psy2012 quiz 4, longitudinal studies, quiz 4 psych
Examples of longitudinal studies
+ Terman Study of the Gifted (Genetic Studies of Genius) - the longest-running longitudinal study in the world (since 1921) Lewis Terman began it to observe the development and characteristics of gifted children over a lifespan. Initial purpose was to disprove belief that gifted children were weak physically or socially. Initial findings were that gifted children were not different from peers, other than intelligence and a tendency to be myopic.
What do longitudinal studies include?
- Repeated checkups and examination on the sample over the time period in regular intervals. Can be done through different methodologies. IE: diaries, participant observation, critical incident reports, data logging, repeated interviews, and controlled experiments in laboratory setting. - Find relevant methods for data analysis. Data in longitudinal studies are often more extensive than data from cross-sectional studies. - Repeat the study at least two times, at a given time interval. - Ensure that variables are kept consistent OR take in account any extraneous variables that may affect data.
Advantages of snapshot research
- snapshot is less time consuming to conduct and analyse/go through data; - less chance of sample attrition - more affordable and practical in general - much quicker in reaching an observational conclusion. - snapshot studies can be helpful in representing entire populations if sample size is carefully chosen
What is longitudinal research?
- studies observing the same individuals to understand the long-term effects of changes in products, processes, or environment on behavior, attitude, etc. -can extend over years or even decades.
Disadvantages of longitudinal research
- the data may be too demanding for researcher and participants - sample attrituiton - takes a lot of time and money and commitment -in longitudinal studies - Issues and concepts may change over time - while longitudinal data is being collected at multiple points, cannot take into account whatever has happened in between those points. - it is being collected at multiple points, cannot take into account whatever has happened in between those points.
Disadvantages of snapshot research
-snapshot studies aren't fit to make conclusive observations about trends -less valid as hawthorne effect may affect their answers or their mood that day might influence their answers
Advantages of longitudinal research
= collecting data from long periods help in determining patterns, cause and effect relationships and connections. = these studies are high in validity and are great for picking up long-term changes. = shows changes in attitudes/behaviours over time = researcher get to know respondents well - strong rapport/validity data as people more likely to trust someone they know = can give qualitative and qualitative data - producing rich information = more reliable as you can track the consistency of data and remove any anomalies that may hinder the datas accuracy.
Impacts of sample attrition on longitudinal research
= effects accuracy as research findings won't be as true if there is missing data. = could force researchers to exclude data already collected from the ex-participants; overall just preventing them from using valuable data. = researchers will have to take note of occurrences of sample attrition and describe its impact it has had on their conclusions.
Longitudinal VS Snapshot
= it comes down to the researcher's preference and what they are aiming to collect. = depends on the number of variables you're trying to study, time and money you have, nature of event you are studying.
A person's willingness to stay in a relationship no matter what - to "stick it out" even in hard times" - is related to which component of love, according to Robert Sternberg? a. commitment b. passion c. intimacy d. longevity
A
According to Armour (2007), a Gallup poll indicated that employees who had ________ at work reported 50% more job satisfaction than those who did not. a. close friends b. a romantic interest in a colleague c. higher wages than they thought they deserved d. job security
A
According to Robert Sternberg's theory, love is comprised of three different components. Which of the following is not one of them? a. security b. passion c. intimacy d. commitment
A
According to noted sociologist Emile Durkheim, achieving a state of personal well-being requires what? a. being socially connected b. having children c. accepting one's state of being alone in the world d. financial stability
A
Albert has a large project due to his boss by the end of the week. Although it's stressful, Albert makes a step-by-step to-do list to ensure he can accomplish the project on time. Albert is displaying what type of coping? a. problem-focused coping b. emotion-focused coping c. retroactive-focused coping d. meaning-focused coping
A
Caring, closeness, and emotional support are all parts of the ________ component of love. a. intimacy b. passion c. attachment d. commitment
A
Denita is a very ardent, right-wing conservative and always votes for Republican candidates. She recently met Troy, who she thinks is interesting and very attractive. Once she finds out that he is a very liberal individual who prefers Democratic candidates, she may no longer want to date him. This change in her opinion demonstrates the ________ hypothesis. a. matching b. coordination c. complementarity d. proximity
A
Dianne has a reputation for being a difficult person. She is suspicious of others, unhelpful, and not very compassionate. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Dianne likely score low in? a. agreeableness b. extraversion c. openness d. conscientiousness
A
Every day on his way to work, Darnell passes a particular coffee shop. Before starting his job Darnell had never heard of the shop, but now that he sees it every day he stops there regularly and finds that it has become his favorite place to get a cup of coffee. According to research by Robert Zajonc, Darnell's liking of the coffee shop is due to the ________ effect. a. mere exposure b. proximity c. intrinsic motivation d. proximal incentive
A
In the model of Robert Sternberg, what kind of love is marked by passion, commitment, and intimacy all at the same time? a. consummate love b. companionate love c. liking d. fatuous love
A
International studies of happiness yield which of the following results regarding the relation of money and subjective well-being? a. In general, average levels of happiness are higher in economically developed nations although Latin America is a notable exception to this trend b. In general, average levels of happiness are higher in economically underdeveloped nations such as those in sub-Saharan Africa and Central Asia. c. In general, communist countries such as Cuba, China and North Korea have high levels of subjective well-being while capitalist nations such as Canada and the United States have only moderate levels. d. It is impossible to accurately compare subjective well-being across cultures.
