PSYC 102 Final Exam

the principle of natural selection was first advanced by

Charles Darwin

who is likely to be the most popular student in the fifth-grade class?

Helmut, the tallest boy in the class

Who analyzed people's answers to moral dilemmas for evidence of different stage of moral reasoning?

Lawrence Kohlberg

_____ is best known for his interest in the process of cognitive development

Piaget

The processes of assimilation and accommodation were most clearly highlighted by

Piaget's cognitive development theory

observational learning was illustrated by a widely known experiment involving

Pokemon characters

Professor Delano suggests that because people are especially attracted to those who are good-looking, handsome men will be more successful than average looking men in getting a job. The professor's prediction regarding employment success is an example of

a hypothesis

Aaron consistently exhibits a knee-jerk response without having any sensations of the taps on his knees. Aaron's experience is most indicative of

a severed spinal cord

The Albertsons establish and enforce rules for their children to follow. They give reasons for the rules and invite their teenagers to join in the discussion when new rules are being made. Psychologists would characterize the Albertsons as ____ parents

authoritative

Operant conditioning involves a learned association between

behaviors and their consequences

as members of the human family, we all share a common

biological heritage

To fully appreciate the interaction of neural activity, mental processes, and the functioning of human communities, it is most necessary to recognize that people are

biopsychosocial systems

The ancient Greek philosopher Plato located the mind in the

head

twin studies suggest that the risk of having autism spectrum disorder is influenced by

heredity

Several weeks after a political election, voters often exaggerate their ability to have predicted the election outcome. this best illustrates

hindsight bias

the process by which certain birds form attachments during a critical period very early in life is called

imprinting

Agonists ____ the action of a neurotransmitter whereas antagonists_____ the action of a neurotransmitter

increase; decrease

negative reinforcement _____ the rate of operant responding, and punishment_____ the rate of operant responding

increase; decrease

_____variable is to manipulated as ______ is to measured

independent; dependent

Potential research participants are told enough about an upcoming study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate. This illustrates the practice of seeking

informed consent

animals tend to revert from newly learned habits to their biologically predisposed behaviors. This is an example of_____

instinctive drift

Mark meets briefly with applicants for his positions in his company and relies on his immediate gut-level first impressions in deciding whether to offer them a job. Mark's employment decisions are most clearly guided by

intuition

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it is called

latent learning

the part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing is called them

medulla

The mode frequently occurring score in a distribution of scores is the

mode

Compared with younger adults, older adults take ____ time to solve perceptual puzzles and _____ time to remember names

more; more

Degeneration of the myelin sheath results in

multiple sclerosis

if a genetically based attraction to beautiful people contributes to survival, that trait will likely be passed on to subsequent generations. this best illustrates

natural selection

A descriptive technique of monitoring and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to change or control the situation is called

naturalistic observation

Professor Ober carefully observes and records the behavior of children in their classrooms in order to track the development of their social and intellectual skills. Professor Ober is most clearly engaged in

naturalistic observation

Twin and adoption studies have been most helpful for teasing apart the influences of

nature and nurture

If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are

negatively correlated

Alzheimer's disease can best be described as one form of

neurocognitive disorder

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called a(n)

neutral stimulus

The symmetrical bell-shaped figure used to represent the distribution of many physical and psychological characteristics is called a

normal curve

our ability to learn by witnessing the behavior of others demonstrates

observational learning

In which form of learning is behavior influenced by its consequences?

operant conditioning

shaping is a(n)______ procedure

operant conditioning

Skinner is to_____ as Pavlov is to_____

operant conditioning; classical conditioning

Megan was certain that she would never live far away from her family. However, when offered a job in another state, she decided to move. Megan's experience best illustrates

overconfidence

Our tendency to believe we know more than we do best illustrates

overconfidence

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the central and the ___ systems

peripheral

Sensory neurons are located in

peripheral nervous system

in the _____ parenting style, there are few demands on children and little punishment

permissive

B.F. Skinner's critics have claimed that he neglected the importance of the individual's

personal freedom

people living in a culture that promotes individualism are more likely to experience_____ than people in collectivist cultures

personal freedom

many of the outer cells of the zygote become the ____, an organ that transfers nutrients and oxygen to the fetus

placenta

The pact of the brainstem that helps to coordinate movements is called the

pons

Which of the following is most helpful to identify, explore, and understand phenomenon?

