psyc 104 final reveiw

The device used to record electrical activity in the brain is called a(n) _____.

EEG

The peripheral nervous system:

connects the brain and spinal cord to the organs and muscles.

Operant behavior will undergo _____ if reinforcement stops.

extinction

At the resting potential, the inside of the neuron naturally has a(n) _____ charge.

negative

_____ is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, while _____ is a primary inhibitor.

Glutamate; GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

Consider differences in group intelligence test scores. Which opinion is LEAST consistent with the evidence presented in the text?

Group intelligence differences are caused by genetics.

At _____, babies can detect all of the contrasting sounds in all human languages.

birth

Taban took an intelligence test when he was 35 years old and then took another one when he was 65 years old. His intelligence test score had declined from his mid-30s. Which statement BEST explains why there might be such a decline?

His brain's speed of processing has slowed with age.

Serotonin is involved in the regulation of:

sleeping and waking

"Bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact." This quotation is representative of which theory of emotion?

James Lange

The _____ theory of emotion asserts that emotion results from the bodily changes produced by arousing stimuli.

James-Lange

Albert Bandura's famous _____ experiment showed how children can learn aggression through observation.

bobo doll

A method of scanning known as _____ has very good resolution and gives the clearest structural picture of the brain; this is more accurate in localizing tumors, lesions, and other types of brain damage.

MRI

_____ records how magnetic pulses are absorbed to construct an image of brain structures.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

By the time that the average person begins college in the United States, he or she knows about _____ words.

200,000

By the time that the average child in the United States begins fifth grade, he or she knows about _____ words.

40,000

The first intelligence test was devised by Théodore Simon and_____.

Alfred Binet

By the time that the average child in the United States begins school, he or she knows about _____ words.

10,000

Theresa and Olivia are monozygotic twins who are growing up in the same household. They both get a bad grade on their English paper. Theresa shrugs it off and vows to do better next time. Olivia throws a fit and demands that the teacher explain to her why she received a bad grade. Given their relationship and their shared environment, why do Theresa and Olivia have different reactions to the same situation?

Although they share most genes and environment, they still have different life experiences that could explain the different responses.

Reza suffered a stroke, which left him with language impairment. He has good comprehension, but produces speech that contains mostly content morphemes such as "car," "book," and "cup," and lacks function morphemes such as "and," "but," and "the." Reza MOST likely has damage to _____ of his brain.

Broca's area

In the _____ theory of emotion, physiological reactions occur simultaneously with emotional experiences.

Cannon-Bard

_____ refers to the meaning of a sentence; _____ refers to how a sentence is worded.

Deep structure; surface structure

Dr. Enrico is interested in measuring the difference in action potentials in the frontal lobe of the brain between schizophrenic people and a control group composed of non-schizophrenic individuals. He attaches a device to the outside of the skull that will measure the action potentials. The device he is using is a(n):

EEG

Which person would BEST fit the original purpose of intelligence testing? Nicholas, an 11-year-old who seems to be struggling to keep up with his classmates Pasha, a 10-year-old who does well in school Peter, an 8-year-old who can do his 10-year-old brother's homework Lisa, a 12-year-old whose academic performance is about two years ahead of her classmates

Nicholas, an 11-year-old who seems to be struggling to keep up with his classmates

A brain scanning method that identifies brain activity by detecting a radioactive substance injected into the blood is referred to as a _____ scan.

PET

Edward Tolman's notion that conditioning produces a belief is similar to the key idea of _____ model in classical conditioning.

Rescorla-Wagner

Unlike B.F. Skinner, _____ proposed that learning involved a cognitive component.

Tolman

Last week, Hector was administered a test by his supervisor, who claimed to be interested in predicting employee success. During the test, he was required to compare words, arrange photos into a story, make patterns from shapes, and solve math problems. Hector was MOST likely administered a well-known test known as the _____.

WAIS

The most commonly used intelligence scale in the United States is the _____.

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

Attending school and taking drugs known as _____ could increase one's intelligence by improving psychological processes.

a cognitive enhancer

Habituation refers to:

a gradual reduction in a response to a repeated stimulus.

