PSY3511 Exam 1, PSY3511 Intro to Counseling Psych Exam 1, PSY: 3511: counseling psychology umn exam 1, PSY 3511 UMN Exam 1

Overgeneralization cognitive distortion

Taking a localized or specific negative event and applying it globally

WWI

The Army hires a team of psychologists, led by Robert Yerkes, to develop ability tests for assigning recruits to specific jobs

Definition of Authenticity

"The ability and willingness to be what one truly is in a relationship..." (Gelso and Fretz, 2001) • Genuineness • The therapeutic relationship is a two-way street • For counselors: depends on what is best for the client at a given point in therapy

View of Mental Illness in the Middle Ages to 17th Century

"madness" = in league with devil torture, starvation, confinement, hanging, burning, trephining

color-blind ideology

"we are in a post racial America now that there is a black president" "I don't notice skin color, I treat everyone the same"

Counseling Psychology Is...

- "specialty within psychology that tends to focus on research, assessment, and interventions on and with clients who have relatively intact personalities" - "tends to pay close attention to the assets and psychological strengths of individuals" - "brief and varied" - "attention [is paid] to person-environment interactions, to multicultural contexts, and to educational and vocational development and environments"

The Industrial Revolution (1750-1850)

- A period of profound change in agriculture, manufacturing, and technology - a need for skilled workers and technical training - Programs for vocational guidance were created

Oppression

- Its a system -maintains advantages and disadvantages based on social group membership -occurs at multiple levels (Individual:values, beliefs, feelings);interpersonal:actions behaviors, language); institutional: rules, policies, procedures); internalized)

4 types of strong interest inventory

- general occupational themes -basic interest scales -occupational scales -personal style scales

autonomy

- independence and self-determination

Information to gather during intake meeting

- presenting concerns - Mental health history - Prior mental health treatment - Family of origin - Work and educational history - Living situation - Social support - Alcohol and substance abuse - Suicidal/ homicidal ideation - Cultural identity - Strengths

Frank Parsons

-Choosing a vocation -knowledge of self has to match knowledge of work

Cognitive therapy techniques

-Collaborative empiricism Therapists help clients frame thoughts and assumptions into hypotheses -Behavioral experiments Testing hypotheses outside of session -Daily Thought Record of Dysfunctional Thoughts A self-monitoring method used to assess client's thoughts, feelings and behaviors outside of therapy -Socratic Dialogue: A series of questions designed to help the client uncover the assumptions and evidence that underpin their thoughts -Decatastrophizing A "what if" technique designed to explore actual, rather than feared, events and consequences -Reattribution Client explores alternative causes or explanations for events and reactions -Redefining Make the problem more concrete and specific and state it in terms of client's behavior -Decentering Moving the supposed focus of attention away from oneself

what accounts for improvement in clients?

-Extratherapeutic factors: qualities of the client or qualities of his or her environment and that aid in recovery regardless of his or her participation in therapy. 40% -Common factors: shared factors across a variety of therapeutic approaches, such as empathy and the therapeutic relationship. 30% -Expectancy factors: client's expectations of help or belief in the rationale or effectiveness of therapy. 15% -Specific Techniques: factors unique to specific therapies and tailored to treatment of specific problems. 15%

Hippocrates

-Father of western medicine -Somatogenesis

Standards of conduct for APA ethics code

-Resolving ethical issues -Competence -Human relations, privacy & confidentiality -Advertising and other PR Record keeping & fees -Education & training -Research & publication -Assessment -Therapy

Dorothea Dix

-Started social reform in the U.S. system -moral-treatment movement -kindly care -led to large, state-supported public asylums

Social Justice and Multicultural awareness

-Strong commitment to advocacy and social justice -emphasis on person-environment interactions and cultural contexts -3 historical elements: measurement, role of environment, and cultural context and competence

Dorothy Dix (1807-1887)

-Taught a Sunday school class for female inmates -Recognized most inmates were mentally ill and lived in harsh conditions -Started social reform in the U.S. system -Fought for moral and humane treatment of the mentally ill (large, state-supported asylums)

Psychoanalysis

-What Freud originally practiced -The original talk therapy -Practiced today only by a small number of people -People were subconsciously doing/thinking things -problems develop from an imbalance in the conflict between the id, ego, and superego to control psychic energy. results from being stuck at an early psychosexual stage. -Change: Through making the unconscious conscious and strengthening the ego, the client will be able to identify and correct non-functional patterns of behavior; this is achieved through insight. -The role of the therapist is to help facilitate the client's growth and development in therapy. A neutral stance is essential, so that transference may be enacted. the client is to be thoughtful, introspective, and passive.

cultural influences

-age and generational influences -developmental disabilities -disabilities acquired later in life -religion and spiritual orientation -ethnic and racial identity -socioeconomic status -sexual orientation -indigenous heritage -national origin -gender

Central values of counseling psychology

-assets and strengths -person-environment interaction -education and career development -brief interactions -intact personalities -focus on strengths and optimal function -focus on whole person with emphasis on life-span development and vocational groth -commitment to advocacy and social justice, ongoing awareness of importance of environmental context & culture brief, education, and preventive interventions -dedication to the scientist-practitioner model

3 components of cultural competence

-awareness -knowledge -skills

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

-based upon the theory of personality -designed to measure the typical manner in which test taker perceives the world around her/him and draws conclusions -each "type" consists of a combination of 4 letters that represent 4 preferences

5 general principles of APA ethics code

-beneficence & nonmaleficence -fidelity and responsibility -integreity -justice -respect for people's rights and dignity

limits to confidentiality

-client request for release of info 0court orders for confidential information -child abuse or abuse of vulnerable adult -danger to oneself or danger to others -illicit substance use while pregnant -knowledge of abuse or exploitation by another health professional

personal is political

-client's difficulty stems from coping with their larger interpersonal, social, and economic context -their symptoms were helping them cope with their contextual stressors. they re not "pathological" and don't need a DSM diagnosis. e.g. man who things he has a huge drinking problem and therefore missed his test on monday from over drinking -- therapist asks how many advertisements he has seen that shows that a men drinking is sexy and sophisticated; he has been told from a young age that this is what he is supposed to do but now he has luckily realized that it has gotten out of control for him.

empowerment

-clients have some sense of personal power, no matter how small -clients are experts in their own lives -share the power in the therapeutic relationship as a way to model to the client how they can have power in other areas of their lives e.g. woman client - i now that i should eat more but i feel good when i see that i have only taken in 500 calories therapist -- it must feel powerful to do that, what other aspects to you feel powerful in in your life? client - nothing therapist-- you have power here. you know yourself better and i am just trying to help. if you don't feel power anywhere else then it makes sense that you want to have power here.

