PSY101 Module 2 - Week 1 Biopsychology
Humans have ________ pairs of chromosomes.
23
If Greg's mother has a cleft chin (genotype Bb) and his father does not (genotype bb), what are the chances that Greg has a cleft chin? The question has been evaluated. Your choice is correct. Multiple Choice Question
50%
Which type of brain imaging is especially helpful in the study of sleep disorders?
An electroencephalograph (EEG)
Define the functions of the autonomic nervous system and explain its role in behavior.
Autonomic - 2 systems of involuntary functions. Sympathetic prepares body for fight or flight - stress related. Parasympathetic returns body to day-to-day normal operations. Two systems are complementary and keep the body in homeostasis.
If the signal exceeds threshold, it is pushed out of the cell body and down the [Select] dendrite myelin terminal button axon (1) toward the [Select] neurotransmitter synapse myelin terminal button (2) between this neuron and the next one.
Axon - Synapse
Which of the following is the correct order of events describing the movement of an electrical charge through a neuron?
Dendrite, cell body, axon
Using components of the neuron, fill in the blanks to complete the description of an action potential.
Dendrites receive signals from other neurons via [synapses] cell body/soma neurotransmitters synapses dendrites terminal buttons axon . This information is then processed in the [cellbody/soma] neurotransmitters axon dendrites terminal buttons synapses cell body/soma , and if the signal is strong enough, the message is pushed through and travels down the [axon] dendrites cell body/soma neurotransmitters axon terminal buttons synapses . The signal travels to the end of the axon to the [terminal buttons] dendrites cell body/soma synapses axon neurotransmitters terminal buttons where another signal triggers neurotransmitters to be released, passing through the synaptic cleft onto the [dendrites] cell body/soma terminal buttons synapses dendrites neurotransmitters axon of another neuron.
Be suspicious of any statement that says a brain area is a center responsible for some function. The notion of functions being products of brain areas or centers is left over from the days when most evidence about brain function was based on the effects of brain lesions localized to specific areas. Today, we think of functions as products of systems rather than of areas. Neurons in areas contribute because they are part of a system. The amygdala, for example, contributes to threat detection because it is part of a threat detection system. And just because the amygdala contributes to threat detection does not mean that threat detection is the only function to which it contributes. Amygdala neurons, for example, are also components of systems that process the significance of stimuli related to eating, drinking, sex, and addictive drugs.
Consider the following advice from Joseph LeDoux, a professor of neuroscience and psychology at New York University, as you learn about the specific parts of the brain:
Dylan, 8-years old, has appeared to have had an epileptic seizure. He is rushed to the ER for treatment, and the admitting physician first orders some tests to be conducted on Dylan's brain to determine a diagnosis. They want to measure overall electrical activity in the brain. Dylan will most likely receive a (an) ________.
EEG
Of adoptees whose biological mothers had schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 36.8% were likely to develop schizophrenia; of adoptees whose mothers did not have schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 5.3% were likely to develop schizophrenia. What is the most appropriate conclusion of these results?
Genetic factors and environmental factors interact to determine whether a person is likely to develop schizophrenia
A(n) ________ uses magnetic fields to create pictures of a given tissue.
MRI
What are the implications of compromised immune function as a result of exposure to chronic stress?
My Answer: This leaves your body more prone to acute illness. If the body continues to wear down after being constantly in fight-or-flight, you become likely to take on other chronic disease such as heart disease, diabetes, or even cancer. Content answer: Chronic stress can lead to increased susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections, and potentially an increased risk of cancer. Ultimately, this could be a vicious cycle with stress leading to increased risk of disease, disease states leading to increased stress and so on.
Hormone secretion is often regulated through a negative feedback mechanism, which means that once a hormone is secreted it will cause the hypothalamus and pituitary to shut down the production of signals necessary to secrete the hormone in the first place. Most oral contraceptives are made of small doses of estrogen and/or progesterone. Why would this be an effective means of contraception?
