PSY400 Exam 1
If a test foretells some future condition, it is said to have
Predictive Validity
In the theory of planned behavior, which factor is unique?
Subjective norms for behavior
T or F: Health Psychologists rarely work in hospitals
False
T or F: Life events and everyday hassles are two terms for similar sources of stress
False
T or F: Sick role behaviors occur before a person as seen a health care provider and prior to receiving a diagnosis from that health care provider
False
T or F: The adverse connection between stress and pleasure is a result of stress's impact on the receptor binding the neurotransmitter glutamate
False
T or F: The connection between stress and ulcers was a mainstream belief until the 1980's when Aussie researchers identified a particular strain of bacteria as the major cause of ulcers. The stress- ulcer relationship was thus disproven and no further relationship between stress and ulcers has been demonstrated
False
T or F: The more workplace decisions a person must make each day, the more stress that person will experience
False
T or F: chronic stress resulting from low social rank in macaque monkeys produced no identifiable changes in the monkeys' arteries
False
True or false: Correlational studies yield information about causation.
False
True or false: Educational approaches and behavioral approaches are about equally successful in improving adherence.
False
True or false: Health psychologists rarely work in hospitals,
False
True or false: In the US, medical errors are the second leading cause of death
False
Suppose you develop a headache, sneezing, and coughing. If these symptoms are from a common cold virus, it will run its course in about a week. But if they are from a bacterial infection (e.g., sinusitis, bronchitis), a 10-day course of antibiotics your doctor can prescribe will usually resolve it. What should you probably do?
Go to the doctor if you don't feel better after one week
Deepak and Lois each have the same condition affecting one leg. Deepak's job involves sitting at a desk all day and Lois's involves standing and walking all day. This differentially affects how soon each of them is likely to seek medical care. Which symptom characteristic defined by David Mechanic does this most relate?
How much the symptoms interfere with life
What causes the spread of SARS-CoV-2?
Human Behavior
Which of the following responses is NOT part of sympathetic nervous system activation? - increased heart rate - increased blood pressure - increased digestive activity - decreased salivary activity
Increased digestive activity
In an experimental design that investigates the effects of a low carb diet on weight loss, diet would be the
Independent Variable
What program did the US Congress establish in 1965 specifically to pay hospital expenses for most Americans over the age of 65?
Medicare
Lian has a wealthy family, and Mei is from an economically marginalized background. Both are U.S. citizens. Based on research,
Mei is more likely to be hospitalized than Lian
Which of these factors was not among the factors identified by Leventhal as a component in the conceptualization of illness? - identification of the disease - monetary cost of the illness and treatment - cause of the disease - consequences of the disease
Monetary cost of the illness and treatment
An inactive substance or condition that has the appearance of the independent variable and that may cause participants in an experiment to improve or change behavior due to their belief is called
a placebo
What would be the best way to help motivate a smoker to stop smoking if they perceive many barriers to quitting and you are following the health belief model?
Offer the smoker a variety of strategies to address the barriers perceived
Idowu is a heavy smoker and knows that smoking increases one's chance of lung disease. However, she believes that she is not at an increased risk for lung cancer. This is because Idowu has a(n)
Optimistic Bias
Idowu is a heavy smoker and knows that smoking increases one's chances of lung disease. However, she believes that she is not at an increased risk for lung cancer. This is because Idowu has a(n) _____________.
Optimistic Bias
Self-efficacy refers to
People's belief that they can perform those behaviors necessary to bring about control over events that influence their lives
The benefits of marriage _______ in terms of health; _____________-
are not equal; men benefit more than women
The LEAST accurate method of assessing rate of adherence is to
ask the practitioner
The LEAST accurate method of assessing rate of adherence is to - monitor medication usage. - ask the patient. - ask the patient's family. - ask the practitioner.