risk management

-competence -communication and attention to the therapeutic relationship -supervision and consultation -record keeping -insurance -knowledge of ethics and relevant law -practice self-care

group therapy or support group for feminist theory

-connect with others who share client's experience -reduces feelings of isolation and promotes feeling "normal" -promotes consciousness-raising through the sharing of stories

5 types of interpretation

-connects isolated statements, problems, or events -points out themes or patterns 0defenses, resistance, or t ransference 0reates present events, experiences, or feelings to the past -gives new framework to feelings, behaviors, or problems

reliability

-consistency or repeatability of measurement -traditional ways of determining reliability -temporal consistency (test-retest reliability) internal consistency

brief, educational, & preventive counseling interventions

-counseling vs. psychotherapy -short-term, brief counseling - typically 6 months or less -impact of managed care

structured clinical interviews

-cover predetermined areas -follow standardized protocols -provides the opportunity for direct client observation gathering of client life history

3 primary areas of outcome research

-efficacy vs effectiveness -empirically supported treatments -common factors

2 frequent errors in applications of assessment

-eliminate the use of any psychological assessments because they have all been developed largely with white, middle-class americans -assuming all persons of a given subgroup are similar and immediately "adjusting" assessment results for a member of a given group

Lifespan development & vocational growth

-emphasis on the whole person -importance of developmental stage models -choice, career development, job problems and work-related stress

power analysis

-emphasizes power differences between groups in society -clients recognize the different types of power they possess and how they can exercise that power

Importance of ethical standards

-ensuring competent professional behavior -responsibility to public trust -professionals monitor their own and other members' professional behavior

standards of a good test

-evaluating and constructing -fairness -application

4 broad areas of common factors

-extratherapeutic change factors -therapeutic relationship factors -expectancy effects -technique factors

counseling psychology

-focus on research, assessment, and intervention on and with clients who have relatively intact personalities -pay close attention to assets and psychological strengths of individuals -brief and varied -attention is paid to person-environment interactions, to multicultural contexts, and to educational and vocational development and environment

therapeutic relationship factors

-foster a strong, trusting bond between client and therapist -accurate empathy -positive regard -warmth -congruence

projective tests

-free response measures -results depend more heavily on judgments and interpretations of administrators/scores -purport to measure deeper aspects of client's personality

feminist therapy relationship

-genuineness, empathy, and unconditional positive regard -often "invite" clients to try techniques or think of their difficulties differently egalitarian in nature e.g. client feeling stupid bc she should have known he didn't love her. therapist says that she is not stupid because she is getting help and that in hindsight, things seem very obvious.

role analysis

-helps clients understand the impact of social-role expectations, and provides insight into how social issues affect their difficulties -include: gender, ethnicity, age, sexual orientation, etc.

efficacy studies

-high degree of control, random assignment -high internal validity, low external validity -randomized control trials

Ethical decision making model

-identify the problem or dilemma -identify potential issues: evaluate the rights and responsibilities of all parties -look at the relevant ethics code for guidance -consider applicable laws -consult -brainstorm various courses of action -identify the consequences of each action -decide on the best possible course of action

ethical decision making in practicce

-identify whether this is an ethical dilemma -identify the ethical principles and whether they may be in conflict (autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, fidelity) -brainstorm possible courses of action -decide on a course of action

aptitude and intelligence test

-individually administered intelligence tests (e.g. stanford-binet intelligence scale)

The codes around therapy outlines the ethics surrounding

-informed consent, -practice with multiple people (e.g. couples, families), -termination -sexual boundaries with clients

components of clinical notes

-intake notes -progress notes -assessment report

personal style scales

-measures your level of comfort regarding work style, learning environment, leadership style, and risk taking/adventure

18th century for mental health/illness

-mentally disordered people are degenerates -keep them away from society

scientist-practitioner model

-model of training focused on an integrated duality of roles -use science to inform practice decisions as well as engage in science based upon that which is practically relevant and concerning

effectiveness studies

-naturalistic models, actual practice -"messy," less control -low internal validity, high external validity

confidentiality

-not disclosing client info without prior consent -confidentiality in family and couples therapy

usefulness of using treatment methods that are empirically supported

-patient care enhanced by the use of empirical knowledge -difficulty of keeping up with research -if clinicians cannot keep up, their performance will deteriorate -clinicians need summaries of evidence

Middle Ages to 17th century for mental health profession

-people who are mentally in are mad, and in league wit hate devil -dealt with via torture, starvation, confinement, hanging, burning, trephining (taking a chunk out of the skull?)

expectancy effects

-portion of improvement resulting from client's knowledge that he or she is being treated and from the credibility of treatment techniques and rationale -the client and therapist expect that positive change will occur (hope), and this is curative to psychological maladies in and of itself

Moral conduct school of thought: Consequentialism Principlism utilitarianism

-posits that correct moral conduct is determined solely by a cost-benefit analysis of an action's consequences, which is done by deriving the answer based on the goodness or badness of the outcome. -holds that ethnical behavior should be based on ethical principles, and less on the outcome, and lacks decision making guidelines. the idea that things are right if they are useful to society.

intake notes

-presenting problem -summary of relevant history -counselor's observations -current life situation -counselor's feedback and recommendations -action

educational guidance

-promoting citizenship -Brewer

objective tests

-rating scales -scores are independent of any opinion or judgement scorer

general occupational themes

-realistic -investigative -artistic -social -enterprising -conventional

3 levels of being a scientist

-reviewing and applying research findings to one's practice -thinking and carrying out one's work scientifically -doing research as part of one's career

techniques to feminist therapy

-social activism -group therapy or support group -gender role analysis and consciousness-raising -power analysis -reframing and relabeling

Early 1900s for mental health

-social reform movement

Biases & assumptions

-tendency to think, act, and eel in particular way -shaped by cultural influences -automaticity of biases and stereotypes -implicit

validity

-the degree to which a test actually measures what it purports to measure -what evidence is there that the use of this test in the past has been useful in answering questions like the one I am asking now? -determined by comparing results with those obtained using independent criteria

principles of feminist therapy

-the person is political -egalitarian therapeutic relationship -empowerment

criticisms to empirically supported treatment method

-too simplistic -singularity of diagnosis -inflexibility and slowing of innovation

informed consent

-two central aspects: disclosure and consent -requires a consent that is competent, knowing, and voluntary -process is ongoing and includes a discussion on the limits of confidentiality

assessment report

-usually a written report providing an answer to the referral question, with clear specification of the assessment results that underlie the answer

3 components of counseling psychology

-vocational counseling -mental health -educational guidance

basic interest scales

-what do i like? -measures interests in 25 specific areas or activities

when does unearned privilege occur?