My answer: If there were additional levels of these hormones circulating, the body would shut off the signal to menstruate, keeping a woman from becoming pregnant. Content answer: The introduction of relatively low, yet constant, levels of gonadal hormones places the hypothalamus and pituitary under inhibition via negative feedback mechanisms. This prevents the alterations in both estrogen and progesterone concentrations that are necessary for successful ovulation and implantation.
Cocaine has two effects on synaptic transmission: it impairs reuptake of dopamine and it causes more dopamine to be released into the synapse. Would cocaine be classified as an agonist or antagonist? Why?
My answer: It would be an SSRI if it is causing impaired reuptake of dopamine. Would be an agonist if more dopamine is released into synapse. Mod content answer: As a reuptake inhibitor, cocaine blocks the normal activity of dopamine at the receptor. The function causing more dopamine to be released into the synapse is agonist because it mimics and strengthens the effect of the neurotransmitter. Cocaine would be considered an agonist because by preventing the enzymatic degradation of the neurotransmitters, it increases the potential time that these neurotransmitters might be active in the synapse.
Drugs such as lidocaine and novocaine act as Na+ channel blockers. In other words, they prevent sodium from moving across the neuronal membrane. Why would this particular effect make these drugs such effective local anesthetics?
My answer: Maybe because when sodium doesn't move and the charge in and outside the cell is impeded, this blocks the electrical signal to the body that pain is happening? Content answer: The action potential is initiated by an influx of Na+ into the neuron. If this process is prevented, then no action potentials in neurons in a given area will occur. Therefore, any painful stimuli would not result in action potentials carrying that information to the brain.
Which of the techniques discussed would be viable options for you to determine how activity in the reticular formation is related to sleep and wakefulness? Why?
My answer: The reticular formation helps regulate sleep cycles. Using an EEG printout after monitoring someone overnight could indicate a possible problem in this area of the brain after a sleep study. Content answer: The most viable techniques are fMRI and PET because of their ability to provide information about brain activity and structure simultaneously.
Chemical messengers are used in both the nervous system and the endocrine system. What properties do these two systems share? What properties are different? Which one would be faster? Which one would result in long-lasting changes?
My answer: They both help regulate the systems by secreting hormones/neurotransmitters. Hormones are circulated throughout the body before they find their receptors, where neurotransmitters are released in a very small space (synapse) right next to their receptors, and reabsorbed when not needed. Hormones not needed can throw off body system. Neurotransmitters work quickly and do not last, hormones take longer and last longer. Content answer: Both systems involve chemical messengers that must interact with receptors in order to have an effect. The relative proximity of the release site and target tissue varies dramatically between the two systems. In neurotransmission, reuptake and enzymatic breakdown immediately clear the synapse. Metabolism of hormones must occur in the liver. Therefore, while neurotransmission is much more rapid in signaling information, hormonal signaling can persist for quite some time as the concentrations of the hormone in the bloodstream vary gradually over time.
Before the advent of modern imaging techniques, scientists and clinicians relied on autopsies of people who suffered brain injury with resultant change in behavior to determine how different areas of the brain were affected. What are some of the limitations associated with this kind of approach?
My answer: Very invasive - and doesn't give any indication of these correlations when the person is actually alive. Content answer: The same limitations associated with any case study would apply here. In addition, it is possible that the damage caused changes in other areas of the brain, which might contribute to the behavioral deficits. Such changes would not necessarily be obvious to someone performing an autopsy, as they may be functional in nature, rather than structural.
Multiple sclerosis involves a breakdown of the ________.
Myelin sheath
Define the nervous system and its parts.
Nervous system can be divided into two major subdivisions - central nervous system CNS and peripheral nervous system PNS. CNS comprised of the brain and spinal cord. PNS - connects CNS to rest of the body. PNS made up of thick bundles of axons that carry nerves to and from the CNS and the muscles and organs of the body. PNS has two major subdivisions - Somatic Nervous system and the Autonomic nervous system.