In general, gifted children with high intelligence test scores demonstrate exceptional talent in:

a specialized area

Which of these words is a content morpheme? a.car b.but c.when d.and

a. car

Which animal was among the first to develop neurons? a.jellyfish b.frogs c.humans d.flatworms

a. jellyfish

Which of the following brain areas is matched with the type of learning with which it is generally associated? a. parietal - explicit learning b. frontal - implicit learning c. occipital - explicit learning d. temporal - implicit learning

a. parietal- explicit learning

In general, which statement about between-group intelligence test scores is FALSE? a.Women tend to outscore men on tests of spatial memory. b.European Americans tend to outscore Latinos on intelligence tests. c.Men tend to outscore women in abstract mathematical domains. d.Latinos tend to outscore African Americans on intelligence tests.

a.Women tend to outscore men on tests of spatial memory.

The term plasticity refers to the:

ability of the cortex to adapt to change.

At _____ of age, a typical child in the United States regularly produces complex sentences containing negation.

about 36 to 60 months

The somatic nervous system is a set of nerves that:

allows humans to consciously interact with and perceive the "external" world.

Brain imaging techniques have allowed researchers to discover that an area of the brain called the _____ is involved in emotional processing.

amygdala

Normal fear responses are not exhibited in an animal whose connections from its midbrain and/or hypothalamus to the _____ have been disrupted.

amygdala

When people are presented with a stimulus, the brain processes the information in two pathways. The "fast" pathway goes from the thalamus directly to the _____.

amygdala

Which technique does NOT measure blood flow to different areas of the brain?

an electroencephalograph (EEG)

Teachers can improve students' attention during lectures by:

announcing there will be a quiz at the end of class

Lonny suffered a brain injury at work. Since the injury, he has had difficulty producing or comprehending language. Lonny MOST likely has:

aphasia

B.F. Skinner found that bar pressing in the Skinner box was not a natural behavior for rats, so he reinforced the rats for approaching the bar, getting closer to the bar, touching the bar, etc. Skinner was reinforcing successive _____ to the desired behavior of bar pressing.

approximations

Regarding intelligence test scores, biological siblings reared together _____ nonbiological siblings reared together when taking the environment into consideration.

are more similar than

Regarding intelligence test scores, identical twins reared together _____ identical twins reared apart from each other.

are more similar than

Neurons _____ connected physically, and communicate with each other at the _____.

are not; synapse

Emotions can be compared based on their valence and their _____; the latter refers to the degree of activity of the experience.

arousal

Unlike the somatic nervous system, a person cannot voluntarily control the _____ nervous system.

autonomic

The major components of the peripheral nervous system consist of the:

autonomic and somatic nervous systems

Neurotransmitters sometimes bind to _____, which detect how much of a neurotransmitter is in a synapse, and may signal the neuron to stop releasing it.

autoreceptors

Suppose that sports fans in the United States were given a list of the names of all the medal winners in the last Olympics. After a few minutes of study, the fans were asked to estimate what percentage of medals the United States won. The fans probably will overestimate this number because of the _____ bias.

availability

The _____ is the part of the neuron that sends signals to other neurons.

axons

Which statement about John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner's Little Albert study is FALSE? a.The results are still relevant because Watson and Rayner showed how complex reactions could be produced through classical conditioning. b.The methods of Watson and Rayner are in compliance with today's ethical standards for the treatment of human participants. c.The results are still relevant because Watson and Rayner showed how fear responses could be produced through classical conditioning. d.At the time, Watson and Rayner's methods were considered ethical.

b

Which person would be LEAST likely to have experienced brain plasticity? a. a woman who has been quilting for 30 years b. a man who began driving a taxi last week c. a highly skilled concert pianist d. a diabetic who had his leg amputated

b. a man who began driving a taxi last week

Which is NOT one of Louis Thurstone's primary mental abilities? a.perceptual speed b.agility c.reasoning d.memory

b. agility

Which is NOT a primary function of the central nervous system? a. receiving sensory information from the world b. carrying information to vessels and glands c. processing information received externally d. coordinating different types of information

b. carrying information to vessels and glands

The school of psychology MOST associated with learning is _____.

behaviorism

Patients with damage at a certain point of the spinal cord lose sensation and abilities in body parts _____ the level of the injury.

below

The concept of _____ suggests that conditioning has an evolutionary perspective, in that certain associations will be more easily learned if they help the organism's survival.

biological preparedness

Each species is _____ predisposed to learn some things more readily than others.

