PSYC 110 Christi Charles Exam 2
Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior?
Albert Bandura
In a motorcycle accident, Adam suffered a brain injury that makes it impossible for him to form new memories. He can, however, remember his life experiences before the accident. Adam's memory difficulty MOST clearly illustrates:
Anterograde amnesia
Marlee was raped at gunpoint in a parking garage. Her attacker was wearing strong cologne, and she refuses to go through the male fragrance department at the department store, will not be alone by herself or with any man, and will not park in any garages. This reaction BEST illustrates:
Generalization
_____ is the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS). Whereas, _____ is the ability to differentiate between the CS and other stimuli that have NOT been associated with the unconditioned stimulus (US).
Generalization; discrimination
Shaping was a method used by B.F. Skinner in order to:
Guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations.
Michael is busy with his work project that he brought home. His son wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Michael tells him to wait for 10 minutes; however, his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right now. This BEST illustrates the value of:
Negative reinforcement
_____ involves any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
Negative reinforcement
Tina is a 7-year-old girl who frequently witnesses her father's anger and physical abuse of her mother. In Tina's room, she is playing with her toys and begins to yell at them and hit them for "being so stupid and not having dinner ready." Her behavior is a clear example of:
Observational learning
Learning by imitating the behavior of others is called _____ learning. The researcher BEST known for studying this type of learning is _____.
Observational; Albert Bandura
If children get attention for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick if they find this attention to be enjoyable. This BEST illustrates:
Operant Conditioning
At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when a worker selects either the "A" or "B" choices. This worker continues to frequent this machine regularly. This BEST illustrates:
Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning focuses on _____ behavior, whereas operant conditioning focuses on _____ behavior.
Respondent; operant
Darlene is trying to remember the name of a woman sitting next to her on the bus. She knows she met her at a party, and she is trying to remember which one. Darlene is able to imagine where the woman was seated at the party, as well as what she was eating. Darlene is using _____ to remember the woman's name.
Retrieval cues
_____ occurs when something one learns now interferes with one's ability to recall something one learned earlier.
Retroactive interference
In Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's three-stage processing model, people record information in which order?
Sensory memory, short- term memory, long- term memory
In the movie Memento, the lead character has to write everything on his body and take notes. Otherwise he quickly forgets because the injury he sustained left him without:
Short- term memory
In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
Unconditioned response (UR)
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response is called a:
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) _____ repeatedly comes before a(n)____.
Unconditioned stimulus (US); conditioned stimulus (CS)
Because she has oversight responsibility for the servicing and repair of her company's fleet of cars, Rhonda frequently calls the garage mechanic to inquire whether service on various cars has been completed. Because service completion times are unpredictable, she is likely to be reinforced with positive responses to her inquiries on a _____ schedule.
Variable- interval
Pop quizzes and random checks of quality help to produce slow, steady responding and are examples of the _____ schedule of reinforcement.
Variable- interval
For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a _____ schedule.
Variable- ratio
Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even because the next hand will be his winning one. This is a _____ schedule.
Variable- ratio
A year after surviving a classroom shooting, Angie still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and the sound of balloons popping. This reaction BEST illustrates:
generalization
_______ Aids can be used to help remember things such as speeches or lists of items. These aids often incorporate the use of vivid imagery and organizational devices.
mnemonic
Jonny is "hammering" the nail in with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. His behavior is an example of:
modeling
When a 4-year-old girl suddenly picks up her ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has seen someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus she has learned via:
observation
According to psychologists, memory refers to the:
persistence of learning over time, storage of info, and retrieval of info
Jamaal has to make an important phone call. Unfortunately, his cell phone is not charged and he has to use his landline, which does not store phone numbers. To make the call, he has to get the number from his cell phone and remember it long enough to dial on his landline. For this task, which memory is MOST important?
Working memory
The process of getting information out of memory storage is called:
retrieval
Through conscious repetition of information, people can encode information for long-term storage. This is known as:
----
Employing the single word "HOMES" to remember the names of North America's five Great Lakes BEST illustrates the use of:
A mnemonic device
George Miller's research on short-term memory capacity indicated that people can only store _____ in their short-term memory.
About seven bits of information (give or take two)
If people have a frightening experience immediately after hearing a strange sound, their fear may occur when they hear that sound again. This BEST illustrates:
Classical conditioning
Susie repeatedly hears a tone just before having a puff of air directed into her eye. Blinking in response to a tone presented without a puff of air is a(n):
Conditioned response (CR)
In classical conditioning, this is an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
The sense that one may have seen this same question before. Yes, the same question you are reading is known as:
Deja vu
The law of effect states that rewarded behavior is likely to recur; it was first enunciated by this psychologist.