Jack is injected with a small amount of radioactive glucose and then lies in a scanner. He is given a task—to think about his favorite song—as the scanner records the movement and location of the glucose his brain. A computer analyzes the data and produces a color-coded image of his brain activity. Jack is receiving the imaging technique called ________.
PET scan
As Larry and Claire begin to run, they hear the man calling them. He yells, "Wait! I didn't mean to scare you. I am a forest ranger, trying the clear part of this trail. Please don't run away." Larry and Claire stop running and turn around to look at the man. They notice that he is dressed in a typical forest ranger uniform and see his identification badge. Not feeling threatened any longer, both Larry and Claire begin to feel "calmed down" and walk back toward the forest ranger to resume their hike on the trail. Their heart rate and breathing began to return to a natural balance in their bodies. These new feelings were triggered by the ________ division of the ________ nervous system, which communicated with the activated ________ gland to stop secreting the energy-producing hormones.
Parasympathetic; autonomic; adrenal
Define the functions of the somatic nervous system and explain its role in behavior.
Somatic nervous system associated with activities taht are conscious/voluntary - involved in relay of sensory and motor info to and from the CNS. Motor neurons and sensory neurons. Motor neurons carry instructions from the CNS to muscles (efferent or away). Sensory neurons carry sensory info to CNS (afferent or to). Each nerve superhighway that moves in both directions.
The left hemisphere of the brain controls
The right side of the body
Damage to the ________ disrupts one's ability to comprehend language, but it leaves one's ability to produce words intact.
Wernicke's area
An axon is a ________.
a long, tubelike structure extending from neuron's cell body
A heritability coefficient is:
a measure of the strength of the relationship between individual differences in a given trait and individual genetic differences.
What is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals? The question has been evaluated. Your choice is correct.
action potential
________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.
action potential
The ________ gland secretes epinephrine.
adrenal
A(n) ________ facilitates or mimics the activity of a given neurotransmitter system.
agonist
Which is primarily responsible for regulating our perceptions of and reactions to aggression and fear?
amygdala
Which example supports the argument that genetics largely influence our behavior?
an adopted child's personality more closely resembles his biological parents than his adoptive parents
It has been rumored that Olympic athletes living at the Olympic Village have lots of sex with each other. What is one possible explanation for this behavior?
athletes who win their events may experience elevated testosterone levels and elevated sex drives
If the signal exceeds threshold, it is pushed out of the cell body and down the axon toward the synapse between this neuron and the next one.
axon, synapse
A psychologist who studies the interaction between hormones and behavior is called a
behavioral endocrinologist
What is the scientific study of the interaction between hormones and behavior called?
behavioral endocrinology
________ study how the interaction of genes and the environment cause individual differences in behavior.
behavioral geneticists
The study of "nature" in the nature-nurture debate is really a study of the ________ bases of behavior.
biological
The central nervous system is comprised of the ________.
brain and spinal cord
The soma is a ________.
cell body
When a neuron receives a signal, it travels down the dendrite to the
cell body
The wrinkly surface of the brain is called the ________.
cerebral cortex
Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________. You were correct. Multiple Choice Questionchromosomes; geneschromosomes; DNAgenes; DNA
chromosomes, DNA
Each of our 46 ________ have a sequence of DNA, made up of ________, which determine traits and physical characteristics.
chromosomes, genes
The ________ receive(s) incoming signals from other neurons.
dendrites
The branchlike fibers extending in clusters from the neuron's cell body are called ________.
dendrites
The input sites of neurons where signals are received from other neurons are known as
dendrites
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________.
depression
One reason the nature-nurture debates continues is because it is The question has been evaluated. Your choice is incorrect. Multiple Choice Questiondifficult to assign operational definitions to the terms.
difficult to study because people cannot be assigned to various genetic and environmental conditions
A technique that records the electrical activity produced by the brain's neurons through the use of electrodes placed on the surface of the head is called ________.
electroencephalography (EEG)
The study of how the same genotype may lead to different phenotypes is known as
epigenetics
________ is the field of study that focuses on genes and their expression.
epigenetics
Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by ________.