biologically

B.F. Skinner expanded on the work of Edward Thorndike by focusing on:

both reinforcement and punishment

Which is LEAST likely to be studied by researchers using classical conditioning techniques? a.button pressing b.salivation c.eye blinks d.startle responses

button pressing

Many professions include observational learning as a training mechanism so that people can learn:

by watching the actions of others

Which person MOST likely suffered from a lower spinal cord injury? a.Cory, who cannot move her arms or legs for a year b.Terri, who is a quadriplegic c.Haley, whose legs are paralyzed but can move her arms d.Melissa, who has to breathe with the help of a respirator

c. Haley, whose legs are paralyzed but can move her arms

Which is NOT caused by the parasympathetic nervous system? a.activates digestive system b.slowed heart rate c.increased respiration d.decreased sweating

c. increased respiration

Which type of animal has a central nervous system that is organized in a hierarchical manner? a.invertebrates b.protozoa c.vertebrates d.jellyfish

c. vertebrates

Neuropsychologists have reported patients who could recognize information about human-made objects, but whose ability to recognize information about living things and foods was severely impaired. This syndrome is known as:

category- specific deficit

Cal can recognize and identify a picture of a dog, tree, worm, and his brother, but he cannot respond to a picture of a hammer, a house, a flagpole, and his office. Cal may have a:

category-specific deficit.

The _____ nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord.

central

Eddie has been feeling very lethargic lately and the doctors think he may have a thyroid problem. They told him the problem could be originating in his brain or at the gland. If it is beginning in his brain, it is coming from his _____ nervous system, and if it is beginning in his gland, it is coming from his _____ nervous system.

central; peripheral

Chen can pitch a baseball in what looks like one effortless and smooth movement. The part of the hindbrain called the _____ is most associated with this highly coordinated motion.

cerebellum

The _____ is a large structure in the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.

cerebellum

Vertebrates such as birds and reptiles have larger forebrains, but have almost no _____.

cerebral cortex

During the second stage of communication, a(n) _____ signal is transmitted between neurons across the synapse.

chemical

In experiments, when _____ and 2-year-old human children were shown how to use a tool to obtain food, both used the tool but children learned the specifics of using the tool.

chimpanzees

A(n) _____ consists of strands of DNA wound around each other.

chromosome

Advertisers often use pictures of attractive people with their products, with the expectation that people will respond positively to the product. They believe that this reaction will occur based on:

classical conditioning

A computerized axial tomography (CT) scan:

combines x-ray photos of the brain into an image that shows different density of tissue.

Mental representations of categories of objects, situations, or ideas that share common features are called:

concepts

In classical conditioning, a conditioned stimulus elicits a(n) _____ because of its association with a(n) _____.

conditioned response; unconditioned stimulus

In classical conditioning, a(n) _____ elicits a conditioned response because of its association with an unconditioned stimulus.

conditioned stimulus

In the study with Little Albert, the loud noise was the unconditioned stimulus, and the rat became the _____.

conditioned stimulus

In operant conditioning, the _____ of the behavior influences whether it is likely to occur again.

consequence

The two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex have _____ control of the body, so that each hemisphere controls the side opposite of its location.

contralateral

The primary function of the hindbrain is to:

control the most basic functions of life

Jack is a split-brain patient and he is presented with a picture of a phone on the left side of a computer screen and a picture of a cake on the right side. If he were asked to draw the object he saw on the right side of the screen with his left hand, he:

could not draw anything

Research suggests that _____, an extremely common approach to studying for tests, is better than not studying at all, but much less effective than distributed practice.

cramming

Research suggests that as many as 50 percent of all college students rely on _____, a relatively ineffective study technique.

cramming

The same principles that explain why experienced heroin users may overdose when they take the same dose of the drug in a new place can also be applied to the treatment of the addiction. This type of treatment is called _____ therapy.

cue exposure

Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner proposed that the cognitive process of _____ occurred between a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response.

expectation

Which sentence pair has the same deep structure? a.The dog chased the cat. The cat scratched the dog. b.The dog chased the cat. The cat chased the dog. c.The cat scratched the dog. The dog bit the cat. d.The dog chased the cat. The cat was chased by the dog.

d. The dog chased the cat. The cat was chased by the dog.