-when a group's culture (e.g. values, worldview) becomes woven into institutions within society so that they become the "standard" or the "norm" and is therefore invisible -because of institutional support for that privileged culture, members of that group can think of themselves as individuals; no need for members of the dominant culture to identify with the group because it is the standard.

occupational scales

-who am i like? -measures how similar your interests (both likes and dislikes) are to the interests of people who are satisfied working in those occupations

Central Values of Counseling Psychology (5)

1. Emphasis on a person's strengths and optimal functioning 2. Focus on the whole person, with emphasis on life-span development and vocational growth 3. Commitment to advocacy and social justice, ongoing awareness of importance of environmental context and culture 4. Brief, educational, and preventive interventions 5. Dedication to the scientist-practitioner model

Contemporary Methods of psychodynamic therapy

1. Focus on affect and expression of emotion 2. Exploration of attempts to avoid disturbing thoughts and feelings 3. identification of recurring themes and patterns 4. Discussion of past experiences (developmental influence) 5. interpersonal relationships 6. Focus on the therapy relationship 7. Exploration of fantasy life

Founding of Counseling Psychology

1946 APA Division 17 Established by EG Williamson and John Darley- Division of Counseling and Guidance

APA Ethics Code

1. Resolving Ethical Issues 2. Competence 3. Human Relations 4. Privacy and Confidentiality 5. Advertising and Other Public Statements 6. Record Keeping 7. Education and Training 8. Research and Publication 9. Assessment 10. Therapy

four areas of social justice

1. awareness of interdisciplinary connections 2. commitment to cultural competencies 3. acceptance of complex roles (advocacy, scientist-practitioner) 4. knowledge of social justice resources

Counseling Psychology Time-line

1750-1850 - Industrial Revolution Impact on jobs, careers 1848 - Dorothea Dix Hospital for mentally ill 1908 - Clifford Beers Book: A Mind That Found Itself 1908 - Frank Parsons Vocational guidance 1914-1918 - World War I 1930s - Great Depression - Donald Paterson 1932 - E.G. Williamson University Testing Bureau 1939-1945 - World W

when was the first wave of feminism?

1840s-1960s -temperance -suffrage -women as morally superior primary: include women in more spheres (e.g. political, leadership, economic, scientific, etc.) than the domestic. Did not really challenge the balance of power, but wanted women to be included

Dorothea Dix

1848 - Dix realized that a number of the inmates had committed only one "crime": they were mentally ill. Moreover, most people who suffered from mental illness lived in harsh conditions either at home, in prisons, or in poorhouses. She went from state to state fighting for moral and humane treatment and care for the mentally ill and also for the creation of state supported asylums. She herself became depressed during her life and subsequently recovered.

Frank Parsons

1908 a figurehead of vocational guidance, created the model of career counseling

Major developments in Counseling Psychology after it was developed

1949: Boulder Conference: scientist-practitioner model (clinical psychology) "Boulder model" 1951: Counseling psychology endorses the Boulder model Table 2.1 in textbook - key events Name changes, conferences, journals, organizations Professional identity - differentiation from other related fields (e.g., clinical psychology, counseling) Development of training and professional standards PhD program accreditation, training requirements, licensure Ideas of Multiculturalism and Social Justice

when was the second wave of feminism?

1960's-1980s -radical feminism -sexuality and reproductive rights -women and men are not different -primary goal: wanted to violently overthrow systemic issues of patriarchy, capitalism, heterosexism, classism -feminist therapy is born with a goral to create spaces for women

when was the third wave of feminism?

1990s-present -women AND men can be whatever they want -primary goal: recognize and extol diversity, whether that is racial, sexual, gender, class, body size, ability status, etc. Moreover, examine social roles across all of these identities, and thus the power dynamics afforded to some identities over others.

when did the counseling psychology field weaken?

60s and 70s stoppage and brief decline in the number of counseling psych doctoral programs from the 1950s

Who founded the APA Division 17 (Division of Counseling and Guidance)?

Darley and Williamson, 1946 Created this bc veterans of WWII are just expected to pick up where they left off

Clifford Beers 1908

A Mind that Found Itself - described his harrowing experiences in an insensitive mental health system -Became a best-seller and persuaded public officials to undertake reforms - inspired the mental hygiene movement

ABC Model (REBT)

A (Activating event) > B (Belief) > C (consequence- emotional and behavioral)

What is Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy?

A family of therapeutic approaches that share similar ideas about how problems develop and how change occurs

Conceptualization Phase 2

A hypothesis about why a client is behaving, feeling, and thinking the way he/she does Helps the counselor to organize and understand the complexities that bring clients into counseling

Insight oriented approaches

A psychodynamic method trying to help the client understand themselves better Emphasis: self-awareness and understanding Primary medium: Verbal interventions More attention to the therapeutic relationship and to process, interpretation, and insight

Nonmaleficence

Do no harm

Psychoanalytic Therapy: Pros and Cons

Criticisms Concepts difficult to research and support empirically Can be expensive, time-consuming Overemphasis on the role of insight Less useful for crisis counseling Strengths First comprehensive theory of personality Recognition of early childhood, past experiences Coined term "unconscious" Recognition of family relationship's importance Concepts have been "borrowed" by other theories

ADDRESSING framework

Age and generational influences Disability (physical) Disability (mental) Religion Ethnicity Sexual orientation Socioeconomic status Indigenous background National origin Gender

18th Century

Assumed that individuals with mental illness had poor moral character Treatment: Confined to institutions or asylums, kept away from society

Central Values: Developmental and Vocational Growth

Emphasis on "whole person" Importance of developmental stage models (e.g., Piaget, Erikson, Vygotsky, Kohlberg) Vocational choice, career development, job problems and work-related stress

Strengths and optimal functioning value

All people have strengths, assets, and coping abilities Focus on health rather than psychopathology "Problems in living" vs "illness"

Dichotomous Thinking cognitive distortion

All-or-nothing thinking, no gray-area

Labeling mislabeling cognitive distortion

Allowing mistakes or negative events to define you/ your identity

Advantages and Disadvantages of Correlational Field

Allows for a study with multiple variables Permits a lack of interference with a natural process of counseling High external validity Causal inferences cannot be drawn

Advantages and Disadvantages of Correlational Analogue

Allows greater control More realistic Greater Convenience Artificial Not Generalizable Causal inferences cannot be drawn

Donald Gildersleeve Paterson

American psychologist known for pioneering applied psychology, in particular vocational counseling, industrial/organizational psychology, and differential psychology in the United States. professor of psychology at the University of Minnesota made significant advances in the measurement of intelligence, mechanical skill, and other abilities and wrote a notable book on the relation of physical to psychological traits. Served in WWII, here he gained experience in group testing with the Army Alpha and Beta

A-B-C Model

Antecedent> Behavior> Consequence Used with functional assessment

Preventative Role

Anticipating and preventing problems from occurring

Ego-Defense Mechanisms

Are normal behaviors which operate on an unconscious level and tend to deny or distort reality Help the individual cope with anxiety and prevent the ego from being overwhelmed Have adaptive value if they do not become a persistent way to avoid life issues

Personalization

Attributing external events to oneself without evidence supporting a causal connection

Brief, educational, and preventative interventions value

Emphasis on brief interventions Counseling to Psychotherapy Supportive to Reconstructive Short-term to long-term

Life-span development and vocational growth value

Emphasis on whole person Emphasis on change in life status, such as transitions and career decisions Developmental stage models

Advantages and Disadvantages of Experimental Field

Empirical Rigor Clinical Relevance Difficult to Accomplish Often not possible to examine specific variables

How do you deal with value conflicts in counseling?