evolutionary psychologists
As Susan enters the classroom and prepares to take the math exam, her bodily changes represent ________.
fight-or-flight response
The biggest part of the brain, called the ________, contains the cerebral cortex, which is ________ in humans that other animals.
forebrain, larger
The motor cortex sends messages to specific regions of the body to create movement. In which part of the cerebral cortex is it located?
frontal lobe
A noninvasive neuroimaging technique that produces very clear and detailed images of the structures and activities in the brain in response to magnetic fields is called ________.
functional MRI (fMRI)
A noninvasive technique that uses magnetic fields to map brain activity by measuring changes in the brain's blood flow and oxygen levels is called ________. You were correct. Multiple Choice Questionpositron emission tomography (PET)functional MRI (fMRI)electroencephalography (EEG)
functional MRI (fMRI)
Stephen has a tumor in his brain and doctors want to assess what areas are impacted. They want a clear picture of the brain, but also want to see changes in the brain's blood flow. What imaging technique will they use?
functional MRI (fMRI)
Political attitudes, how much television people watch, and whether or not people get divorced are all influenced by
genetics
Wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendy's ________ must be ________ and her father's must be Bb. You were incorrect.
genotype; bb
________ refers to a person's genetic makeup, while ________ refers to a person's physical characteristics.
genotype; phenotype
________, which play a supportive role in the nervous system, vastly outnumber ________.
glial cells, neurons
action potential: electrical signal that moves down the neuron's axon agonist: drug that mimics or strengthens the effects of a neurotransmitter all-or-none: phenomenon that incoming signal from another neuron is either sufficient or insufficient to reach the threshold of excitation antagonist: drug that blocks or impedes the normal activity of a given neurotransmitter biological perspective: view that psychological disorders like depression and schizophrenia are associated with imbalances in one or more neurotransmitter systems depolarization: when a cell's charge becomes positive, or less negative hyperpolarization: when a cell's charge becomes more negative than its resting potential membrane potential: difference in charge across the neuronal membrane neuron: cells in the nervous system that act as interconnected information processors, which are essential for all of the tasks of the nervous system neurotransmitter: chemical messenger of the nervous system psychotropic medication: drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring neurotransmitter balance receptor: protein on the cell surface where neurotransmitters attach resting potential: the state of readiness of a neuron membrane's potential between signals reuptake: neurotransmitter is pumped back into the neuron that released it semipermeable membrane: cell membrane that allows smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules synapse: small gap between two neurons where communication occurs synaptic vesicle: storage site for neurotransmitters terminal button: axon terminal containing synaptic vesicles threshold of excitation: level of charge in the membrane that causes the neuron to become active
glossary
adoption study: a behavior genetic research method that involves comparison of adopted children to their adoptive and biological parentsbehavioral genetics: the empirical science of how genes and environments combine to generate behaviorheritability coefficient: an easily misinterpreted statistical construct that purports to measure the role of genetics in the explanation of differences among individualsquantitative genetics: scientific and mathematical methods for inferring genetic and environmental processes based on the degree of genetic and environmental similarity among organismstwin studies: a behavior genetic research method that involves comparison of the similarity of identical (monozygotic; MZ) and fraternal (dizygotic; DZ) twins
glossary
adrenal gland: sits atop our kidneys and secretes hormones involved in the stress response diabetes: disease related to insufficient insulin production endocrine system: series of glands that produce chemical substances known as hormones gonad: secretes sexual hormones, which are important for successful reproduction, and mediate both sexual motivation and behavior hormone: chemical messenger released by endocrine glands pancreas: secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar pituitary gland: secretes a number of key hormones, which regulate fluid levels in the body, and a number of messenger hormones, which direct the activity of other glands in the endocrine system thyroid: secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and appetite
glossary
allele: specific version of a gene chromosome: long strand of genetic information deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): helix-shaped molecule made of nucleotide base pairs dominant allele: allele whose phenotype will be expressed in an individual that possesses that allele genetic environmental correlation: view of gene-environment interaction that asserts our genes affect our environment, and our environment influences the expression of our genes genotype: genetic makeup of an individual heterozygous: consisting of two different alleles homozygous: consisting of two identical alleles mutation: sudden, permanent change in a gene phenotype: individual's inheritable physical characteristics polygenic: multiple genes affecting a given trait recessive allele: allele whose phenotype will be expressed only if an individual is homozygous for that allele theory of evolution by natural selection: states that organisms that are better suited for their environments will survive and reproduce compared to those that are poorly suited for their environments