Which would be LEAST likely acquired through observational learning? a.speaking Chinese b.playing the piano c.using chopsticks d.blinking when something flies into one's eye

d. blinking when something flies into one's eye

Angel's mother told him: "Your father's cousin became sick and had to be taken to the emergency room." Angel is MOST likely to remember the _____ of the sentence rather than the surface structure.

deep structure

A scientist conditions a dog to salivate in response to the sound of a high-pitched tone. The researcher then presents a low-pitched tone. The dog fails to salivate. The dog is demonstrating stimulus _____.

descrimination

Contemporary psychologists use the _____ IQ for adults.

deviation

n order to compare IQ scores of people of different ages, researchers compute the ratio IQ for children and the _____ for adults.

deviation IQ

The two-factor theory of intelligence would predict that an individual who received good grades in math would also:

do well in science

Like classical conditioning, operant conditioning:

does not need to refer to the mind to explain things.

Habituation is a simple form of learning that:

does not result in long-lasting changes in the learner.

All of the neurons along the medial forebrain bundle secrete the neurotransmitter _____.

dopamine

Rats that are given the ability to stimulate their pleasure centers will stop if drugs that block the neurotransmitter _____ are administered to them.

dopamine

According to the text, children with _____ show deficits in implicit learning of language.

dyslexia

The doctor tells Shellie that a zygote has implanted into her uterus. Shellie knows that it is in the _____ stage of development.

embryonic

The James-Lange theory of emotions asserts that:

emotion results from the bodily changes produced by arousing stimuli.

People with strong _____ intelligence tend to have better romantic relationships, in addition to reporting greater happiness and satisfaction with their lives.

emotional

The ability to reason about emotions and to use emotions to enhance reasoning is called _____ intelligence.

emotional

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) scans have confirmed a hypothesis that followed Phineas Gage's accident: that the frontal lobe is important for:

emotional regulation

Differences between groups' intelligence test scores are caused by:

environmental factors

The idea of biological preparedness suggests that conditioning has a(n) _____ perspective, in that certain associations will be more easily learned if they aid the organism's survival.

evolutionary

The _____ theory of categorization argues that people make category judgments by comparing a new instance with their memories for other instances of the category.

exemplar

_____ theory is MORE comprehensive than prototype theory because it takes into account specific instances of categories in addition to the prototype of the category.

exemplar

Regarding categorization, the prefrontal cortex is involved in recognizing _____.

exemplars

The Rescorla-Wagner model showed that classical conditioning actually involved a cognitive aspect based on the organism's:

expectations

When a conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus, _____ will gradually occur.

extinction

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is to computerized axial tomography (CT) scan as:

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) is to PET (positron emission tomography).

According to _____ theory, categories are made based on the extent to which they look as if they belong together.

family resemblance

_____ are neurons in the visual cortex that respond to certain aspects of visual stimuli.

feature detectors

_____ that are characteristic of category members, but are not needed for membership in the category, are referred to as family resemblance.

features

The second and third trimesters of pregnancy occur entirely within the _____ period of prenatal development.

fetal

A _____ schedule of reinforcement is one in which reinforcement is provided after an unchanging number of responses.

fixed-ratio

Although the first neurons appeared in simple invertebrates such as jellyfish, the first central nervous systems developed in _____.

flat worms

In Ivan Pavlov's famous studies, the _____ was the unconditioned stimulus, and the _____ was the unconditioned response.

food; salivation

Sarah is trying to convince her parents to buy her a car. Therefore, she quotes the statistic that teenagers are 30 percent less likely to get into an accident in their own car than a parent's car, rather than saying teenagers are 70 percent more likely to get into an accident in their own car. This illustrates the _____.

framing effect

Phineas Gage primarily suffered damage to his _____ lobe.

frontal

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) scans have confirmed a hypothesis that followed Phineas Gage's accident: that the _____ lobe is important for the regulation of emotion.

frontal

Regions in the _____ area and the parietal lobe area are hypothesized to be part of the mirror neuron system.

frontal lobe

Psychologist Charles Spearman proposed that all tasks require a combination of a(n) _____ ability, or g, that is required, in addition to skills specific to a task, or s.

general

Which are the two factors proposed in the two-factor theory?

general ability and task-specific skills

Scientists suggest that _____ are NOT associated with differences across groups in performance on intelligence tests.

genes

Evidence from identical twin studies suggests that:

genes play a significant role in determining intelligence test scores, with high correlations whether raised together or apart

Ricky has always struggled with language. No matter how much he studies and works at it, he cannot seem to learn the grammatical structure of language despite testing with normal intelligence. Ricky MOST likely has:

genetic dysphasia.