Be aware of the role of values in counseling • Recognize that no one is value-neutral • Counselor's job: assist clients in finding answers that are most congruent with their own values

WWI and Vocational Psychology

Began to employ testing and placement practices for military personnel

Principles of behavior

Behavior is the product of learning, it can be unlearned and relearned Clients can change without insight into underlying dynamics and the origins of a psychological problem - knowing there is a problem and knowing how to change that problem is different

culture

Belief systems and value orientations that influence customs norms, practices, and social institution, including psychological processes and organizations - Cumulative experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, and hierarchies - Systems of knowledge shared by a group of people - Symbolic communication; cultivated behavior and roles gained through social learning

There are five main principles under the General principles

Beneficence and Nonmaleficence: should provide benefit and do no harm Fidelity and Responsibility: keeping promises, telling truth, honoring obligations, awareness of professional and scientific responsibilities, managing conflicts of interest Integrity: should promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in research, teaching, and clinical work. Justice: fairness and justice for all ppl to have access to and benefit from psych research, teaching and practice. ware of potential bias. equal quality Respect for People's Rights and Dignity: privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination. It also calls upon psychologists to respect the dignity and worth of all people. This principle also includes a non-discrimination clause

E.G. Williamson

Leader in the development of college student personnel services

Cognitive therapy: How does change occur?

Cognitive restructuring -Identify dysfunctional cognitions that contribute to presenting problem, as well as underlying assumptions of those cognitions -Change the way clients think by using automatic thoughts and schema restructuring --Automatic thoughts: personalized notions that are triggered by particular stimuli that lead to emotional responses --Schema: one's core belief system

Linda Gottfredson

Came up with the developmental theory of career which focuses on circumscription and compromise theory; investigated issues of occupational segregation and typology based on skill sets and intellectual capacity.

Preventive

Circumventing problems when necessary

Psychodynamic/ psychoanalytic therapy: Client role

Client is thoughtful, introspective, passive

Social Justice and multicultural awareness value

Commitment to Advocacy and Social Justice Cultural context and person/environment interactions Cultural Competence

Central Values: Brief, Educational, & Preventive Counseling Interventions

Counseling is usually 6 months or less Less severe cases than in psychotherapy Impact of Managed Care

Scientist-practitioner model value

Counseling psychologists need to be trained to be both scientists and practitioners Important to integrate these perspectives in all of their professional roles Scientist/Practitioner debate

Great depression and Vocational psychology

Counseling strategies were developed to work with people who were unemployed -Minnesota employment stabilization research institute- Donald Paterson

REBT: How change occurs

Disputing intervention of irrational beliefs

Conceptualization - Psychodynamic

Describe the primary problems and patterns in areas of functioning Review developmental history Link problems and patterns to the history using organizing ideas about development

Three components of disputing (REBT)

Detecting - Detect irrational beliefs in his/her perception Bring irrational beliefs into awareness Discriminating - Irrational from rational Irrational = "must," "should," "ought," absolutes, etc. Debating - Debating irrational beliefs Helps to change into rational beliefs "Why must you do everything better than everyone else at work?"

Cognitive Therapy: History

Developed by Aaron Beck who was trained in Psychoanalytic approach 1960s research on freuds theory of depression -Basic problem: cognitive processing

REBT History

Developed in 1960s Albert Ellis- Book: emotion in Psychotherapy Rational-emotive behavior therapy

Treatment Planning Phase 3

Developing a framework for a clients treatment Generally four parts: - Presenting Problem - Goals of therapy - Methods - Time Estimate SMART specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, time-based

How does distress develop?

Develops out of conflict among the id, ego and superego to control psychic energy Anxiety is a feeling of dread that results from repressed feelings, memories, desires Overused defense mechanisms Getting stuck/fixated in a early psychosexual stage

Two Central Aspects of Informed Consent

Disclosure and Consent

Parson's Model of Career Counseling

Does the person's knowledge of self match the knowledge of a given job?

Arbitrary inference: Cognitive distortion

Drawing conclusions with no supporting evidence

when did the counseling psychology field solidify?

Early 1900s, esp post WWII era

3 Primary Areas of Outcome Research

Efficacy vs. Effectiveness Empirically Supported Treatments Common Factors

Behavioral Therapy: How change occurs

Eliminating problematic or maladaptive behaviors Learning more effective behaviors Identifying factors that influence behavior and find out what can be done about the problematic behaviors Encouraging clients to take an active role in the therapeutic process

Somatogenesis

Emotional distress is not a punishment, but has natural, biological causes (like the flu). "Deviance" in thinking/behaviour is assumed to be due to brain/body pathology -introduced the concept of "prognosis" -developed diagnostic interviews, detailed history taking, and trust building

Person-environment reciprocity

Existing theories of of career choice and development address selection and occupational fit, but not as much about the ways that people and environments interact and change

Frank Parsons

Father of the vocational guidance movement Choosing a Vocation, Outlined the first theory of career counseling Knowledge of self Knowledge of work How do they match?

Preventive

Find way around problems where necessary

Parson's theory

First, a clear understanding of yourself, aptitudes, abilities, interests, resources, limitations, and other qualities Second, a knowledge of the requirements and conditions of success, advantages and disadvantages, compensations, opportunities, and prospects in different lines of work Third, true reasoning of the relations of these two groups of facts

Key Pioneers in the Early 1900s for The social reform movement

Frank Parsons Jesse Davis Clifford Beers

Hippocrates "Father of Western Medicine"

Greek physician Came up with Somatogenesis (Emotional distress is NOT a punishment but has natural, biological causes (like flu)) "Deviance" in thinking/behaviour assumed to be due to a brain/body pathology Introduced the concept of prognosis Developed the first counseling techniques and interventions (Diagnostic interviews; Detailed history taking; Trust building)

Developmental (or Educative-Developmental)

Helping people derive maximum benefit from their experiences across the lifespan

Educative-Developmental Role

Helping people derive maximum benefit from their experiences across the lifespans

Experimental Design: BA Experimental Field

High Control (Manipulative) and In Field Manipulation of IV Random Assignment Intervention (real life setting) Preference for time limited counseling

Experimental Design: AA Experimental Analogue

High Control (Manipulative) and In Laboratory Manipulation of IV Random Assignment Between Group vs. Within Group

Clifford Beers

His book A Mind That Found Itself(1908), an autobiographical account of his hospitalization and the abuses he suffered, was widely and favorably reviewed, became a bestseller, and is still in print.[1] Beers gained the support of the medical profession and others in the work to reform the treatment of the mentally ill.