qualitative research

The term puberty refers to the period of

rapid physical development and the onset of reproductive capability

The function of dendrites is to

receive incoming signals from other nuerons

The scientific attitude requires an open-minded humility because it involves a willingness to

recognize the errors in our own ideas

An event that strengthens the behavior it follows is a(n)

reinforcement

Infants in a strange situation who use their mother as a base to explore their surroundings show signs of

secure attachment

According Piaget, we come to know the world primarily by looking, touching, mouthing, and grasping during the _____ stage

sensorimotor

which of the following terms refers to the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male or female

sex assigned at birth

Cited as a common reason for this research, psychologists study nonhuman animals because

similar processes often underlie nonhuman animal and human behavior

a collectivist culture is especially likely to emphasize the importance of

social harmony

a fixed-ration schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)

specified number of responses has been made

One of the three major issues in developmental psychology involves a focus on

stability and change

You come home one night to find a bear in your house. Your heart starts racing and you begin to sweat. These physical reactions are triggered by the

sympathetic system

the labels "easy", "difficult" and "slow-to-warm up" are used to refer to differences among infants in

temperament

Cocaine use during Lois's pregnancy damaged her developing fetus. The cocaine was a(n)

teratogen

the symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome demonstrate that alcohol is a

teratogen

harmful chemicals or viruses that can be transferred from a mother to her developing fetus are called

teratogens

Autism Spectrum Disorder is a disorder characterized by deficits in social interactions and reciprocity, rigid and/or repetitive behaviors and interests and an impaired

theory of mind

Children's ability to infer other people's intentions and feelings is indicative of their emerging

theory of mind

heritability refers to the extent to which

trait differences among individuals are attributable to genetic variations

Operant conditioning involves conscious processes whereas classical conditioning involves unconscious processes

true

True or False: shaping is a procedure in which reinforcers are used to guide actions closer and closer to a desired behavior

true

True or false: In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US was the presentation of food in the dog's mouth

true

evolutionary psychologists are most likely to be criticized for working backward to provide after the fact explanations of human mating preferences

true

a partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that occurs after an unpredictable period of time is a _____ schedule

variable interval

a partial schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses is a _____ schedule

variable-ratio

Correlation is a measure of the extent to which two factors

vary together

Which of the following methods is most helpful for clarifying cause-effect relationships?

an experimental method

botulin blocks the release of ACh. Botulin is best described as a(n)

antagonist

the personalties of adopted children

are very similar to the personalities of the other children in their adoptive families

the movement of positively charged sodium ions across the membrane of a neuron can produce a(n)

action potential

______ is a show that highlights puberty and sexuality in an awkward, but funny manner

Big Mouth

True or False: The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects is called conservation

True

the use of physical punishment may

all of these

Psychologists define learning as the process of

acquiring new information or relatively enduring behaviors

intrinsic motivation refers to a desire to perform an activity

for the sake of its own enjoyment

Pavlov's work laid the groundwork for

classical conditioning

the views of learning advanced by Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson underestimated the importance of

cognitive processes

A real estate agent showed Gavin pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouth-watering meal. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a

conditioned response

the transmission of shared knowledge and customs across generations is an indication of

culture

Three key attitudes of scientific inquiry are

curiosity, skepticism, and humility

brain scans of young teens reveal that _____ immaturity is most evident among juvenile offenders and drug users

frontal lobe

A segment of DNA that provides the code for creating protein molecules is called a(n)

gene

After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of white furry objects or animals (like a rabbit). This best illustrates the process of

generalization

Professor Conrad is a research specialist in the study of identity formation during adolescence. it is most likely that the professor is a ____ psychologist

developmental

Schizophrenia is most closely linked with an oversupply of the nuerotransmitter

dopamine

The neurotransmitter mainly linked to schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease is

dopamine

the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view is called

egocentrism

every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us is an aspect of our

environment

critical thinking most clearly involves

evaluating evidence

In classical conditioning, a stimulus is any event or situation that_____

evokes a response

Hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to

exaggerate their ability to have forseen an outcome