A
Istvan is well liked by his friends because he is trusting, considerate, compassionate, loyal, and easy to get along with. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Istvan likely score high in? a. agreeableness b. conscientiousness c. openness d. extraversion
A
Jada and Will have been dating for 3 weeks and are feeling very emotionally close to each other. They have begun a satisfying sexual relationship and each feels a need to be around the other at all times. Neither of them has thought about whether the relationship has a future; they are both enjoying the present. In Sternberg's model, this might demonstrate ________ love. a. romantic b. empty c. fatuous d. consummate
A
Jessie is interested in the cultural differences in respectfulness. To measure this she records how far away a person sits down when invited for an interview. The ability of Jessie's measure to predict her interest in respectfulness is known as the study's: a. validity b. reliability c. directness d. objectivity
A
Joe and Ruth have been married for 43 years. Neither of them is terribly attracted to the other anymore; in fact, they have not had sex in many years. They don't share common interests, and rarely do things together. When they are asked why they don't divorce, they both say "after all of this time, where am I going to go?" This type of love that only involves commitment, is called ________ love. a. empty b. companionate c. extended d. protracted
A
Martin has been trying very hard to be friendly with Jeannie, but she just seems distant to him. Although he's never done anything wrong to her, he finds that he no longer has an interest in being friends with her. It appears that the lack of ________ from Jeannie has ended Martin's willingness to be warm and pleasant toward her. a. reciprocity b. similarity c. proximity d. aesthetics
A
The Rorschach Test and the Thematic Apperception Test are two prominent examples of __________ tests. a. projective b. objective c. behavioral d. interview-based
A
The ________ component of love is comprised of physiological and emotional arousal. It can include physical attraction, emotional responses that promote physiological changes, and sexual arousal. a. passion b. infatuation c. intimacy d. lovemaking
A
The term that refers to physical nearness and plays a big part in the interpersonal attraction that develops between people is ________. a. proximity b. tangentiality c. complementarity d. reciprocity
A
Vishnu is an extremely hostile and competitive person. One might say he has a Type A personality. Due to these characteristics, we can predict what about Vishnu? a. He is at risk for heart problems such as damaged arteries. b. The detriments to his physical health will be offset by stronger social support. c. He experiences more daily negative emotions but still shows resiliency. d. He has a strong sense of control and self-efficacy which will help his health.
A
When it comes to research findings on interpersonal relationships, including romantic connections, which phrase is the most accurate? a. "Birds of a feather flock together." b. "Opposites attract." c. "Absence makes the heart grow fonder." d. "There's a lot of 'good' in goodbye."
A
A benefit of using behavioral measures includes the fact that they are: a. the easiest form to collect b. subject to less biased responses c. able to provide insight into participants' motives d. easier to score than other methods
B
David is happy and optimistic. He enjoys being around other people and participating in extreme sports like skydiving and bungee jumping. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score high in? a. agreeableness b. extraversion c. openness d. conscientiousness
B
Having sufficient social resources helps support individuals' subjective well-being. Which of the following is the best example of these resources? a. living in s country with high voter turnout b. having a friend you can turn to in times of need c. having material opportunities—such as movie theaters—where people can be entertained in groups d. living independently without need for others' support
B
How has our perspective on health changed over the years? a. We've given greater concentration to chronic, physical diseases like HIV. b. We look at physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease or illness. c. We incorporate newer technology to prevent illnesses before they become critical. d. We've introduced prevention and treatment regimens that are easier for patients to adhere to.