glossary
amygdala: structure in the limbic system involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories cerebellum: hindbrain structure that controls our balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills, and it is thought to be important in processing some types of memory cerebral cortex: surface of the brain that is associated with our highest mental capabilities forebrain: largest part of the brain, containing the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, and the limbic system, among other structures hindbrain: division of the brain containing the medulla, pons, and cerebellum hippocampus: structure in the temporal lobe associated with learning and memory hypothalamus: forebrain structure that regulates sexual motivation and behavior and a number of homeostatic processes; serves as an interface between the nervous system and the endocrine system limbic system: collection of structures involved in processing emotion and memory medulla: hindbrain structure that controls automated processes like breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate midbrain: division of the brain located between the forebrain and the hindbrain; contains the reticular formation pons: hindbrain structure that connects the brain and spinal cord; involved in regulating brain activity during sleep reticular formation: midbrain structure important in regulating the sleep/wake cycle, arousal, alertness, and motor activity thalamus: sensory relay for the brain ventral tegmental area (VTA): midbrain structure where dopamine is produced: associated with mood, reward, and addiction
glossary
auditory cortex: strip of cortex in the temporal lobe that is responsible for processing auditory informationBroca's area: region in the left hemisphere that is essential for language productioncerebral cortex: surface of the brain that is associated with our highest mental capabilitiesforebrain: largest part of the brain, containing the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, and the limbic system, among other structuresfrontal lobe: part of the cerebral cortex involved in reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language; contains motor cortexmotor cortex: strip of cortex involved in planning and coordinating movementoccipital lobe: part of the cerebral cortex associated with visual processing; contains the primary visual cortexparietal lobe: part of the cerebral cortex involved in processing various sensory and perceptual information; contains the primary somatosensory cortexprefrontal cortex: area in the frontal lobe responsible for higher-level cognitive functioningsomatosensory cortex: essential for processing sensory information from across the body, such as touch, temperature, and painsulcus (plural: sulci): depressions or grooves in the cerebral cortextemporal lobe: part of cerebral cortex associated with hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language; contains primary auditory cortexWernicke's area: important for speech comprehension
glossary
autonomic nervous system: controls our internal organs and glands central nervous system (CNS): brain and spinal cord fight or flight response: activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, allowing access to energy reserves and heightened sensory capacity so that we might fight off a given threat or run away to safety homeostasis: state of equilibrium—biological conditions, such as body temperature, are maintained at optimal levels parasympathetic nervous system: associated with routine, day-to-day operations of the body peripheral nervous system (PNS): connects the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, organs and senses in the periphery of the body somatic nervous system: relays sensory and motor information to and from the CNS sympathetic nervous system: involved in stress-related activities and functions
glossary
axon: major extension of the soma dendrite: branch-like extension of the soma that receives incoming signals from other neurons glial cell: nervous system cell that provides physical and metabolic support to neurons, including neuronal insulation and communication, and nutrient and waste transport myelin sheath: fatty substance that insulates axons neuron: cells in the nervous system that act as interconnected information processors, which are essential for all of the tasks of the nervous system neurotransmitter: chemical messenger of the nervous system receptor: protein on the cell surface where neurotransmitters attach semipermeable membrane: cell membrane that allows smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules soma: cell body synapse: small gap between two neurons where communication occurs synaptic vesicle: storage site for neurotransmitters
glossary
computerized tomography (CT) scan: imaging technique in which a computer coordinates and integrates multiple x-rays of a given area electroencephalography (EEG): recording the electrical activity of the brain via electrodes on the scalp functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): MRI that shows changes in metabolic activity over time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): magnetic fields used to produce a picture of the tissue being imaged positron emission tomography (PET) scan: involves injecting individuals with a mildly radioactive substance and monitoring changes in blood flow to different regions of the brain