Sigmund Frued

His view of Human Nature is: Deterministic: our behavior is determined by irrational forces, unconscious motivations, biological drives, and sexual drives Stage Based (Psychosexual stages): Normal personality development is based on successful resolution and integration of psychosexual stages of development

Action-oriented approaches

Hone in on a particular problem Emphasis: relief of symptoms Primary Medium: Action with verbal processing More attention to objective, scientific behavioral interventions and outcomes measures

External Validity

How generalizable the study was

Freud's conception of the human psyche

Iceberg metaphor Conscious= tip, above water; Thoughts, Perceptions Preconscious= includes superego; Memories, Stored Knowledge Unconscious= includes Id; Fears, Immoral urges, unacceptable sexual desires, irrational wishes, selfish needs, shameful experiences *Ego is free-floating between all levels

Freud's Structural Model of Personality

Id, Ego, Superego Id: pleasure principle Ego: Reality Principle Superego: Moral Principle

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Ideas of free association, defense mechanisms, dream interpretation, conscious and unconscious, personality theory and psychosexual stages Developed psychoanalysis and its core concepts Inventor of "talk therapy"

Industrial Revolution

In order to get workers prepared for these new demands, programs in vocational guidance were created. 1750-1850

Hoffman Report

Independent investigation finding that APA colluded with the government to support torture in CIA's post-9/11 interrogation program

assessment

Informed consent Specialized training Validation of the assessment for an appropriate population Confidentiality at every stage

Intake Phase 1

Initial meeting Purposes: - informed consent - confidentiality - build rapport - gather info -determine: is this the right fit? - Continue sessions, referral, or other options?

Counseling Process

Intake > Conceptualization > Treatment Planning > Counseling/ Therapy > Termination

REBT: How do problems develop

Irrational beliefs> negative emotion and ineffective behavior Reciprocal relationship between cognitions and behavior Key component: ABC model

Relative Efficacy

Is one type of psychotherapy more effective than another?

Absolute Efficacy

Is psychotherapy more effective than no therapy?

Behavioral therapy: History

Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, B.F. Skinner Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning

Experimental Design: BB Correlational Field

Low Control (Non-Manipulative) and In Field No Manipulation Occurs in a field setting Examines relationships between or among variables as they occur

Experimental Design: AB Correlational Analogue

Low Control (Non-Manipulative) and In Laboratory Simulation No manipulation of IV No Random Assignment

Psychoanalytic techniques

Maintaining the analytic framework: used to provide a consistent framework Analysis of resistance: used to explore the anticipated anxiety in personal disclosure Analysis of transference: Used to explore interpersonal patterns Free association: used to explore unconscious wishes, fantasies, and motivations Interpretation: Used to help gain insight Dream analysis: Used to help explore "repressed material"

Challenges for the Field of Counseling Psychology

Maintaining unity within such a varied discipline Developing meaningful international collaborations Further integration of cultural diversity into research, training, and practice Masters level training and the ambivalence with which it is often received

Counseling Psychology in the 21st Century

New Leadership in Counseling Psych -first psychologist in us congress -Presidents of APA Practice Guidelines -practice with LGBTQ clients -Multicultural education and practice -Psych practice with girls and women -assessment of and interventions with persons with disabilities Division 17: Sections and Special interest Groups -Sections: Vocational, LGBT Issues, Women, International, Ethnic/Racial Diversity (more on website) -SIGs: Adoption research and practice, older adults, rural practice, military, religious and spiritual issues (more on website)

Do counseling psychologists believe mental illness in incurable?

No. There is the underlying assumption that all people have strengths, assets, and coping abilities that can be enhanced for better function. Counseling psychologist bring hopefulness and optimism into their work.

Magnification/minimization cognitive distortion

Over- or under-emphasizing the importance or magnitude of an event

Hippocrates

Placed mental illness on the same footing as other medical disorders "Deviance" in thinking/behavior assumed to be due to brain/body pathology emotional distress is physiological or biological

Central values of Counseling

Prevention Vocational guidance Scientist-practitioner model Psychological testing Life-span development Strengths-based approach Social justice and diversity

Termination Phase 5

Progress in psychotherapy is reviewed Counselor and client say goodbye Counselor and client work through issues related to saying goodbye

Beneficence

Promote Good or Wellness

Pre-1950 Therapy Types

Psychoanalysis: Freud Behaviorism: Pavlov & Skinner Directive theory: E. G. Williamson Nondirective theory: Rogers

Contemporary trends of psychoanalytic therapy

Psychoanalytic theory has undergone a variety of reformulation since its inception Today, psychodynamic therapies include a variety of reformulations such as objects relations, self psychology, and brief psychodynamic therapy

Human Relations

Psychologists embrace: -Informed consent -Communication and collaboration Psychologists refrain from: -Harassment -Discrimination -Multiple relationships -Exploitive relationships -Conflicts of interest

Constructivism

Psychologists used to to rely on logical positivism: only statements verifiable by empirical observation are meaningful. Thinking has changed to constructivism: there are no absolutes.

Counselors many years ago

Religious leaders and philosophers because they had imparted wisdom and guidance

1990s: occupational health psychology

Reluctance about providing comprehensive mental health facilities (i.e. EAPs) had led to an interest in narrowing focus to job-related stress

Three Primary Roles of Counseling Psychology

Remedial Preventative Educative-developmental *Not mutually exclusive *Difference is point of emphasis

What are the 3 primary roles of counseling psych

Remedial Preventative Educative-Developmental ROLES AREN"T MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE

Primary Roles of Counseling Psychology

Remedial, Preventive, and Developmental

Psychodynamic therapy: Change

Restructure personality Develop new insights Identify and correct old, non-functioning patterns of behavior

Disputing Techniques

Role-playing, assertiveness training, operant conditioning, desensitization These approaches are common among various cognitive-behavioral therapies

progress note

SOAP (subjective, objective, assessment, plan) DAP (data, assessment, plan) e.g. of latter: client tells her concern about abusive boyfriend; she appears stressed, speaks little of other stuff, etc; will follow up with healthy relationship material, continue to focus attention on her daughter.