B
In the classic study by Hartshorne, May, Maller, and Shuttleworth (1928), the authors found that if they varied the situation, they could get children to behave honestly or dishonestly depending on the situation. This study supports the belief that ______. a. children's ethical behavior depends on their personality b. children's ethical behavior depends on the situation c. children's ethical behavior depends on their parents d. children's ethical behavior is genetically determined
B
Jarrod reports feeling that his life is going well overall. He experiences many desirable and pleasant emotions on a daily basis, but also has battled with anger and worry since he had children. What level of subjective well-being (SWB) might we say that Jarrod holds? a. very high SWB, because having children increases health and happiness b. moderately high SWB, because you can still have some negative emotions and be happy c. moderately low SWB, because anger and worry drain happiness and life satisfaction d. very low SWB, because Jarrod's negative emotions interfere with his responsibilities and happiness
B
Kyle has a reputation for being very calm during an emergency. He copes very well with stress and is able to think clearly and make effective decisions. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score low in? a. agreeableness b. neuroticism c. openness d. conscientiousness
B
What is the definition of stressors? a. Events that affect people physiologically b. Events or experiences that induce psychological and/or physiological stress c. Traumatic events that disrupt homeostasis and one's ability to cope d. Psychological beliefs that interfere with the ability to function optimally
B
When determining what measure to use, researchers often assess a measure's validity. Validity is when a measure: a. produces consistent scores across time b. is able to predict theoretical outcomes c. directly assesses participants' responses d. indirectly assesses participants' responses
B
Which of the following is the best definition of self-efficacy? a. A feeling like you have the power to change your environment and behavior if you need or want to b. A belief that one can perform adequately in a given situation c. The size of one's social network or number of social roles d. Cynical thoughts and feelings related to the self
B
With so many different types of measures used to assess personality it is important to examine both the extent to which scores change over time and the consistency of test scores across repeated assessments. When completing test-retests like this, researchers are assessing measures' _____________. a. validity b. reliability c. objectivity d. individual differences
B
According to Erickson, which is one of the greatest achievements for the self as a motivated agent? a. developing theory of mind b. creating a self-narrative c. developing an identity d. creating a social reputation
C
Damon experienced a death in his family from the hurricane that passed through his city recently. His stress levels are very high and he's starting to feel very tired and distracted at work. From these symptoms, what phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome would we say that Damon is in? a. arousal b. coping c. exhaustion d. alarm
C
Dr. Peters gives the same personality test to a client three times over the course of 6 months, and finds that the results are very similar. This test would be described as having high ________ due to the consistency of its findings. a. standardization b. validity c. reliability d. norms
C
Hammond likes his daily routine that involves eating the same breakfast while reading the newspaper, and taking the same route to work. Every year he vacations at his favorite beach resort. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score low in? a. agreeableness b. conscientiousness c. openness d. extraversion
C
Of all the possible stress reduction techniques which of the following has the most health benefits? a. biofeedback b. emotion-focused coping c. exercise d. mind-body connection
C
The feature that makes a test "objective" is: a. it does not allow for subjective responding b. it focuses on a single variable (or "object") c. it is scored objectively d. it is administered by computer
C
Wayne likes to travel to learn about new cultures. Whenever he returns from a trip he brings home a piece of art from that culture to add to his collection. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score high in? a. agreeableness b. conscientiousness c. openness d. extraversion
C
Which type of coping regulates the negative emotions associated with stressful events? a. problem-focused coping b. meaning-focused coping c. emotion-focused coping d. mood-induced coping
C
Dr. Phillips is administering a personality test to her client, and she feels very confident that this test is an accurate measure of personality; that is, she feels that the test measures what it designed to measure. Dr. Phillips is confident in this test's __________. a. reliability b. standardization c. norms d. validity
D
Dr. Reichl is a psychoanalyst who believes that analyzing his patients' dreams is one of the best ways to access this part of their mind. a. subconscious b. preconscious c. conscious d. nonconscious
D
Factor analysis allowed personality theorists to: a. generate statistically significant descriptions of personality traits b. assess the ability of specific personality tests to predict behavior c. measure the contribution of genetics to personality characteristics d. analyze the correlations among traits and identify the most important ones
D
Self-report questionnaires are subject to which of the following biases? a. letter of recommendation effect b. sibling contrast effect c. self-verification d. social desirability
D
The most familiar and widely-used approach to assessing personality is the __________,in which standard items are presented and these items use a limited response format such as an agree-disagree scale. a. behavioral observation b. projective test c. behavioral interview d. objective test
D
The night before a midterm exam, Kurt is invited to a party by his friends. He decides not to go to the party because doing well in the course is important to his career goals. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score high in? a. agreeableness b. neuroticism c. openness d. conscientiousness
D
What part do negative feelings play in subjective well-being? a. None; people who are high in SWB do not experience negative feelings. b. Negative feelings such as sadness are okay to experience but depression is not. c. Negative feelings are experienced as positive by people who are chronically negative. d. Negative feelings are functional and should be experienced as appropriate but only some of the time.