glossary
corpus callosum: thick band of neural fibers connecting the brain's two hemispheres gyrus (plural: gyri): bump or ridge on the cerebral cortex hemisphere: left or right half of the brain lateralization: concept that each hemisphere of the brain is associated with specialized functions longitudinal fissure: deep groove in the brain's cortex sulcus (plural: sulci) depressions or grooves in the cerebral cortex
glossary
epigenome: a dynamic layer of information associated with DNA that differs between individuals and can be altered through various experiences and environments epigenetics: study of gene-environment interactions, such as how the same genotype leads to different phenotypes fraternal twins: twins who develop from two different eggs fertilized by different sperm, so their genetic material varies the same as in non-twin siblings gene: sequence of DNA that controls or partially controls physical characteristics identical twins: twins that develop from the same sperm and egg range of reaction: asserts our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall
glossary
The two major hormones secreted from the pancreas are:
glucagon and insulin
Grandma had a stroke that damaged her left frontal lobe. We can expect she will ________.
have difficulty controlling movements on the right side of her body
Susan, a college freshman, is taking college algebra. She never liked math and fears she will probably not do well in this first math course. She stays up all night studying for the first exam, and the next morning, she enters the classroom to take the test. As she sits down and takes out her pencils, she feels nervous; she begins to sweat, her stomach is upset, and her heart begins to race. What is happening to Susan?
her body is responding to stress
The medulla, pons, and cerebellum are collectively called the
hindbrain
David was hospitalized after a car accident, and due to injury to his ________, he has trouble with newer memories but still retains older memories.
hippocampus
Which of the following areas is NOT located in the frontal lobe of the brain?
hippocampus
The state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels is known as
homeostasis
The chemical substances that are secreted into the bloodstream by the endocrine system are known as
hormones
The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as ________.
hormones
An impairment of eating, drinking, temperature regulation, or sexual behavior suggests possible damage to the ________.
hypothalamus
The ________ helps maintain the body's level of homeostasis and regulates things like body temperature and appetite.
hypothalamus
The pituitary gland, sometimes called the "master gland," carries out instructions from the ________.
hypothalamus
What is the brain structure that performs a variety of functions, including the regulation of hunger and sexual behavior?
hypothalamus
One of the best ways to answer questions associated with the nature-nurture debate is to complete twin studies, especially with ________ twins. You were correct. Multiple Choice Questiondizygoticidenticalfraternal
identical
Mother rats who licked and groomed their pups during the first week of life showed which of the following physical changes?
increases expression of the glucocorticoid receptor in the hippocampus
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury?
injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors
An action potential involves Sodium moving ________ the cell and Potassium moving ________ the cell.
inside: outside
The corpus callosum
is a thick band of neural fibers enabling communications between the two brain hemispheres
One reason smells often evoke memories is that the sense of smell
is routed through the limbic system
Which of the following statements is true regarding lateralization?
language processing has different roles in each hemisphere
People born with a high genetic risk for schizophrenia were ________ likely to develop schizophrenia if they were raised in a healthy family environment than if they were raised in a disturbed family environment.
less
The ________ is the deep groove that separates the brain into two halves.
longitudinal fissure
________ can be used to simulate the effects of nurturing maternal care during early life and cause lower hormonal responses to stress.
medication
The substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and reticular formation can all be found in the
midbrain
Which types of twins have the same DNA, and are valuable in studying the influence of environmental factors on genetics?
monozygotic
A(n) ________ is a sudden, permanent change in a sequence of DNA.
mutation
The theory of evolution by natural selection requires variability of a given trait. Why is variability necessary and where does it come from?
my answer: We need to be diverse to allow for successful reproduction and genetic transmission. Also, comes from the ability to adapt to a changing environment. Content answer: Variability is essential for natural selection to work. If all individuals are the same on a given trait, there will be no relative difference in their reproductive success because everyone will be equally adapted to their environments on that trait. Mutations are one source of variability, but sexual reproduction is another important source of variation given that individuals inherit half of their genetic makeup from each of their parents.
