Psy test 4-5

According to Arne Öhman and Susan Mineka, humans are not biologically prepared by evolutionary forces to develop fears of any kind.

False

T or F In counterconditioning, an organism learns to respond to a stimulus in a way that is completely compatible with a response that was conditioned earlier.

False

True or False Alcohol enhances cognitive functioning.

False

Which of the following best defines the term preconscious?

It refers to material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention.

Which of the following is a view of cognitive psychologists?

People choose whether or not to imitate aggressive behaviors they observe.

__________may accompany narcolepsy and is characterized by the collapse of muscle groups or the entire body.

Sleep paralysis

__________are addictive depressants used to relieve anxiety or induce sleep

Barbiturates

Which of the following substances is a stimulant? Nembutal Seconal Morphine Cocaine

Cocaine

According to the _____, acetylcholine and the pons stimulate responses that lead to dreaming.

activation-synthesis model

In the context of classical conditioning,__________believe that relationships among events allow organisms to mentally represent their environments and make predictions.

cognitive psychologists

Zoya is teaching her dog to salivate every time she flashes a blue torchlight. To teach him to do this, she flashes the torchlight every time she gives him food. Later, he salivates on seeing the torchlight even when it is not paired with food. In this scenario, Zoya's dog salivating to the blue torchlight is an example of a(n) _____.

conditioned response

__________is a behavior therapy method in which fear-evoking stimuli are presented continuously in the absence of actual harm so that fear responses are extinguished.

flooding

Which of the following is an altered state of consciousness?

meditation

Dana learned to cook by watching her mother cook rather than by means of direct experience. In the context of observational learning, Dana's mother was a _____ for her.

model

In a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is provided after a _____.

random amount of time has passed

In the context of classical conditioning, the term__________is defined as a simple unlearned response to a stimulus.

reflex

Hailey is taking dance lessons. Each time she makes a progressive move, her dance instructor commends her. In this scenario, Hailey's instructor is training her by _____.

shaping

In _____, a person cannot move during the transition from consciousness to sleep, and hallucinations occur.

sleep paralysis

Frightening, dreamlike experiences that occur during the deepest stage of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep are known as__________.

sleep terrors

ira, an eight-year-old girl, sometimes walks in her sleep. She also responds to questions while she is up and about. However, when she wakes up in the morning, she does not remember the incident. In the context of sleep disorders, Kira is exhibiting symptoms of _____.

somnambulism

People practice _____ by concentrating on words or sounds that are claimed to help the person achieve an altered state of consciousness.

transcendental meditation

True or False: People with frequent nightmares are more likely than others to have anxiety, depression, and other psychological problems.

true

True or False: The state of consciousness called the hypnotic trance can be induced by asking people to narrow their attention to a small light.

true

In psychodynamic theory, the term _____ is descriptive of ideas and feelings that are not available to awareness.

unconscious