D
What were the main findings from Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome? a. Daily hassles, although not traumatic, can have large impacts on health. b. Participants who were less stressed were less likely to get sick when exposed to a cold virus. c. Assessing biological, psychological, and social factors are all important in the development of diseases. d. Phases of stress, including arousal, coping, and exhaustion, was first discovered while studying rats.
D
__________ testing refers to a situations in which test scores are used to make important decisions about individuals, such as being hired for a job. a. Placement b. Criterion-related c. Predictive d. High-stakes
D
in what nation would it be considered taboo for an emerging adult to cohabit with a romantic partner before marriage
England
according to ___, the study of child development should focus on whether children progress through qualitatively different stages of development
Piaget
What is sample attrition?
Sample attrition is a feature of longitudinal studies in which individual observations drop out from the study over time. This could be due to health status,death, other extenuating circumstances or due to lack of interest or lack of time.
What is snapshot research?
a snapshot (also called cross-sectional) study is also a kind of observational research that compares multiple sample groups at the same time. Not longitudinal where you learn from one/a select sample size over a long period of time but here you collect data from many subjects at once.
Juanita wants to be closer to her boyfriend of 3 weeks, but she often feels that if she lets him get too close she will get hurt. So she spends time with him but pushes him away when it feels like he's trying to get to know her better. Her relationship is an example of ________ attachment, which may exist among about 20% of adults.
anxious-resistant
which of the following countries has an emerging adulthood stage
australia ??
Hector is a strict father who demands and expects obedience from his children. What is his style of parenting known as?
authoritarian
___ are used to understand characteristics and life themes that an ___ individual considers to uniquely distinguish him-or herself from others
autobiological narratives
Rachel's mother takes her to the pediatrician for her 1-year checkup. Rachel is very friendly towards everyone she meets in the waiting room; she didn't show any reaction when her mother left her in the room nor upon her mother's return. According to Ainsworth, these are indicators that Rachel is:
avoidantly attached
researchers are curious about children's responses to vignettes. which of the following is a hallmark feature of this type of research:
because this type of research relies on verbal ability it is most appropriate for older children
what is the name of the cultural system that emphasizes the duties that one has toward others
collectivism
In the study that Harry Harlow conducted examining the attachment patterns of macaque monkeys, which factor predicted the highest amount of attachment between a monkey and a surrogate "mother?"
contact comfort
to study development researchers want to know how changes in thinking occur. when a change is gradual, linear, and quantitative. such as a child's height, development is considered to be:
continuous
a study of change within a group of children as they age is called a ___ design
cross-sectional
Gary is not fast when completing a vocabulary test but if given enough time can get nearly 100% on the test. While Gary's old age may influence his reaction time, his _____ intelligence is fully intact due to his large amount of life experience and knowledge
crystallized
this type of intelligence relies on the applications of knowledge, experience, and learned information. it can be tested using measures such as vocabulary tests, solving number problems, and understanding tests
crystallized
clues to the important roles both nature and nurture play in development is seen in infants as they begin to gain the ability to actively perceive the distance from themselves to objects in the environment. this ability is also known as what term
depth perception
in economically developed nations 50 years ago, at what age did most men begin their full-time career
early 20
Julee's mom has noticed that her daughter has been especially good at resisting the cookies in the kitchen so she doesn't spoil her dinner each night. Julee knows if she can wait until after dinner she can eat two cookies. This successful experience of motivated self-regulation can also be referred to as what?
effortful control
researchers can fit a child's scalp a cap connected to electrodes that measure and amplify electrical activity in the brain called ___
event related potentials
25 year old Filipe didn't understand how to do his taxes, so he called his mom to ask her for help. he said he needed a "real" adult to talk to. what aspect of emerging adulthood is Filipe experiencing
feeling in-between
there is a normal decline in older adults that occurs in their performance on tasks which require them to use:
fluid intelligence
Francisco refuses to wear the color yellow because he's convinced, "That color is for girls." Francisco has developed this idea from interacting with his sister whose favorite color is yellow. This example of Francisco's beliefs and expectations about the attributes associated with maleness and femaleness best describes which concept?