ask the practitioner
The leading cause of death in the US
has shifted from acute to chronic diseases
Instruments that measure stress by quantifying physiological reactions are ordinarily
highly reliable
Which of these factors reflects a significant trend in the health care system during the past 30 yrs: - hospital stays are much longer - medical schools are graduating fewer physicians - the percentage of general practitioners has increased dramatically - hospitalized patients are more severely ill than they were 30 years ago
hospitalized patients are more severely ill than they were 30 years ago
From the 20th to the 21st century, the predomination of physicians as medical providers decreased, and the popularity of alternative health care providers_________.
increased
Of all the methods used to assess patient adherence,
no single method alone is sufficiently reliable or valid
In Cohen's research on the common cold, all participants received a cold virus via a nasal spray, and after a week,
only those with recent stressful experiences got a cold
The placebo effect is
physiologically real and can improve organic or psychological symptoms
In studies with patients recovering from heart problems and patients with diabetes, ______ support was a better determinant of adherence than _______ support
practical ; emotional
Theories should be viewed as
practical science tools
The field of health psychology developed
to address challenges in medical care, which was changing
Which of the following Americans is most likely to have health insurance? - A married Native American woman - A married European American man - An unemployed European American woman - A single African American man
A married European American man
What would make a placebo effect stronger?
A pill that looked like it cost a lot of money and effort to make
Which of the following is most likely unable to fulfill the sick role aspect of being dependent on others for assistance when they are ill? - An older person with a terminal disease - A child with two parents and older siblings - An infant who suffers with a serious illness - A single mother caring for several children
A single mother caring for several children
What did researchers (such as Armitage) believe about the number of stages in the health action process approach vis-à-vis the transtheoretical approach?
A smaller number of stages in the health action process is likely more useful and effective than those in transtheoretical approaches.
True or false: Dev has no health insurance and has had bad experiences with medical care in the past. He is trying to decide between two doctors: a woman named Angelica and a man named Don. Dev will more likely be satisfied with Angelica because she is more likely to be more empathetic when communicating with him.
True
True or false: One criticism of both stage and continuum theories is that they fail to account for the demographic and economic factors that may affect people's health behaviors.
True
True or false: Those actions people undertake to learn whether or not they are ill are called illness behaviors.
True
Which of these statements expresses a healthy attitude toward seeking medical care? - "Only severe symptoms of a disease are worth worrying about." - "When facing a stressful medical procedure, I try not to think about it." - "I believe that if I feel well, I'm healthy." - "When I don't understand my doctor's explanations or instructions, I'll ask questions until I do understand."
"When I don't understand my doctor's explanations or instructions, I'll ask questions until I do understand."
How many people died of COVID 19 within the first 8 months of its emergence?
750,000
Roughly what percentage of Americans who do not live past 25 years of age die from suicide, homicide, or unintentional injury?
80%
Carla is a pregnant teenager with an income level below the federal poverty threshold. What is true about the associated health risks to her and her baby? - She is at an increased health risk, but her baby is not. - She is less likely to be abused, because she is pregnant. - Her baby is more likely to have a low birth weight, raising its mortality risk. - Her economic status has no bearing on the health risks to either her or her baby.
???
How has life expectancy in the US changed from a century ago to today?
???
In the US, - most people with health insurance are either employed or have a family member who is employed - all citizens must possess health insurance - every person age 65 or older receives free prescription drugs - private health insurance is not available to people with Medicare
???
All other factors being equal, which person would be the most likely to seek health care?
A European American woman
According to Prochaska and his colleagues, people in which stages of the health action process approach model need strategies for directly changing their behaviors?
Action and Maintenance
Which of the following ethnic groups is most at risk from dying from a chronic respiratory disease? - European Americans - Hispanic Americans - African Americans - Asian Americans
African Americans
What did the COVID pandemic reveal about Americans seeking medical information on the Internet?
Americans turn to the internet for medical information in a time of emergency or uncertainty
What do current death rate statistics resulting from Parkinson's and Alzheimer's reflect most about health and health care trends in the US?
An increase in the aging population
What did the first few months of the COVID-19 pandemic reveal about sociocultural norms in relation to the spread of disease?