During resting potential, before the electric charge is sent, the inside of a neuron has a ________ charge.
negative
When resting, the inside of a cell has a ________ charge. During action potential, the cell briefly has a ________ charge.
negative; positive
Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ________ balance.
neurotransmitter
Dmitri is in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured. Which of the following is the most likely behavioral effect of his accident?
no sensation in his legs and feet
The visual cortex processes visual information. In which part of the cerebral cortex is it located?
occipital lobe
After a stressful day at school and work, Kristen attends a yoga class. At the end of the class, Kristen lays quietly on her mat while paying close attention to her breathing. Her ________ nervous system is activated.
parasympathetic
As the exam is passed out, Susan takes several deep breaths and closes her eyes. She visualizes herself confidently taking the exam and focuses on her breathing and heart rate. She feels her heart and breathing slow down, and she feels calm and able to focus on answering the questions on the exam. Based on these new physiological responses, what part of Susan's nervous system is now being activated?
parasympathetic division
If your ________ is activated, you will feel relatively at ease.
parasympathetic nervous system
The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract.
parasympathetic nervous system
The somatosensory cortex is an area just behind the motor cortex that receives information from the skin's sensory receptors and movements from different body parts. In which part of the cerebral cortex is it located?
parietal
The ________ secretes hormones that regulate the body's fluid levels.
pituitary
The ________ secretes messenger hormones that direct the function of the rest of the endocrine glands.
pituitary
Doctors want to take a closer look at a schizophrenic patient's brain to monitor the activity of neurotransmitters while she experiences hallucinations. First, they will give her an injection of a radioactive substance. Which technique will they use?
positron emission tomography (PET)
Jack is injected with a small amount of radioactive glucose and then lies in a scanner. He is given a task—to think about his favorite song—as the scanner records the movement and location of the glucose his brain. A computer analyzes the data and produces a color-coded image of his brain activity. Jack is receiving the imaging technique called ________.
positron emission tomography (PET)
An invasive imaging technique that provides color-coded images of brain activity by tracking the brain's use of a radioactively tagged compound, such as glucose, oxygen, or a drug, is called ________.
positron emission topography (PET)
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs that
prevent unused neurotransmitters from being transported back to the neuron
Carbon monoxide poisoning often damages the occipital lobe of the brain. What might we expect when this part of the brain is damaged? The question has been evaluated. Your choice is correct. Multiple Choice QuestionProblems retrieving long-term memoriesProblems feeling touches to the skin on the opposite side of the bodyProblems moving parts of the body on the same side as the damage
problems processing visual information
Drugs designed to restore neurotransmitter balance in the brain are known as
psychotropic medications
Sympathetic activation is associated with ________.
pupil dilation and increased heart rate
The scientific discipline in which similarities among individuals are analyzed based on how biologically related they is called
quantitative genetics
________ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall.
range of reaction
________ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall. You were incorrect.
range of reaction
The idea that Sophia is born with high genetic potential for intelligence that determines the boundaries of her intelligence, but that her environment interacts with those genes to determine wherein her intelligence falls within those bounds is known as
range of reactions
Agonists and antagonists mimic or impede neurotransmitters by binding to ________.
receptors
Agonists bind to ________ and antagonists bind to ________.
receptors, receptors
The ________ extends through the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.
reticular formation
The ________ is involved in regulating the sleep/wake cycle and plays an important role in arousal and alertness.
reticular formation
The longitudinal fissure The question has been evaluated. Your choice is incorrect. Multiple Choice Questionis a large network of neurons on the cerebral cortex.
separates the brain into two halves
During action potential, positively charged ________ ions move inside the cell.
sodium
Conscious and voluntary movements are associated with the ________ nervous system.