gender schemas
in Europe and Asia, emerging adulthood is longer than in the United States due, in part, to the financial support of the emerging adult's ___
governments
baby tael is a part of a psychology study. she is offered a toy several times until she becomes bored with it. after this, the researcher presents a new toy to see if there will be a change in Yael's interest and attention. this process is known as:
habituation and dishabituation
hedonic well-being refers to the emotional component of well-being and includes measures such as:
happiness, contemned, and stress
25-year old Cassy has recently learned that her roommate from college is suffering from a serious family matter, and Cassy is upset by this. with whom is Cassy most likely to discuss her feelings of distress
her boyfriend
Joe and Morris have been friends for over 50 years. Now in their seventies, Joe still plays golf 3 times a week but Morris has physical limitations that prevent him from doing so. The differences in the way that these men are aging reflects the concept of __________.
heterogeneity
according to Piaget, the developmental processes that explain children's cognitive development are measured by:
how children reason, with fundamental changes in thinking occurring in each stage
a child who has an ___ attachment type with his parents and other important figures in her life is more likely than others to be seen as a bully as she gets older
insecure-avoidant
what kind of research examines hypothesis about patterns of aging by collecting information from the same groups of individuals at multiple points in time
longitudinal
the strange situation is an experimental method for measuring attachment that:
may be influenced by temperamental differences of the infant
what is one of the main issues-- perhaps even problems-- with research that is done on the relationship between a person's adult attachment style and that the same person's childhood attachment style
much of the data collected is retrospective
___ refers to one's biological endowment, including the genes that we receive from our parents
nature
playing Chutes and Ladders gives children opportunity to be exposed to spatial kinesthetic, verball, and time-based cues on the size of numbers. understanding the properties that indicate the size of numbers is also known as what
numerical magnitudes
Kinds of longitudinal studies
panel, cohort, retrospective. - panel study involves a random sample of subjects - cohort study observes subjects in a similar group (region, age, or common experiences) - retroactive study involves historical data, often in comparison to updated data.
to the extent to which a person behaves, thinks, and feels in a secure or insecure manner toward another individual is called an attachment
pattern
Antonucci's convoy model of social relations say that social connections are held together by
perceived emotional support
Adam is upset that his twin brother Ryan has two pieces of pie while he only has one. His Mom rightly states that it's the same amount of pie it's just that Ryan's piece fell apart into two pieces as it was transferred onto the plate. Still not satisfied, Adam begins to throw a temper tantrum. In a moment of desperation, Adam's Mom cuts his piece in half saying: "There, Adam, now you have two pieces!" This worked. Adam is now happy. What Piagetian Stage is Adam in?
preoperational
when you are driving and see a traffic light turn red, you immediately take your foot off the accelerator and press the brake. declines in ___ explain why this may take mortise as we age
processing speed
using standardized intelligence tests to assess cognitive ability and intelligence is known as the ___ approach
psychometric
which of the following is the most important aspect of a child's ability to develop depth perception (demonstrated by the fact that the absence of this factor can lead to depth perception problems later in life)
receiving patterned light
dana observes children on the playground. every time one of them helps another she records notes. this is an example of a:
research method
Jennie has a secure attachment style to her parents, and has always made friends easily. she is now 28 years old is dating Paulo, a man she's known for 3 years. based on the research about the adult attachment, what sort of attachment style will Paulo have
secure
the ___ of attachment refers to an infant's confidence that a caregiver will respond in times of need
security
peer relationships are an important part of children's social development. peer acceptance is a source of affirmation and ___ whereas peer rejection is a source of bullying and vicitimization
self-esteem
terrance brings his daughter to participate in a research project. during their time in the laboratory. terrance sits with his daughter, and then is separated from her for a time, and is finally reunited with her. researchers observe how the child behaves during these encounters. the study being conducted is utilizing the ___ tasks to study attachment behaviors
strange situation
during what time period did emerging adulthood begin to develop as a life stage in industrialized countries
the last 50 years
one potential with researching skills is that people can improve on those skills each time they are tested. this is known as:
the practice effect
which research protocol was developed to assess the nature of a child's attachment with his or her caregivers(s)
the strange situation experiment
A researcher was interested in how easy it is for children to learn to use new technologies such as smart phones. She created measures for speed of learning and administered these to 4 year old children in 2005, and then again each year for the next three years as new phones and software were released. Which of the following might be problematic in her research?
there might be a cohort effect. The findings of the study might not generalize to older or younger generations who have different amounts of natural exposure to smartphones in childhood.
which of the following would be included in the Child Behavior Checklist:
whether a child has nightmares