Because Asian countries were more comfortable with severe strictures on their behavior, the disease did not spread as rapidly there.
Which type of social support is beneficial for adherence?
Being married and living with a family
Which diseases are a class of diseases that include heart disease, cancer, and stroke?
Chronic
Which of the following statements is true of the level of stress reported by college- educated individuals in comparison with those who have not completed tenth grade? - College graduates report more stress than those who have not completed tenth grade. - College graduates report less stress than those who have not completed tenth grade. - College graduates and people who have not completed tenth grade report roughly the same amount of stress, but people who have not completed tenth grade report more daily symptoms. - College graduates report less stress, but report more daily symptoms than people who have not completed tenth grade.
College graduates report less stress than those who have not completed tenth grade.
What is true of the effects of anxiety and depression on adherence? - Anxiety and depression both predict compliance at high levels. - Anxiety and depression both predict noncompliance at high levels. - Anxiety predicts noncompliance more than depression does. - Depression predicts noncompliance more than anxiety does.
Depression predicts noncompliance more than anxiety does.
Gilbert frequently experiences symptoms consistent with irritable bowel syndrome. His wife points out that Gilbert's cousin Miriam has similar symptoms. Gilbert has not sought medical care. Based on research by Ringström et al. (2007), there is about a 50% chance that Gilbert will
Discuss his symptoms with his cousin to get advice or alternative practitioners, more than a physician to find help
Which of the following is a difference between emotional disclosure and emotional expression
Emotional disclosure requires the use of language
The branch of medicine that investigates factors contributing to the occurrence of diseases within a population is
Epidemiology
What did meta-analysis of many studies find regarding the predictive value of the theory of planned behavior?
It best predicts diet and physical activity
Sweeney is conducting research that examines aggressive behavior in 5 year olds. She follows up with these same participants 10 years later to measure their reactivity to stress. She is using a
Longitudinal Design
What is true of the field of health psychology?
Many health psychologists conduct research and teach
Which of the following is true of the field of health psychology? - Health psychologists must procure credentials as medical physicians. - Many health psychologists conduct research and teach. - Health psychology primarily emphasizes pharmacological treatment. - Health psychology is at its most basic level a research-based branch of psychology.
Many health psychologists conduct research and teach.
Psychologists and epidemiologists would agree that which type of study is the most desirable design, the "gold standard" of scientific research?
Randomized placebo controlled double blind trial
Which type of study begins with a group of people who already have a disease and then looks into factors associated with that disease?
Retrospective
In a 2013 interview, award-winning popular singer Linda Ronstadt told Dan Rather she could no longer sing, as she had lost that kind of control over her voice due to Parkinson's disease. Based on recent medical data, which of the following is true of her diagnosis? - She is more likely to die from the disease than people of her grandparents' generation would have been - She is less likely to die from it than she would have if she had Alzheimer's disease. - She is likely to recover due to modern medical care. - The disease she has is extremely rare in the United States.
She is more likely to die from the disease that people of her grandparents' generation would have been
Among factors influencing how people respond to medical symptoms, which of these is NOT classified as a personal factor? - The ethnic group the person belongs to - The amount of stress the person is under - The person's personality traits - The person's perception of his/her body
The ethnic group the person belongs to
A health psychologist wants to research which theory or model is best at predicting the intentions of young adults for performing breast self-examinations and for avoiding unhealthy diets. What did Garcia and Mann (2003) find was the most consistent predictor?
The health action process approach
Which model has 2 general stages, the motivational and the volitional phase?
The health action process approach
The relationship between adherence and age is complex. What best describes the findings of the study (Thomas et al., 1995) determining the relationship with adherence and colorectal screening? -There was a dose-response relationship between adherence and colorectal screening. - There was an inverse relationship between adherence and colorectal screening. - There was a curvilinear relationship between adherence and colorectal screening. - There was a direct relationship between adherence and colorectal screening.
There was a curvilinear relationship between adherence and colorectal screening.