Vocational psych addresses developmental needs

School-to-work transition: enhance self-awareness, foster goal-setting, and career goals Adjustment to work Work-life balance Retirement planning

Selective Abstraction: Cognitive Distortions

Selectively attending to negative cues, neglecting the positive or more neutral ones

Empirical support of Psychoanalysis

Shedler's (2010) meta-analysis of psychodynamic therapies for a range of mental health concerns including depression, personality disorders is supportive Other treatments often contain components of psychodynamic therapies Long term gains compared to other treatments

Roots of Modern Day Counseling psychology in the US

Social Reform Social/economical world events mental hygiene movement Vocational guidance movement

Advantages and Disadvantages of Experimental Analogue

Specific Variable can be controlled, manipulated, isolated Allows for strong causal inferences Not always generalizable Risks oversimplification

non verbal skills

Squarely (facing) Head nods Open Posture Verbal following Speech Lean towards the other Eye contact Relaxed

Central Values of Counseling Psychology

Strengths and Optimal Functioning Life-span development and vocational growth Social Justice and multicultural awareness Brief, educational, and preventative interventions Scientist-Practitioner model

Central Values: Social Justice and Multicultural Awareness

Strong commitment to advocacy and social justice Emphasis on person-environment interactions and cultural contexts Three historical elements: Measurement, Role of Environment, and Cultural Context and Competence

Solidifying Counseling Psychology in 1946...

Struggle, Growth, & Diversity 1946 (WWII) Darley and Williamson founded the APA Division 17 (Division of Counseling and Guidance) Veterans were expected to pick up where they left off

Behavior Therapy Interventions

Systematic Desensitization prolonged exposure/flooding skill training sleep hygeine behavioral activation

Post-1950 Therapy Types

Systematic desensitization, REBT, transactional analysis, gestalt therapy, existential therapy

Cognitive distortions

Systematic errors in reasoning that appear when people are in distress

ethics:

The branch of knowledge dealing with moral principles Moral principles that govern a person's behavior

Countertransference

The counselor's projected emotional reaction to or behavior toward the client

addressing self-assessment

a tool to facilitate awareness of cultural influences that shape your values, beliefs, biases, and assumptions

constructivism as it relates to vocational psychology

There is no formula for what career is best for person x with interests y and skills z. Career construction theory focuses on how people have constructed narratives about themselves. Focuses on: Vocational personality Life themes Career adaptability

Mental Hygiene movement

There was a strong focus on treatment and prevention of mental health disorders 1908- Clifford Beers, A Mind that Found Itself 1946- National Mental Health Act

E.G. Williamson

Thought of as one of the Fathers of Counseling. Expanded counseling beyond its vocational orientation into other areas. Lead to career opportunities in different types of counseling that we now have today.

Psychodynamic/ psychoanalytic therapy: Therapist role

To understand the client's motives To identify recurrent maladaptive patterns To interpret thoughts, feelings, and behaviors To help clients work through unresolved conflicts and gain insight Function=Expert Stance= Neutral, anonymous

WWII and Vocational Psychology

Train and select specialists for both military and industry

Psychoanalytic Phenomena

Transference: Client reacts to therapist like they would to their sig. other Countertransference: Therapist reacts to client, interferes with objectivity Resistance: anything that interferes with progress of therapy

Central Values: Strength and Optimal Functioning

Underlying assumption all people have strengths, assets, and coping abilities that can be enhanced for better functioning Counseling Psychologists bring hopefulness and optimism into their work

Early Days of Counseling Psychology were involved with...

Vocational and Career Counseling Frank Parsons 1909- Choosing a Vocation

Dodo bird hypothesis

What treatment, by whom, is most effective for this individual with that specific problem, and under which set of circumstances?

Counseling/ Therapy Phase 4

Work begins after plan is set Work on the goals set forth in the treatment plans This phase will look different depending on the specific client, counselor, goals, and preferred interventions of the counselor

Remedial

Working with individuals or groups to remedy a problem

Remedial Role

Working with individuals or groups to remedy a problem

Brief Psychodynamic Therapies

Works within a time-limited therapy Targets a specific interpersonal problem during the initial session Assumes a less than neutral stance, bigger emphasis on the alliance Uses skills such as interpretation and immediacy more than other therapies

A Mind That Found Itself (1908)

Written by Clifford Beers Young Ivy League Student who wrote about person experiences with mental illness and how horribly patients were treated in asylums Help with the Mental Health Movement

counseling psychology

a specialty within professional psychology that maintains a focus on facilitating personal and interpersonal functioning across the life span

founding of psychology

established as a field in 1946, on the heels of World War II. APA Division 17 was established in 1946 as the "Division of Counseling and Guidance."

Competence

ability to provide services within the practice of psychology, when the services are: -Provided with reasonable skill and safety; -Meet minimum standards of acceptable and prevailing practice; and -Take into account human diversity.

advanced skills

advanced empathy: name underlying emotions confrontation: identify inconsistencies interpretation: share conceptualization

Scientist-Practitioner Model

aka "Boulder Model" • Endorsed by Counseling Psychologists in 1951 • Model of training focused on an integrated duality of roles: - Scientist: a savvy producer and consumer of empirical/ scientific research - Practitioner: professional practitioner • To integrate the two, we use science to inform practice decisions as well as engage in science based upon that which is practically relevant and concerning

advantages of correlational analogue

allows for greater control than field study more realistic than the experimental analogue offers greater convenience

advantages of correlational field study

allows for simultaneous study of many variables permits a relative lack of interference with natural processes of the counseling phenomena high external validity

confrontation

any response that challenges the client's behavior -guidelines: avoid labeling, describe the situation and behaviors, describe the impact or consequence, & help clients identify how to manage the problem

disadvantages of correlational analogue

artificiality generalizability causal inferences cannot be drawn

general stratagies

aspects usually inferred from behavior that are not directly observable, often abstract

Mainstream psychology

assumes that all human phenomena are the same across cultures

cultural Psychology

assumes that human behaviors only exist and function within a given sociocultural environment behavior has no meaning without cultural context

Functional assessment

attempt to determine the contingencies maintaining a problematic behavior

principles of ethics

autonomy nonmaleficence beneficence justice fidelity

nonverbal behaviour

behavior not expressed through formal language

microaggression

brief, everyday exchanges that send denigrating messages to people of color because they belong to a racial minority group

What did WWII contribute to counseling psychology

brought up the importance of psychological assessment (veterans)

Systematic desensitization

classical conditioning used in behavioral therapy 1) Present rationale to client 2) Relaxation training Relaxation becomes a well-learned response, which can become a habitual pattern if practiced daily 3) Visual hierarchy of anxiety-arousing scenes 4) Hierarchy scenes paired with relaxation 5) In vivo desensitization

what does feminist theory emphasise?

feminist therapy's emphasis on an egalitarian, collaborative, and empowering relationship as the foundation for practice strengthens and depends empathy and energizes the therapeutic alliance

disadvantages of correlational field study

causal inferences cannot be made

reframing

changes the frame of reference for looking at behaviors, shift from interpersonal (blame the victim) stance to consideration of societal factors that contribute to one's problems used with relabeling e.g. client feeling stupid for knowing what was happening but still letting it happen therapist -- its not your job to determine someone else's behavior. it was their job to ask you what you wanted and they didn't. you aren't weak, you are strong because you knew what you didn't want.

relabeling

changes the label/evaluation that has applied to client's behaviors; shift is from negative to positive evaluation used with reframing e.g. client feeling stupid for knowing what was happening but still letting it happen therapist -- its not your job to determine someone else's behavior. it was their job to ask you what you wanted and they didn't. you aren't weak, you are strong because you knew what you didn't want.

