Psyc 13,14,15

What is the annual cost attributed to the treatment of mental illnesses and the relative loss of income in the United States?

$467 billion

The correlation between brain size and intelligence is ______, meaning that about ______ of the difference in intelligence between individuals is related to brain size.

.24; 6%

The estimated annual financial cost of the mood disorders in the United States is between ______ and ______ billion dollars.

24; 234

If identical twins share a placenta, their concordance rates for schizophrenia are ______, but if the twins did not share a placenta, the concordance rates are______.

60%; 11%

In a study of 39 species, the combined factors of body size and danger accounted for ______ of the variability in sleep time.

80%

A complete cycle through all sleep stages takes approximately ______ minutes.

90

Which of the following is a reported reason as to why adolescence is a particularly significant period in the development of schizophrenia?

Frontal myelination is occurring during this period.

Who was the first person to attempt to use reaction time as a measure of intelligence?

Galton

Viral infections during the ______ months of pregnancy are associated with schizophrenia.

fourth through sixth

Although many blind individuals have difficulty maintaining circadian rhythms, some are able to do so through ______.

ganglion cells that contain melanopsin

Humans show ______ white matter to gray matter ratio compared to other animals.

greater

Uncle Rico hears voices telling him he is a very bad person. Current thinking is that ______.

he is misperceiving his self-generated thoughts

Atypical antipsychotics ______ sensory gating, while ______ can normalize this process in schizophrenics.

improve; nicotine

In which brain area(s) do women show the strongest correlation between gray matter volume and IQ?

in the frontal areas only

As we age, amount of myelination, speed of cognitive processing, and intelligence ______.

increase from childhood until maturity, then decrease

Joe claims that he sees elves. If we put him in an fMRI during one of his experiences, where an elf danced in front of him, what would we see in the fMRI scan?

increased activity in the occipital lobes

Which of the following environmental insults shows the highest correlation with IQ?

infectious disease

A difference between Einstein's brain and the average brain is that ______.

it was larger in the parietal lobes

A difference between Einstein's brain and the average brain is that ______.

it was lighter in weight

The average male's brain is ______ compared to the average female's brain.

larger

In phase delay, an individual goes to sleep ______, while in phase advance, the individual goes to sleep ______.

later; earlier

Which of the following brain areas receives signals from both branches of the arousal pathway from the brain stem arousal centers?

lateral hypothalamus

Which learning process is likely reflected in the shift out of phase with theta activity during REM sleep that is seen 4-7 days following a learning event?

long-term depression

Valeria has been blind since birth. She cannot see objects or light, but she is able to maintain a 24-hour circadian rhythm like other people. What part of Valeria's circadian system allows her to maintain her circadian rhythm?

melanopsin

Variations in white matter volume are ______.

more important for women's cognitive performance than for men's

Joey started the day by playing baseball, then went rock climbing, and ended the day with a swim in the ocean. According to the restorative hypothesis of sleep, he should sleep ______.

more than after a less active day

Different parts of the ventrolateral preoptic area directly induce ______.

non-REM sleep

There is some evidence that nonhuman primates have the ability to discriminate ______.

none of these

Dr. Borgen skips lunch to avoid that afternoon dip in alertness. This strategy will ______.

not be effective at eliminating the slump

The neurons of the lateral hypothalamus that release ______ help to stabilize the sleep and waking system to prevent inappropriate switching into sleep.

orexin

The major factor that produces an increase in slow-wave sleep patterns is probably ______.

overheating

Little Zoë still uses her fingers to count 2 + 3, while her older brother Zach automatically knows the answer is 5. Zoey is using her ______, and Zach is using his ______.

parietal areas; left frontal area

Spatial abilities are located, to a great extent, in the ______.

parietal lobes

In sleep deprivation studies, what is the pattern of performance?

performance declines at night and shows some recovery during the next day

Which of the following is NOT an example of crystallized intelligence?

problem solving

Decreased coordination and communication between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of individuals with schizophrenia are partly due to ______.

reductions in myelinated axons

Sleep is initiated in Stage 1, proceeds through Stages 2, 3, and 4, then ______.

returns to stage 3

Stage 4 sleep is also known as ______ sleep.

slow-wave

The future of drug treatment for depression and other disorders includes targeting ______.

