PSYC 107 Chapter 3

The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off.

Evolution by natural selection

Which of the following is not a hindbrain structure?

amygdala

The ________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills.

cerebellum

A ________ scan involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain.

computerized tomography (CT) scan

________ is a technique often used in studies investigating sleep patterns. Researchers place electrodes at various locations on a person's head in order to record brainwaves.

electroencephalography (EEG)

Diabetes is a(n) ________ disorder because insulin is a ________.

endocrine; hormone

Which of the following senses is not routed through the thalamus?

smell

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ________.

spinal chord

Jeremy has Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor skills. In addition to motor symptoms, Jeremy has noticed changes in his mood, and he feels the need to smoke more cigarettes than he used to. It is likely that Jeremy's ________ is producing less ________ than it needs to.

substania nigra; dopamine

Which of the following is not a limbic system structure?

substantia nigra

Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain.

folds; grooves

Parsons et al. are doing a study comparing differences in brain activity levels between patients with schizophrenia and controls with no psychological disorders. Their hypothesis requires a high level of detail and good detection of differences over time. Which of the following is the best brain imaging technique to use?

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish?

groan and move her eyes

________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels.

homeostasis

Clive Wearing could remember which of the following types of memory?

how to play piano

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting?

hypothalamus

Randolf is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parents' hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible for ________ memories.

limbic system, emotional

The ________ is the deep groove that separates the brain into two halves.

longitudinal fissure

Jennifer has been depressed for several months, and she decided to take an overdose of sleeping pills. After taking the pills, her breathing rate decreased dramatically, her heart slowed down, and her blood pressure decreased. Which brain structure is the drug acting on?

medulla

Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place?

motor skill deficits in the left side of her body

Dmitris is in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured. Which of the following is the most likely behavioral effect of his accident?

no sensation in his legs and feet

People who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images shown to ________.

only the right visual field

The ________ gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system.

pituitary

Ainsley is participating in a study that aims to determine whether the occipital cortex becomes more active in response to moving versus stationary stimuli. When she arrives at the lab, she ingests a "tracer" and then enters the scanning machine. What type of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study?

positron emission tomography (PET)

The ________ extends through the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.

reticular formation

Which of the following is not a part of the fight or flight response?

running away

The ________ is located deep within the brain, and it includes structures such as the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area.

Midbrain

Which of the following is not a disadvantage of PET scanning?

An alternative diagnostic tool is fMRI.

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?

Broca's area

Different forms of a gene are known as "moles."

False

Henry Gustav Molaison (H. M.) had brain surgery for which of the following reasons?

He had severe seizures

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury?

Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

Twin boys both have a gene associated with aggressive tendencies. What is the most likely outcome to be observed in their behavior as they grow up?

It is not possible to determine the twins' behaviors based on having this single gene.

Which of the following is not a forebrain structure?

Pons

Which of the following imaging techniques does not collect information about brain functioning?

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Glucose, a small uncharged molecule, can pass through the cell membrane, but sodium ions do not pass through the membrane easily. What is the most accurate explanation for these findings?

The cell membrane is semi-permeable.

"Genetic makeup" refers to our DNA.

True

A chromosome is a long thread of DNA.

True

Chromosomes are found in every cell of our body.

True

Genes are segments of the DNA double-helix.

True

Rosemary had a stroke about a year ago and now she cannot understand what people are saying to her. This is embarrassing for her, so she responds using vague language and tries to make it appear as though she understands. Which area of Rosemary's brain was likely damaged by the stroke?

Wernicke's area

During the fight or flight response, which of the following endocrine glands is most likely to increase activity?

adrenal

Which of the following senses is associated with the temporal lobe?

audition

The brain contains ________ of interconnected neurons and glia.

billions