somatic
Our ability to make our legs move as we walk across the room is controlled by the ________ nervous system.
somatic
Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.
somatic
The key components of the peripheral nervous system are ________.
somatic and autonomic nervous systems
The peripheral nervous system is composed of the
somatic and autonomic systems
Devin processes the pain of a fresh paper cut on his finger in the
somatosensory complex
Which of the following is not a structure of the forebrain?
substantia nigra
If Julian is startled by a rat in his kitchen, his ________ nervous system kicks into action.
sympathetic
The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration. You were correct. Multiple Choice Questionparasympatheticautonomicsympathetic
sympathetic
Based on Susan's nervousness and on her physiological responses, what part of Susan's nervous system is being activated?
sympathetic division
The part of the nervous system that prepares the body to respond to threatening events is the ________ division, and the part that helps the body to maintain a normal state of balance is the ________ division.
sympathetic, parasympathetic
Larry and Claire are hiking on a trail in the Rocky Mountains. As they walk, the trail becomes less distinguishable and is overgrown with brush. Suddenly, a man holding an axe jumps in front of them. This scares both of them; their hearts begin to pump faster and their breathing increases. They begin running in the opposite direction to get away from the man. Larry and Claire's response to run away was triggered by the ________ division of the ________ nervous system, which stimulated the ________ gland to produce the hormones ________.
sympathetic; autonomic; adrenal; epinephrine and norepinephrine
The space between a sending and receiving neuron is called a
synapse
Gretchen recently reported randomly hearing songs, and voices from the past. An MEG (magnetoencephalography) revealed she had a tumor causing neurons in the ________ lobe to occasionally fire at random, triggering these auditory illusions.
temporal
The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain?
temporal
The auditory cortex is responsible for hearing and language. In which part of the cerebral cortex is it located?
temporal
The signal travels to the end of the axon, called the [Select] terminal button dendrite neurotransmitter myelin (1), where the signal travels across the synapse to the next neuron.
terminal button
The ________ is a sensory relay station where all sensory information, except for smell, goes before being sent to other areas of the brain for further processing.
thalamus
The central nervous system consists of the
the brain and the spinal cord
Physiological changes such as those activated when Sarah hears spooky sounds while she's out for a run (her pupils dilate, her heart rate and blood pressure increase, etc.) are known as
the fight-or-flight response
The significance of the lesion study of Phineas Gage's damaged brain is that it provided evidence that ________.
the frontal lobe is involved in controlling personality traits, emotion, inhibitory control, and goal-setting abilities
Raul is having a discussion with his mother about his father, Tomas, and his brother, Hector. Tomas, the father, is an alcoholic and Raul expresses to his mother that he is concerned about his brother, Hector, who is also beginning to drink a lot. Raul does not want his brother to turn out like his father. Raul's mother tells him that there have been several men in the family who are alcoholics such as his grandfather and two uncles. She says that it runs in the family and that his brother, Hector, can't help himself and he will also be an alcoholic. Raul responds that he thinks they could stop drinking if they wanted too, despite the history of alcoholism in the family. "After all, look at me. I don't drink and my friends don't either. I don't think I will become an alcoholic because I have friends who know how to control themselves." Raul's opinion best supports
the idea that nurture can influence nature
A new animal is discovered that is more sensitive to pain in its toes than its fingers. If we were to examine the brain of this animal we would notice that ________.
the parietal lobe would have more brain area devoted to the toes than the fingers
________ is a midbrain structure critical to movement.
the ventral tegmental area
Phineas Gage's accident revealed that
there is a relationship between the frontal lobes, limbic system, and impulse control
What happens to testosterone levels of those who lose chess tournaments?
they fall
Structures that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine and aid in movement are the substantia nigra and the ________, both found in the midbrain.
ventral tegmental area (VTA)
Rosemary had a stroke about a year ago and now she cannot understand what people are saying to her. This is embarrassing for her, so she responds using vague language and tries to make it appear as though she understands. Which area of Rosemary's brain was likely damaged by the stroke? You were correct.
wiernecke's area