_____ is/are an excitatory neurotransmitter that enhance(s) transmission of information throughout the brain.

glutamate

The smooth, raised parts of the cerebral cortex are called _____ and the indentations, or fissures, are called _____.

gyri; sulci

An intelligence test score is NOT positively correlated with:

happiness

In order for an action potential to occur, the neuron must:

have electrical stimulation at or above the threshold.

The cerebral cortex is split into two _____, which are fairly symmetrical in appearance and somewhat symmetrical in function.

hemispheres

A spinal injury that occurs _____ on the spine typically predicts more severe loss of abilities.

higher

The reticular activating system is located in the _____. It regulates _____.

hindbrain; arousal

Destiny suffers from anterograde amnesia. Whenever she meets a person, she forgets having met them after about a minute, and reintroduces herself. Destiny MOST likely has damage to an area of the brain called the _____.

hippocampus

Genetic manipulation has been used to guide development in the brain area called the _____.

hippocampus

Dr. Landry is conducting an observational learning study in which the model is either similar or dissimilar to the participant. Dr. Landry thinks that the participants are more likely to imitate the behavior of similar models than of dissimilar models. This is a(n):

hypothesis

The original measure of intelligence was designed to:

identify children who needed additional instruction in school

Mirror neurons most likely play a critical role in observational learning in which organisms _____ the actions of others.

imitate

Children with dyslexia show deficits in _____ learning of language.

implicit

Learning that occurs mostly without awareness of both the process by which the information is learned and the consequences of knowing the information is called _____ learning.

implicit

A test of _____, which evaluates how individuals think, adapt, and learn, often has been used to discriminate against people of different ethnicities, religions, and nationalities.

intelligence

Which schedule of reinforcement produces the slowest and most methodical response? a.continuous b.interval c.ratio d.fixed-ratio

interval

One of the major problems with the ratio IQ that was addressed by the deviation IQ was that:

it does not measure adult intelligence very well.

The research on _____ of learning suggests that one should use tests to assess what one knows prior to studying for an exam.

judgements

Psychologists call the subjective assessments that students make about what they have and have not learned _____.

judgements of learning

Lily floats a note across a river to Karen instead of directly passing it from her hand to Karen's hand. If, in this scenario, the river represents the synapse, which component of the scenario represents the dendrite?

karen

The set of rules by which people organize the units of _____ into meaningful messages is called grammar.

language

Broca's area is involved in _____, while Wernicke's area is involved in _____.

language production; language comprehension

_____ is a system for communicating with others; _____ is a set of rules that specify how people can produce meaningful messages.

language; grammar

Edward Tolman's third group of rats showed a dramatic change in their maze behavior when reinforcement was given on the eleventh day of their maze running. Tolman called this:

latent learning

Behaviorism is the school of psychology MOST associated with

learning

Names that you have not heard before are generally _____ accessible in memory than familiar names.

less

Research implies that _____ practice is better than not studying at all, but much less effective than _____.

massed; distributed practice

Damage to the _____ can be deadly because this structure controls heart rate, respiration, and circulation.

medulla

The _____ forms the basis of the spinal cord in prenatal development.

neural tube

The hippocampus is an area of the brain that is involved in the formation of new _____ and the integration of these into a network of knowledge.

memories

In general, it is easier to judge the relative intelligence test scores of _____.

men

Researchers have used a(n) _____ box to help phantom limb patients gain control over their phantom limbs.

mirror

Joey watches his older brother twirl his pasta around his fork using a spoon. Joey then attempts to twirl his pasta in the same way. Joey's older brother served as a _____ for Joey.

model

Serena and Jenny are twins who developed in utero from the splitting of a single egg that was fertilized by a single sperm. Serena and Jenny are _____ twins.

monozygotic

The neurotransmitter norepinephrine is involved in:

mood and arousal

Compared to behaviors reinforced on a continuous schedule, behaviors reinforced on intermittent schedules are _____ resistant to extinction.