Exposure/ Flooding

classical conditioning used in behavioral therapy Prolonged and intensive in vivo or imaginal exposure to stimuli that evoke high levels of anxiety, without the opportunity to avoid them Maximize anxiety In the absence of harm, anxiety is extinguished In vivo exposure Prolonged exposure (PE) therapy

Cognitive Therapy: How problems develop

cognitive distortions

Justice

commitment of fairness

justice

commitment of fairness

self disclosure

controversial, varies across theoretical orientation involves disclosing statement

awareness

counselor awareness of personal values & biases

technique

defined tool or method that is employed by the counselor in order to facilitate effective counseling or positive behavior change in the client

x and y variables for research designs

degree of control of independent variable (internal validity) vs. setting (external validity)

Diagnosis

describing and classifying the clients' concerns Pros: can be helpful to the client Improves informed professional communication through uniformity Provides a basis for comprehensive educational and research tool Cons: Can lead to labeling Provides limited information on the relationship between environmental considerations and aspects of the mental health condition Does not describe intervention strategies

skills

development of cultural intervention strategies & techniques

disadvantages of experimental field study

difficult to accomplish often not possible to examine specific variables

Rene Dawis and work adjustment theory

distiguished between satisfaction and satisfactoriness shifted from looking at career choice to what helps worders succeed in careers. hypothesized that tenure, or length of time in a job, would be predicted by a combination of satisfaction (how much the worker likes the job) and satisfactoriness (how much the employer views the employee as performing in a satisfactory manner

nonmaleficence

do no harm

what does efficacy ask?

does it work in the lab clinical trial?

what does effectiveness ask?

does it work in the real world?

1970s: outplacement and employee assistant programs

economic difficulties led to the development of outplacement programs and pre-retirement programs. Companies also looked to reduce the cost of employees' mental health difficulties by establishing employee assistance programs

specific techniques

effects in outcome that are particular to each kind of therapy -techniques -model

Behavioral Therapy: How problems develop

emotions, cognitions, and behaviors all have a mutual cause and effect relationship Maladaptive behaviors are learned through operant conditioning and imitation Problems emerge when a person does not have the skills in their repertoire to handle situations Maladaptive behaviors are maintained by one's environment (contingencies) and oneself

What is social justice

emphasizes societal concerns, including issues of equity, elf-determination, interdependence and social responsibility

advantages of experimental field study

empirical rigor clinical relevance

Educative-Developmental

helping people achieve their maximum potential. Could take the form of skills training, couples groups to enhance relationships, etc.

preventative

helping prevent problems before they develop (i.e. career counseling, offering classes to help students develop healthy habits)

remedial

helping someone deal with a problem that has already ocurred

type AA : experimental analogue

high control/manipulative & lab setting -manipulation of independent variable -random assignment -between group: comparison of experimental effects across 2+ groups -within-groups: participants exposed to all experimental conditions

social-cognitive revolution in vocational psych

how someone's thoughts and social supports affect career choice, fit, and success -self-efficacy -outcome expectations -personal goals

Internal validity

how well the study was done, no confounding variables

Autonomy

independence and self-determination

the bubble hypothesis

inevitable trade-offs exist at all stages of research knowledge is most powerfully advanced through the use of a variety of methods

common ethical dilemmas with counseling psych

informed consent confidentiality & privileged communication multiple-role relationships

relative efficacy

is one type of psychotherapy more effective than another?

extratherapeutic factors

the things that happen outside of therapy or in the client which have nothing to do, directly, with the therapy

absolute efficacy

is psychotherapy more effective than no therapy at all?

types of setting

laboratory of field

3 general levels of technique

level 1: nonverbal behavior level 2: verbal behavior level 3: general strategies

fidelity

make honest promises and do not deceive or exploit clients

Fidelity

make honest promises and not deceive or exploit clients

experimental field study

manipulation over IVs random assignment intervention - involves real life activity, occurs in natural setting

degree of controls

manipulative (high control) non-manipulative (low control)

type BA: experimental field

manipulative/high control & field setting

View of Mental Illness in 18th Century

mentally disordered people = degenerates keep them away from society

Time-Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy (TLDP)

much briefer than traditional psychoanalysis. doesnt use many of freud's original ideas, except that early relationships are formative and result in enduring, potentially maladaptive patterns. -maladaptive thought patterns developed from early relationships cause problems. -change is made by insight and corrective experience. (proving that their thought patterns are wrong) -The therapist is not neutral and relies on their reactions to the client to inform the course of therapy. Client takes a more active role.

type BB: correlational field

non-manipulative/low control & field

type AB: correlational analogue

non-manipulative/low control & lab setting

psychological testing (what is a test?)

the use of objective and standardized measures to understand human behaviour

correlational field study

nonmanipulative occurs in field setting examines relationships between or among variables as they occur naturally e.g. therapist personality, level of counseling experience, and quality of therapeutic working alliance

immediacy

noting the current situation.

what are the two types of personality tests?

objective and projective tests

Skills Training

operant conditioning used in behavioral therapy Help clients develop/achieve skills in a specific realm (assertiveness, study skills, social skills, etc.) Learn a different repertoire of behaviors, so that one can choose May involve direct instruction and coaching, modeling, role-playing, assessment, homework assignments Example: Cognitive behavioral social skills group: learning to say no to requests

minatory ethical code (ethical)

outline a minimal level of professional practice that is required to be met. These include obligatory, enforceable rules.

categories of nonverbal behaviour

paralanguage facial expression kinesics eye contact proxemics

complex counselor responses

paraphrase interpretation confrontation self-disclosure and immediacy

multiple role relationship

problems are: -erosion/distortion of therapy -conflicts of interest -adverse impact on client rights to deter from this: -set healthy boundaries early -consult with fellow professionals 0work under supervision -use self-monitoring

Confidentiality

professional will not disclose client information with her/his prior consent. Clients enter into a counseling relationship with the expectation that thoughts, feelings, and information shared with the counselor will not be disclosed to others.

beneficence

promote good or wellness

counseling theories pre-1950

psychoanalysis - freud behaviouism - pavlov and skinner directive theory - e.g. williamson non directive theory - rogers

WWII

psychologists continued to be involved in training and selecting specialists for both military and industry.

active listening skills

questioning, paraphrasing, reflection of feeling, summarizing. Using open ended questions to: begin a conversation/interview, encourage elaboration, elicit specific examples, and motivate clients to communicate. use close-ended questions to obtain specific information, to identify parameters of a problem or issue, to narrow the topic of discussion, to interrupt an overly verbose client.

what strategies can be made to make assessments more accurate?

reciprocal interactions between assessment and intervention decisions or judgements

cross-cultural psychology

recognize the importance of cultural context but also assumes there is some universal behavior

social activism for feminist theory

reflects feminism's history as a movement that influenced philosophy, political theory, medicine, psychology, etc. though the work of feminist activists in all these fields. -encourages the client to stand against and challenge the systemic issues that impacted them by joining a group or volunteering for a cause that affects them.

