PSYC 100 Unit 2 Review

In the U.S., about _____ of children experience night terrors.

1% to 6%

Humans can identify about ____ odors by name.

10,000

In the U.S., alcohol-impaired driving is highest for people aged ______ years.

16 to 25

Sleep disorders affect _____ of children and adolescents.

25% to 40%

What is the importance of excitation and inhibition?

Both inhibitory and excitatory processes are necessary for normal neurological activity.

What is most likely to cause low hypnotic suggestibility?

If participant does not want to be hypnotized

Is the human volmeronasal sense separate from olfaction?

It is unclear.

If you were to inject sodium (NA+) into a neuron in a rat's brain, what effect would it have on the neuron?

It would make the neuron more likely to fire an action potential.

How do neurotransmitters "communicate" with postsynaptic neurons?

Like a "key fitting into a lock," they bind with corresponding receptor sites on dendrites of the neuron.

Romero takes a drug that enhances his mood, increases his energy, and seems to heighten all of his senses. Romero most likely has taken ____.

MDMA (ecstasy)

What do sleep apnea and enuresis have in common?

They are both more common in males than females.

What law explains how much louder a tone would need to get before you would notice a difference?

Weber's law

A psychophysicist would be most interested in what research question?

What makes the different notes of a musical piece sound different?

If you expect to hear a sound, you may have a better ability to hear it. This would be an example of how _____ can change.

absolute threshold

In humans, exposure to pheromones has been found to _____.

affect behaviors related to reproduction

If your friend is wearing a red shirt, you are able to detect the shirt's redness because ______.

all the other colors of light are being absorbed by the shirt

What drug not only blocks the reputake of dopamine but also increases the release of dopamine?

amphetamines

According to recent to research, your mother is most likely to be better than your father at what type of visual skill?

being able to see the slight difference between two different colors

What flavor is often associated with nature's poisons?

bitter

Withdrawal symptoms may involve ______.

both physical and behavioral effects

The use of brain pacemakers to treat depression is associated with what technology for studying the brain?

brain stimulation

In high doses and combined with alcohol, barbiturates and sedatives ______.

can lead to unconsciousness

The fovea is to ____ as the periphery of the retina is to _____.

cones; rods

What structure is part of the sensation process occurring in vision?

cornea

The medulla and the pons are both ____.

crucial to life

Alcohol is a ____.

depressant, because it slows down nervous system activity

Symptoms of multiple sclerosis include _____.

difficulty with voluntary movement

The lobes of the brain tend to be wired contralaterally, which means that _____.

each hemisphere governs the opposite side of the body

The nervous system is to _____ as the endocrine system is to ____.

fast-acting; slow-acting

In the case of S.M. reported in your textbook, S.M. has not experienced which emotion during her adult life?

fear

A synapse is essentially a _____.

gap

PCP inhibits the neurotransmitter _____, which is involved in the perception of pain, responses to the environment, and memory.

glutamate

Military personnel wearing camouflage clothing in order to blend into the surrounding environment are hoping that this strategy will cause the enemy to be fooled by the principle called _____.

good continuation

Which structures are part of the middle ear?

hammer, anvil, and stirrup

Compared to fraternal twins, identical twins have been found to _____.

have more similar sleep needs

If Clark had no ions in his nervous system, ______.

he would not be able to generate any action potentials

The medulla is responsible for ____.

heartbeat and respiration

Jean-Paul is a skilled mediator. As a result, he might be expected to have a larger ____.

hippocampus

A loss of neurons responsible for producing _____ may be the cause of narcolepsy.

hypocretin

Exercise _____ the endorphin release.

increases

The absolute threshold is defined as the minimum ____.

intensity of a stimulus to be detected 50% of the time

The autonomic nervous system involves neurons that control _____.

internal organs

Withdrawal from marijuana may include _____.

irritability and anxiety

The suprachiasmatic nucleus directs your circadian rhythms primarily in response to _____.

light

Research presented in the textbook suggests that the hippocampus plays a role in ____.

memory and stress

The idea that dreams are a way to consolidate what we have learned comes from _____.

memory theory

Night terrors are different from nightmares in that ____.

nightmares typically occur during REM sleep and night terrors typically occur during deep sleep

Assuming uninterrupted sleep, after experiencing stage IV sleep, the next stage would be _____.

non-REM stage III

Juan, a nine-year-old boy, was in an accident and suffered a brain injury. Which neurotransmitter will most likely most help Juan recover functioning after injury?

norepinepherine

After staring at a particular color for a long period of time and then looking at a white background, a negative afterimage occurs because ____.

parts of the cells that continually respond to color are worn out and therefore don't respond as readily to the white background

The principle of size constancy helps us to ____.

perceive that objects in our environment typically stay the same size from moment to moment

Saturation of light is to ____ as amplitude of light is to ____.

purity; brightness

In contrast to insomnia, narcolepsy is ____.

rare

What type of color-blindness is particularly common?

red-green

Five-year-old Tyra is drawing and she wants to show that the house is further away than the tree in her picture. To do this, Tyra draws the house smaller than the tree. Tyra is using what depth cue in her picture?

relative size

What disorder is a common sleep movement disorder in which a person has unpleasant sensations in the legs and an irresistible urge to move them to relieve the pain?

restless leg syndrome

Which is more numerous in the human eye: rods or cones?

rods

While our experiences do not greatly influence the processes involved in _____, they can greatly influence the processes involved in _____.

sensation; perception

The symptoms of depression that may follow heavy use of MDMA (ecstasy) may result from depleted levels of ____.

serotonin

An individual who has been given a nasal mask, which blows air into the nose while sleeping, is probably being treated for _____.

sleep apnea

Parkinson's disease is to ____ as schizophrenia is to _____.

small amounts of dopamine; large amounts of dopamine

Dr. Bush specializes in the study of hormones and neurotransmitters. His research would show that ______.

some hormones behave like neurotransmitters

Place theory proposes that ____.

sounds of different frequencies excite different areas of the basilar membrane

Brenda is asleep and her brain is producing slow and large brain waves. Brenda is most likely in which stage of sleep?

stage IV

Nicotine is a _____.

stimulant

Keisha was driving in her car when a tractor-trailer pulled out in front of her and almost caused an accident. Which branch of Keisha's nervous system would be most responsible for the functioning of her internal organs during this crisis?

sympathetic

You have just witnessed a car accident. Your heart rate and respiration rate are likely to be elevated due to _____ nervous system activity.

sympathetic

The key element of shift work that leads to negative effects seems to be ____.

the constant changing of work hours

Which part of the brain forms the outside covering of the hemispheres?

the cortex

Weber's law is most closely associated with _____.

the just noticeable difference

Mark has been drinking alcohol for six months. Each time he drinks he needs more and more alcohol to achieve the same buzz, which demonstrates _____. If he does not drink, Mark is nauseous and shakes, which is evidence of _____.

tolerance; withdrawal

The moon illusion disappears if you _____.

view bend over and look at the moon upside down, between your legs

Another name for the back part of the occipital lobe is the _____.

visual cortex

Michael Gazzaniga's split-brain patients ______.

were unable to name objects they saw on their left visual field

In what situation would you be most likely to rely heavily on top-down perceptual processing to correctly perceive the situation?

when working a jigsaw puzzle depicting three kittens in a basket