more

According to the text, with respect to the studies of observational learning in primates using tools:

more research must be done before drawing conclusions

Sound is to meaning as phoneme is to _____.

morpheme

_____ neurons carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement.

motor

The _____ is like a map in the frontal lobe that corresponds to different body parts.

motor cortex

One way to understand and categorize the range of emotions possible in the human experience is to group them according to similarity in a type of map. This is known as:

multidimensional scaling

Electrical wires are generally protected by a tube of plastic. A similar insulating function is performed in the nervous system by _____.

myelin

Turning off extremely loud music is MOST likely an example of _____ reinforcement.

negative

The _____ system is an interacting network of neurons that conveys electrochemical information throughout the body.

nervous

The _____ nervous system helps the body return to a resting state after dealing with a threat.

parasympathetic

Chan loves to challenge his mind with new tasks. The components of his brain that process information in these new tasks are his _____.

neurons

Chemicals that pass information across the tiny gap between neurons are called:

neurotransmitters

Receptors are located on the dendrites of the neuron receiving a signal and allow the binding of _____.

neurotransmitters

In synaptic transmission, the action potential stimulates the release of:

neurotransmitters by the synaptic vesicles.

Samantha gets nervous when she is home alone and always believes she is hearing noises in her house. Samantha's increased awareness of her immediate environment is MOST likely caused by the neurotransmitter _____.

norepinephrine

_____ refers to the environmental influence on behaviors, traits, and psychological disorders.

nurture

When learning takes place as a result of imitating a model, it is referred to as _____ learning.

observational

Because of the powerful effects of _____, many parents monitor the content of video games, television shows, and movies so that their children do not imitate violent behavior.

observational learning

Many professions include _____ as a training mechanism so that people can learn by watching the actions of others.

observational learning

A carpenter suffered a stroke and can no longer recognize the difference between a hacksaw and a hammer. The carpenter MOST likely suffered damage to the area of her brain where the temporal lobe meets the parietal and _____ lobes.

occipital

Which of the following brain areas is associated with implicit learning?

occipital

According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, physiological reactions _____ emotional experiences.

occur simultaneously with

An organism's behavior that has some impact on the environment is called a(n) _____ behavior.

operant

Which is the primary function of the midbrain?

orienting a person toward or away from threatening stimuli

Initially, children memorize particular rules, and then tend to _____ the rules of grammar in cases where it does not apply; this usually results in errors.

overgeneralize

Sammy lost his balance and accidentally placed his hand on the hot wood stove to steady himself. In order for Sammy to retract his hand, the:

pain signal must travel to the spinal cord and a response will be generated.

Maria encounters a wolverine in the foothills and escapes by running very quickly to her car. After reaching the safety of her car, her heart rate and breathing begin to slow down because of her _____ nervous system.

parasympathetic

A carpenter suffered a stroke and can no longer recognize the difference between a saw and a plane. The carpenter MOST likely suffered damage to the area of her brain where the temporal lobe meets the _____ and occipital lobes.

parietal

Ann's daughter is not yet producing words, but she shows signs of understanding what other people say. Her _____ is MORE advanced than her _____.

passive mastery; active mastery

Observational learning can result in learning even when the observer does not actually _____ the task.

perform

_____ syndrome refers to a phenomenon in which amputee patients continue to experience sensations where the missing body part would be.

phantom limb

The words "pot," "pig," "pistol," and "plum" all have the same initial:

phoneme

An example of a _____ is "oa." An example of a _____ is "and."

phoneme; morpheme

The rules that describe the ways in which speech sounds can be combined to form words are called _____ rules; the rules that specify the ways in which words can be combined to form phrases and sentences are called _____ rules.

phonological; syntactical

Amy, a split-brain patient, could NOT:

pick an object up with her left hand that was presented to her right field of vision.