Informed Consent (Characteristics)

requires a consent that is competent, knowing, and voluntary It's: • Ongoing • Includes a discussion of the limits of confidentiality

4 types of paraphrasing

restatements reflections nonverbal referents summaries

self-disclosure

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

disadvantages of experimental analogue

risks oversimplification of counseling phenomena are the results generalizable to real life counseling?

paradigm shifts: Person-environment reciprocity Constructivism Social-cognitive revolution

set of concepts and ways of thinking that guide theory building and research methods; they are often (mostly) universally recognized Paradigms shift when scientists realize there are problems with present models and ways of thinking.

directives

silence approval provide information direct guidance information seeking (closed vs. open questions)

correlational analogue

simulation no manipulation of IVs or random assignment the relationship b/t variables is examined in a controlled context

analogue

simulation of real counseling situations

advantages of experimental analogue

specific variables can be controlled, isolated, and manipulated allows for strong causal inferences to be made

neuropsychological tests

specifically designed tasks use to measure a psychological function known to be linked to a particular brain structure of pathway.

The Great Depression

spurred the development of counseling strategies to work with people experiencing unemployment

Dorothea Dix (1880s)

started social reform in U.S. system which involved: moral-treatment movement kindly care led to large, state- supported public asylums

hortatory ethical code (general)

strive for the highest ideals of practice and go beyond minimal ethical standards. These are somewhat more flexible benchmarks that are aimed for, but if you fall short, it is not seen as an absolute ethical failure. (i.e. multicultural competence)

counseling theories post-1950

systematic desensitization, REBT, transactional analysis, gestalt therapy, existential therapy

multiculturalism

the 4th force in counseling psychology

reproducibility

the ability of an entire experiment or study to be duplicated either by the same researcher or by someone else working independently

1960s: an expanding economy

the economy was expanding, but the workforce wasn't yet, and companies turned to psychologists for assistance in selecting and training managers and executives.

Outcome Research

the effects of counseling interventions

outcome research

the effects of counseling interventions absolute vs relative efficacy

diagnosis

the meaning or interpretation that is derived from assessment information and is usually translated in the form of some type of classification system

MMPI

the most widely used psychological test in the world e.g. i usually feel that life is worthwhile and interesting, evil people are trying to influence my mind, i seem to hear things that other people can't hear

assessment

the procedures and process of collecting information and measures of human behavior outside of test data

knowledge

understanding the worldview of the "culturally different"

DSM-5

updated in 2013

verbal behaviour

verbal responses counselor make with clients

middle ages to 17th century

views mental illness as individuals being possessed by evil spirits Treatment: Torture, Starvation, Confinement, Hanging, Burning, Trephining

Process Research

what goes on during a counseling intervention

process research

what goes on during a counseling intervention e.g. counselor behaviours, client behaviours, the interaction b/t counselor and client -can be overt or covert

Remedial

working with individuals or groups to remedy a problem

Kitchener's Model of Moral Reasoning (5 General Principles)

• Autonomy: independence and self- determination • Nonmaleficence: do no harm • Beneficence: promote good or wellness • Justice: commitment of fairness • Fidelity: make honest promises and not deceive or exploit clients

Limits to Confidentiality (6 Things)

• Client request for Release of Information • Court orders for confidential information • Child abuse or abuse of a vulnerable adult • Danger to oneself or danger to others • Illicit substance use while pregnant • Knowledge of abuse or exploitation by another health professional

Ways of Managing Risk

• Competence • Communication and attention to the therapeutic relationship • Supervision and consultation • Recordkeeping • Insurance • Knowledge of ethics and relevant law • Practice self-care

Positive Motivators for Entering Counseling Psychology (Foster, 1996; Guy, 1987)

• Curiosity and inquisitiveness • Ability to listen • Comfort with conversation • Empathy and understanding • Emotional insightfulness • Introspection • Capacity for self-denial • Tolerance of intimacy • Comfort with power • Ability to laugh

Personal Characteristics of Effective Counselors (Corey, 2005)

• Effective counselors have an identity • They respect and appreciate themselves • They are able to recognize and accept their own power • They are open to change • They are making choices that shape their lives • They feel alive, and their choices are life-oriented • They are authentic, sincere, and honest • They have a sense of humor • They make mistakes and are willing to admit them • They generally live in the present • They appreciate the influence of culture • They have a sincere interest in the welfare of others • They become deeply involved in their work and derive meaning from it • They are able to maintain healthy boundaries

Dysfunctional Reasons for Entering Counseling Psychology (Guy, 1987)

• Emotional Distress • Vicarious Coping • Loneliness and Isolation • Desire for Power • Need to Love • Vicarious Rebellion

Why do we need ethical standards?

• Ensuring competent professional behavior • Responsibility to public trust • Professionals monitor their own and other members' professional behavior

Problems with Multiple-Role Relationships

• Erosion/distortion of therapy • Conflicts of interest • Adverse impact on client rights (Pope, 1991)

What makes a counselor? (3 Things)

• Humility • Willingness to learn • Self-Awareness

Ethical Decision Making Model in Practice (5 Steps)

• Identify whether this is an ethical dilemma • Identify the ethical principles and whether they may be in conflict • Autonomy, Nonmaleficence, Beneficence, Justice, Fidelity • Brainstorm possible courses of action • Decide on a course of action

What are the criticisms for ethical standards in counseling psychology?

• Limited scope • Cumbersome (unmanageable) • Static • Overly legalistic

Common Ethical Dilemmas

• Multiple-Role Relationships • Informed Consent • Confidentiality and Privileged Communication

Dimensions of Culture & Diversity

• Race and ethnicity • Sex and gender • Sexual orientation • Immigration generation status • Socioeconomic status • Religion • Worldview • Veteran status

Guidelines for Multiple-Role Relationships

• Set healthy boundaries early • Consult with fellow professionals • Work under supervision • Use self-monitoring (Herlihy & Corey, 1997)