Edward L. Thorndike
As opposed to automatic processing, _____ refers to encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Effortful processing
Studying for a psychology test requires _____. It takes attention and conscious effort, but pays off with lasting and accessible memories.
Effortful processing
With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____. With intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____.
Every time the desired behavior occurs; sporadically when the desired behavior occurs
People's memory of facts and experiences that they consciously know and can easily recite is known as:
Explicity memory
During a typical morning, Colin will check the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. In this case, Colin's clock checking behavior is reinforced on a _____ schedule.
Fixed- interval
Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 25,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
Fixed- ratio
Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they heard news of the attacks on the United States in September 2001. This BEST illustrates _____ memory.
Flashbulb
Some of a person's memories for an emotionally significant moment or event are vividly clear. These are known as:
Flashbulb memories
Nannette's daughter refused to brush her teeth and threw her toys across the room. Nannette gave her daughter a 20-minute time-out. This is an example of:
Negative punishment
Which item will Chris most likely store as an implicit memory?
His conditioned fear of guns
As a practical joke, Nadine tells her younger brother a story about an event that did NOT happen when he was 4 years old. She said he called "911" to report a fight they were having. Nadine repeated this story several times, until her brother could really imagine dialing the phone. This is an example of:
Imagination inflation
A person's unconscious capacity for learning how to do something is known as:
Implicit memory
_____ memory refers to retention of information that is independent of conscious recollection, whereas _____ refers to memory for facts and experiences.
Implicit; explicit
One main difference between punishment and reinforcement is that the goal of reinforcement is to _____ a behavior, while the goal of punishment is to _____ a behavior.
Increase; decrease
This is a relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of a person's memory system.
Long- term memory
Whenever Sunny becomes depressed, she immediately is flooded with thoughts of failed relationships and missed chances. Sunny's experience BEST illustrates:
Mood- congruent memory
_____ refers to people's tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with their current mood. In other words, if one is in a bad mood, one will be more likely to have negative associations.
Mood- congruent memory
Jenni has been working nights and weekends to get a project completed for her job. She is successful, and a couple of weeks later she comes into work and her boss presents her with a bonus check. This BEST illustrates the value of:
Positive reinforcement
_____ involves any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
Positive reinforcement
Although B.F. Skinner and other behaviorists did not think that it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining human learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. Which finding suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning?
Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes
Lonnie often has vivid dreams. In the morning, he can recall them in great detail. This sometimes gets him in trouble, because he cannot figure out if he is remembering a dream or something that he actually experienced. This problem is known as:
Source amnesia
When people recall an imagined event as something that they directly experienced, or something that really happened to them, people are BEST illustrating:
Source misattribution
Ricardo distributes his study time rather than cramming because he wants to retain the information for the long-term. He is using the:
Spacing effect
Khalid had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. He had associated the waiting room with nausea. Now 35 years old, he had to take his mother to the same hospital for breast cancer treatment, and he became nauseous while in the waiting room with her mother. His nausea BEST illustrates:
Spontaneous recovery
This is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
Spontaneous recovery
When people learn something while in one state (e.g., when they are feeling joyful or sad), they are better able to recall that thing while in the same state. This is known as:
State- dependent memory
Kennedy had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the waiting room is:
The conditioned response (CR)
Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The waiting room became:
The conditioned stimulus (CS)
When people are given subtle misleading information about a past event, they often misremember the true details surrounding the event. This is known as:
The misinformation effect
A person's tendency to recall the last and first items in a list is known as:
The serial position effect
Ricardo distributes his study time rather than cramming because he wants to retain the information for the long-term. He is using the:
The spacing effect
Hamika had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The chemotherapy is:
The unconditioned stimulus (US).
Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate:
Two stimuli
It is easier to remember information that is organized into meaningful units than information that is not. This is known as:
chunking
Walter was bitten by a dog when he was 5 years old. To this day, he will not pet dogs; however, he will pet cats. This reaction BEST illustrates:
discrimination
The processing of information into the memory system is called:
encoding
The three steps in memory information processing are:
encoding, storage, retrieval
During a Spanish language exam, Janice easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning. However, she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty BEST illustrates:
proactive interference
A fill-in-the-blank test is a good example of:
recall
Tarik has a chemistry test in two days. He has to memorize the elements on the periodic table, so he writes them on index cards. He keeps the cards with him at all times and periodically reads through them. Tarik is using _____ to encode information for storage.
rehearsal
In Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving's experiment, the deeper, _____ processing yielded better memory than the shallow processing elicited by the other encoding techniques.
semantic
The retention of encoded information over time is called:
storage