_____ refers to the ability of the cortex to adapt to change.

plasticity

Studies of concert pianists have shown examples of:

plasticity in the brain

In a study conducted by James Olds, rats would continue to press a bar to receive stimulation of their brain's _____ even when it meant that they could not eat or drink.

pleasure centers

According to the text, an emotion is a _____ experience that is associated with _____.

positive or negative; physiological activity

According to the text, gray matter density in the left parietal lobe is MOST likely _____ correlated with second-language fluency among bilinguals.

positivly

Condoleezza works at a canning factory. She has established a way for the company to donate dented or incorrectly labeled cans to a food pantry for the poor. The company receives a tax benefit, and the food is put to good use. According to Robert Sternberg, this BEST illustrates the concept of _____ intelligence.

practical

According to the text, which study technique has the highest utility value?

practice testing

When faced with a risky task, patients with damage to their _____ have lowered emotional responses compared to controls.

prefrontal cortex

The sympathetic nervous system:

prepares the body for action in threatening situations.

Positive reinforcement involves the _____ of a stimulus when a behavior occurs, and positive punishment involves the presentation of a stimulus when a behavior occurs.

presentation

A set of factors, called _____ abilities, are in the middle level of the three-level hierarchy of abilities.

primary mental

In the three-level hierarchy, the top level is called a general factor, the middle-level is comprised of factors such as Louis Thurstone's _____ abilities, and the bottom level is comprised of specific factors.

primary mental

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel measured the response of individual neurons and found that neurons in the _____ are activated when a contrast between light and dark occurs.

primary visual cortex

Cardiovascular exercise affects brain structures in nonhuman animals by:

promoting neuron growth and increased synaptic connections in the hippocampus.

According to _____ theory, a person is more likely to persuade his or her boss of a business proposal if it is framed in terms of potential gains.

prospect

_____ theory assumes that people are more willing to take risks to avoid losses than to achieve gains.

prospect

A(n) _____ is the most representative example of a concept.

prototype

The _____ theory categorizes objects together based on how well something resembles a typical category member and its features.

prototype

Positive punishers weaken behavior; negative _____ weaken behavior.

punishers

_____ schedules of reinforcement typically produce the highest and most consistent rates of response.

ratio

In order to compare IQ scores of people of different ages, researchers compute the _____ for children and the deviation IQ for adults.

ratio IQ

_____ is obtained by dividing a person's supposed mental age by the person's physical age and then multiplying the quotient by 100.

ratio IQ

Contemporary psychologists use _____ IQ for children and _____ IQ for adults.

ratio; deviation

When people judge the value of an outcome and multiply it by how likely something is to happen, people are making use of:

rational choice theory

Toni reads to her unborn child every night, thinking that it will help the baby to recognize her once the baby is born. After reading this chapter, Darren tells her that:

reading to her baby will help the baby recognize her outside of the womb

One of the MOST effective strategies for emotion regulation is to change the way one thinks about an event. This is known as:

reappraisal

The role of sensory neurons is to:

receive information from the external world and convey it to the brain.

The _____ period refers to the time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated.

refractory

The hypothalamus is a subcortical structure that:

regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior.

The reticular formation is a small cluster of neurons that:

regulates sleep, wakefulness, and levels of arousal.

Schedules of _____ are based on the finding that conditioned behaviors often continue or even become strengthened by irregular reinforcement.

reinforcment

Colton took an intelligence test with his class when he was 10 years old and then took another one with the same individuals when he was 23 years old. His scores were very similar. According to the text, this consistency represents _____ intelligence, which is generally stable over time.

relative

The _____ is a mental shortcut that involves making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event.

representativeness heuristic

In one study, stimulation of the _____ in sleeping cats caused them to awaken immediately.

reticular formation

Research on participants with damage to the prefrontal cortex suggests that these patients make more _____ decisions.

risky

Ivan Pavlov paired a tone with a black square, and the dogs began to salivate in response to the black square. The black square could elicit salivation because of _____ conditioning.

second-order

_____ conditioning occurs when the stimulus that functions as the unconditioned stimulus is actually the conditioned stimulus from earlier learning.

second-order

In general, on a daily basis, people experience more _____ reinforcers than primary ones.

secondary

LaTonya is blind and often relies upon her sense of touch to gather information about the external world. When she touches someone's face to learn what they look like, her _____ neurons send the information to her brain.

sensory

The three major types of neurons include:

sensory, motor, and interneurons.

The neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of sleep, wakefulness, eating, and aggressive behavior is _____.

serotonin

The two-factor theory proposed by Stanley Schachter and _____ suggests that emotions are the result of the brain trying to make sense of the body's physiological response to a situation.

singer

The prototype theory would predict that a child would recognize a whale as a type of mammal _____ than the child would a cow.

slower

During the acquisition phase of classical conditioning, learning begins:

slowly, then accelerates before tapering off

The _____ nervous system refers to a set of nerves that conveys information into and out of the central nervous system, and is a system that is consciously controlled.

somatic

When Nick reaches for his fork to take a bite of his pasta, he can consciously do so because he is using the _____ nervous system.

somatic

Damage to the _____ influences the ability of the brain to receive information from the senses and direct movement.

spinal cord

Randy lost his balance and accidentally placed his hand on the hot wood stove to steady himself. In order for Randy to retract his hand, the pain signal must travel to the _____ and a response will be generated.

spinal cord

The hindbrain is the area of the brain that coordinates information coming into and out of the _____.

spinal cord

Shawn is cooking and accidentally grabs the pan in the wrong spot and burns his hand. Shawn's ability to rapidly pull his hand away from the pan is caused by his _____.

spinal reflexes

By repeatedly presenting the rat without the loud noise, one could use extinction to eliminate Little Albert's fear of a rat. However, a day later, Albert might show fear of the rat again because of _____.

spontaneous recovery

A scientist conditions a dog to salivate in response to the sound of a high-pitched tone. The researcher then presents a low-pitched tone. The dog fails to salivate. The dog is demonstrating:

stimulus descrimination

Little Albert's fear response to a white rabbit, a fur coat, and a Santa Claus mask are all examples of:

stimulus generalization.

B.F. Skinner found that bar pressing in the Skinner box was not a natural behavior for rats, so he reinforced the rats for approaching the bar, getting closer to the bar, touching the bar, etc. Skinner was reinforcing _____ to the desired behavior of bar pressing.

succesive approximations

Operant conditioning explains _____ as the result of mistakenly inferring a causal relationship between a specific behavior and a reinforcer.

superstitions

Chan is hiking in the woods when he comes across a tiger. As he decides whether he should run away, his _____ nervous system works to coordinate his body.

sympathetic

The _____ nervous system increases heart rate, suppresses the immune system, and dilates the pupils in the face of a threat.

sympathetic

Jack is driving down an unfamiliar road at night and an animal darts out in front of his car. Jack quickly slams on the brakes and avoids hitting the animal. Jack's ability to respond quickly to this situation was MOST likely promoted by his:

sympathetic nervous system.

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit information across the _____ to dendrites on the receiving neuron.

synapse

The grammar of a language contains at LEAST three kinds of rules: _____, phonological, and morphological.

syntacticle

_____ rules describe the ways in which words can be combined to form phrases and sentences.

syntacticle

Exemplar theory is MORE comprehensive than prototype theory because it:

takes into account specific instances of categories in addition to the prototype of the category.

Tammy floats a note across a river to Mary instead of directly passing it from her hand to Mary's hand. If, in this scenario, the river represents the synapse, _____ represents the axon.

tammy

The _____ and the tegmentum are the two major parts of the midbrain.

tectum

Mark heard his daughter say, "Daddy throw ball." This is an example of:

telegraphic speech

In split-brain patients, when information enters one of the hemispheres:

the information remains in the receiving hemisphere.

Margo's father recently suffered a spinal injury and she is worried that her father will lose his ability to walk. Margo should NOT assume this will happen because:

the location of the damage influences the skills affected.

A prototype is:

the most representative example of a concept.

As a result of his research with school-age children, Charles Spearman proposed the:

two factor theory

_____ conditioning involves an association between a conditioned stimulus and a new neutral stimulus.

undefined

Astonished is to alarmed, as positive is to negative

valence

Emotions can be compared based on their _____, which refers to how positive or negative the experience is, and their _____, which refers to how active or passive the experience is.

valence; arousal

The _____ brain is hierarchically organized, while the invertebrate brain is not.

vertebrate

A person could survive with only the hindbrain and the midbrain because these portions of the brain are involved in:

vital functions and orientations

According to the text, the defining attribute of emotional experiences is:

what these experiences feel like

According to family resemblance theory, categories are made based on:

whether objects look as if they belong together.

According to broad statistical data, _____ typically perform better on tests of fine motor skill than subjects of the opposite gender

women

In general, which gender is better at estimating another person's intelligence test score just by looking at them?

women