the placebo effect. D. overconfidence.

D. overconfidence.

An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members is called: A. discrimination. B. hindsight bias. C. ingroup bias. D. prejudice.

D. prejudice.

Because she is often rejected by her parents, Sally mistrusts other people and treats them with hostility, which leads to their rejection of her. This cycle of rejection, mistrust, hostility, and further rejection illustrates what is meant by: A. self-image. B. the spotlight effect. C. self-efficacy. D. reciprocal determinism.

D. reciprocal determinism.

To verify the reliability of a new scientific finding, psychological researchers are most likely to engage in: A. positive correlation. B. random sampling. C. naturalistic observation. D. replication.

D. replication.

Statistical reasoning can help us to generalize correctly from a: A. standard deviation to a mean. B. scatterplot to a skewed distribution. C. range to a standard deviation. D. sample to a population.

D. sample to a population.

Our tendency to attribute the cause of behavior to personality dispositions rather than situational factors illustrates the way we may often underestimate the importance of: A. personal control. B. informational social influence. C. social facilitation. D. social control.

D. social control.

To study some effects of alcohol consumption, Dr. Chu tested the physical coordination skills of 21-year-old men who had just drunk either 4, 2, or 0 ounces of alcohol. In this study, the independent variable consisted of: A. the physical coordination skills of the research participants. B. the effects of alcohol consumption. C. the age of the research participants. D. the amount of alcohol consumed.

D. the amount of alcohol consumed

Differences between two sample averages are most likely to be statistically significant if: A. both samples are drawn from the same population. B. the sample means are larger than the sample medians. C. the standard deviations of the samples are large. D. the difference between the samples is large.

D. the difference between the samples is large.

Differences between two sample averages are most likely to be statistically significant if: A. both samples are drawn from the same population. B. the sample means are larger than the sample medians. C. the standard deviations of the samples are large. D. the difference between the samples is large.

D. the difference between the samples is large.

Illusory correlation refers to: A. a correlation that exceeds the value of +1.00. B. a random cluster of points on a scatterplot. C. the belief that correlations indicate relationships between causes and effects. D. the perception of a relationship between two variables that does not exist.

D. the perception of a relationship between two variables that does not exist.

The text defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people ________ one another. A. understand, predict, and control B. understand, feel about, and behave toward C. observe, understand, and communicate with D. think about, influence, and relate to

D. think about, influence, and relate to

To remember important ideas presented in class lectures, you would be best advised to: A. monitor your heart rate. B. engage in massed practice. C. take deep breaths. D. write them down.

D. write them down