T or F: African Americans have a higher death rate than European Americans
True
T or F: An experiment consists of at least 2 groups: an experimental group and a control group
True
T or F: Reciprocal determinism is the concept that human action is the result of an interaction of behavior, environment, and personal factors
True
T or F: Research of the Dutch Winter Famine Children revealed that chronic stress can effect children while still in the womb and continue to produce long lasting negative health effect for decade after birth
True
T or F: The 2 major divisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
True
T or F: The training of health psychologists includes earning doctoral degrees
True
T or F: With an ex post facto study, researchers compare 2 or more groups
True
People who experience high levels of stress
become less likely to adhere.
Dr. Rich is conducting research that examines whether 20-year-olds eat more low-fat foods than 70-year-olds. This research is using a
cross-sectional design
In the United States during the early years of the 21st century,
deaths from Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases increased
A direct, consistent relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable
defines dose-response relationship
Krishna, a health psychologist with a PsyD, would likely do any of the following tasks EXCEPT - offer alternatives to pharmacological treatments. - provide behavioral interventions to treat physical disorders. - design effective health communication to promote positive physical health. - design drug trials to enable doctors to find a drug to treat bipolar disorder.
design drug trials to enable doctors to find a drug to treat bipolar disorder
When neither the participants nor the experimenter knows which group received the treatment and which received the placebo, the design is called
double blind
The concept of a nonadherent personality - has been proven to exist more among males than among females. - has been proven to correlate with education levels. - has been proven to correlate with age. - is not supported by evidence.
is not supported by evidence
Noise is considered a type of pollution because
it is a noxious, unwanted stimulus.
Which statement is true of Wikipedia: - it is more credible than the CDC or NIH - it is rarely used as a primary source for health info - it is widely used as a primary source, despite potential inaccuracies - it is only used as a primary source by those without a strong lay referral network
it is widely used as a primary source, despite potential inaccuracies
People who graduate from college show the following positive outcomes EXCEPT - higher average incomes. - longer lifespans. - better access to health care. - less likelihood of chronic illness.
less likelihood of chronic illness
According to Lazarus, a person who loses her job but sees the prospect of finding a new job as a challenge would be
less vulnerable to stress than someone who saw the event as a threat
Presently, physicians and health psychologists are most likely to agree that psychosomatic illnesses are
linked to a complex of biological, psychological, and social factors.
According to Langer and Rodin's research about personal control and older people, the degree of control necessary to produce health benefits
may be created by decision about relatively minor matters
Females are more likely than males to show lower rates of adherence to a
medication to reduce cholesterol
A statistical technique for combining the results of several studies is
meta-analysis
All of the following are factors in life expectancy except - age - education - ethnicity - mothers personality
mothers personality
An accurate psychometric testing instrument
must be both valid and reliable
Several symptom characteristics predict a person's readiness to seek health care. Which of these is not one of these characteristics listed by David Mechanic? - severity of the symptom as seen by medical authorities - visibility of the symptom - frequency and persistence of the symptom - extent to which symptoms interfere with daily life
severity of the symptom as seen by medical authorities
Dr. Smith, a clinical health psychologist, is conducting research on whether relaxation training before a swim meet improves swimmers' race times. It is most likely Dr. Smith is using a __________ design.
single-blind
Sapolsky, which a grad student in the early 80's, and his mentor Dr. McEwen, subjected lab rats to chronic stress and then examined their brain cells. The research clearly demonstrated the damaging relationship between chronic stress and the brain as indicated by:
smaller, more shrunken brain cells in the stressed rats' hippocampus
The autonomic nervous system has 2 subdivisions:
sympathetic and parasympathetic
The individuals studied for Marmot's Whitehall study worked for
the British Civil Service
The "nonperson" treatment that hospital patients experience most often arises from
the emphasis on technical aspects of medical care
Bandura's notion of reciprocal determinism assumes that human conduct results from an interaction of behavior, person factors (such as cognition), and
the environment
Prevalence of an illness refers to
the proportion of the population that has a disease at a specific time