specific neurotransmitter receptor subtypes

Evan is 5 years old, and he has been experiencing night terrors and wetting his bed. What stage of wakefulness is he in at the time these events have occurred?

stage 3

Most evidence suggests a ______ correlation between family members for schizophrenia.

strong positive

One of the most serious and intolerable side effects of traditional antipsychotic medications is/are ______, which originally was a sign that the medication was working.

tardive dyskinesia

Glycine, which can exert effects at the NMDA receptor, is important because it ______.

temporarily controls the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Which test do many theorists prefer to use as a measure of intelligence?

the Raven Progressive Matrices

Which of the following has continued to be a barrier to modern neuroscientists studying consciousness?

the belief that the problem of consciousness is too big to tackle

For the most part, the term "intelligence" can be defined as ______.

the capacity for learning, reasoning, and understanding

External lighting conditions alter circadian rhythms via ______.

the retinohypothalamic pathway

While chimpanzees have been observed to make and use basic tools, some species of crow have been shown to ______.

use twigs to extract grubs from trees

The______ is a brain area that inhibits activating systems during sleep.

ventrolateral preoptic nucleus

Factor analysis can be useful to determine ______.

what abilities are consistently related

A portion of the SLC6A4 serotonin transporter gene has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT ______.

a decreased vulnerability to depression

The traditionally accepted decrease in IQ scores with age may be less than believed, because ______.

all of these

Emma is awake, but she has been drinking a cup of herbal tea and is feeling calm and relaxed. What type of activity would you expect to see if she underwent an EEG at this time?

alpha waves

Which of the following is least characteristic of schizophrenia?

anxiety

Dr. Smith has been living in his fallout shelter for the last several months with no clock and no contact with the outside word. His activity cycle is probably ______.

around 25 hours

With respect to the biological foundation of intelligence, larger parietal lobes might mean ______.

better math and spatial skills

The major affective disorders include ______.

bipolar disorder and unipolar depression

The original IQ tests were designed for ______.

children

To help enhance some cognitive functioning, some college students report using stimulants typically prescribed for ______.

ADHD

Based on what you know now, what gene might you speculate could be related to an abnormally small brain at birth?

ASPM gene

Which of the following statements is TRUE about SGA drugs that are used to treat schizophrenia?

Although rare, they can cause life-threatening side effects.

Based on what is known about the function of sleep, which of the following individuals is most likely to show impaired alertness during their waking hours?

Carol, who works from midnight until 8:30 a.m. Monday-Friday and has weekends off

If Albert Einstein truly had schizophrenia characterized by positive symptoms, which of the following would NOT be true?

He would have had some form of intellectual impairment.

According to your book, if one identical twin develops schizophrenia before the other, the best protection against developing schizophrenia is to do which of the following?

Little to nothing, since genetics is such a strong component.

One of the two genes that have likely contributed to our greater brain size relative to chimpanzees is the ______ gene, responsible for ______.

PACAP precursor gene; neurogenesis and neural signaling

What is the neurophysiological basis for the glutamate theory?

Reduced NMDA activity triggers increase in glutamate and subsequent reductions in dopamine.

Which of the following is true of brain activity seen during REM sleep?

Replay of brain activity from earlier learning is synchronized with 3-7 Hz hippocampal activity.

Why have there been criticisms of research showing an association between schizophrenia and brain damage prior to the onset of the symptoms?

Reports rely on the memories of relatives and patients about details of the injury.

Although recent studies have found that head injuries occurring between the ages of 11 and 14 increase the risk for schizophrenia by 65%, what was a noted limitation to this finding?

There is a possible confounding effect of the emotional stress caused by the head injury.

Which of the following is true of atypical antipsychotic drugs?

They target D2 receptors less than older medications.

According to Jensen and Rushton, intelligence has a strong racial component and ______.

differences in brain size correspond to gaps in IQ among the races

Which of the following imaging techniques is BEST suited for observing the quality of neural connections in the schizophrenic brain?

diffusion tensor imaging

Which of the following factors has NOT been associated with schizophrenia?

emotional stress of the father

If subjects are awakened every time they enter REM sleep, then they will ______.

eventually compensate by increasing the amount of REM sleep

During Arial's brain surgery, the suprachiasmatic nucleus was damaged. Afterward, she probably experienced ________.

fluctuations in body temperature