PSYC 172 Exam #2

crowd vs clique

crowd: large reputation based groups. Serve to help adolescents define their identity and identity of others clique: small group of friends who know each other well

Social categories such as "nerds," "normals," and "burnouts" represent cliques. ethnicity. crowds. friends.

crowds

Authoritative parents promote autonomy through requiring absolute obedience from their children. demandingness and inconsistency. absence and restraint. encouraging discussion and give-and-take.

encouraging discussion and give-and-take.

A researcher is investigating differences between fifth and eighth graders' descriptions of their self-concepts. Which of the following best reflects a response an eighth grader would provide when asked to describe themselves? "I am a serious flute player and I have a great best friend, Jen; we really know each other and trust each other." "I think science is fun and I am part of my school's Science Olympiad team." "I play soccer and I have a twin brother whose name is Caleb." "I like to spend time with my family, and once a week we have family game night."

"I am a serious flute player and I have a great best friend, Jen; we really know each other and trust each other."

Which of the following scenarios best reflects the research evidence for how a parent would describe the experience of their first child moving away from home to attend college? "I have missed my son a lot since he moved out, but I have enjoyed being able to spend more quality time with my husband and as such our marital relationship has improved." "I have missed my son a lot since he moved out, and my depression about his absence has negatively affected the quality of my relationship with my husband." "I have missed my son a lot since he moved out, and I cannot wait for him to move back home during his summer break from college because I have no idea what to do with my free time." "I could not wait for my son to move out of the house and have not missed him at all since he went away to college."

"I have missed my son a lot since he moved out, but I have enjoyed being able to spend more quality time with my husband and as such our marital relationship has improved."

When is the average age of menarche for girls in the United States?

12

How and when does a baby recognize "the self"

18 months realize person in the mirror is them. Use the rouge test: put something on baby face and see if they notice it when looking at themselves in the mirror

Research on American minority cultures has found that because about ___________ of African American adolescents are being raised in single-parent households, extended family support is especially important and has been ___________ linked to adolescents' engagement in problem behaviors. 90%; negatively 70%; positively 70%; negatively 90%; positively

70%; negatively

Researchers have found that it is common for other-sex friendships in emerging adulthood to include a sexual element. Misunderstandings occur in these friendships as about _______ do not discuss the rules for their relationship, such as _______ rules, which include guidelines for honesty. 75%; sex 25%; communication 75%; communication 25%; sex

75%; communication

Which of the following BEST summarizes the research findings on the quality of adolescents' relationships with peers versus parents? About 70% of adolescents report they agree that their close friend understands them better than their parents, and that they prefer to discuss educational issues with their friends and personal issues with their parents. About 70% of adolescents report they agree that their close friend understands them better than their parents, and that they prefer to discuss personal issues with their friends and educational issues with their parents. About 70% of adolescents report they disagree that their close friend understands them better than their parents, and that they prefer to discuss personal issues with their friends and educational issues with their parents. About 70% of adolescents report they disagree that their close friend understands them better than their parents, and that they prefer to discuss both personal and educational issues with their parents rather than their friends.

About 70% of adolescents report they agree that their close friend understands them better than their parents, and that they prefer to discuss personal issues with their friends and educational issues with their parents.

6.2 Describe the different kinds of selves adolescents may have, and explain how this variation reflects adolescents' cognitive development.

Actual self: a person's perception of self as it is contrasted with possible self Possible selves: persons conception of self as it potentially may be. May include ideal self and feared self Ideal Self: who adolescent would like to be Feared Self: self a person imagines it possible to become but dreads False Self: a self presented to others while realizing that it does not represent what they are actually thinking and feeling. Most likely with dating partners and least likely with close friends Adolescent self conceptions become more abstract and complex as cognitive development grows Children describe themselves in concrete terms (I have a dog and a sister) Adolescent describe themselves by traits (I am smart and creative) Adolescents description of self trait focused and traits more abstract Capacity for abstraction in self conception since distinguish difference between actual self and possible selves Different tye of selves requires adolescents to think abstractly since possible selves only exist in abstractions, ideas in one's mind Too big of difference between actual and ideal self is related to depressed mood Self perception more complex with formal operational ability to perceive multiple aspects of an idea

Although studies have found that within American multiethnic high schools there tends to be little crossing of ethnic boundaries in crowd membership, which of the following have researchers found to be an exception to this trend? Adolescent boys who have a common interest in alcohol use, or the "Deviants," are the most likely to form a multiethnic crowd. Adolescent boys who have a common interest in sports, or the "Athletes," are the most likely to form a multiethnic crowd. Adolescent girls who have a common interest in obtaining a high social status, or the "Elites," are the most likely to form a multiethnic crowd. Adolescent girls who have a common interest in obtaining high grades, or the "Academics," are the most likely to form a multiethnic crowd.

Adolescent boys who have a common interest in sports, or the "Athletes," are the most likely to form a multiethnic crowd.

8.1 Summarize the shift in adolescence in the balance between friendships and family relationships in developed countries.

Adolescents prefer parents when talking about career goals and how well they are doing in school Adolescents prefer friends when talking about attitudes towards marriage, views on sex, problems with opposite sex, and feelings about opposite sex Which relationship provides the most emotional support: 4th graders parents, 7th graders parents and friends equal, 10th graders friends greater than parents Parents influence diminishes during adolescence but help shape peer relationships in indirect ways: where to live, where to send child to school, where to attend religious services

A researcher is investigating differences in self-esteem among American ethnic groups, specifically African American, Asian American, and white adolescents. After computing the mean self-esteem scores for each ethnic group, which of the following is likely to be the order of the self-esteem scores from highest to lowest, and why? African Americans will report the highest self-esteem scores and Asian Americans the lowest, with white adolescents in between, because Asian cultures tend to discourage high self-evaluations. African Americans will report the lowest self-esteem scores and Asian Americans the highest, with white adolescents in between, because Asian cultures tend to encourage high self-evaluations. White adolescents will report the highest self-esteem scores and African Americans the lowest, with Asian Americans in between, because the African American culture's history of slavery encourages submission. White adolescents will report the lowest self-esteem scores and African Americans the highest, with Asian Americans in between, because the African American culture's history of slavery discourages conformity.

African Americans will report the highest self-esteem scores and Asian Americans the lowest, with white adolescents in between, because Asian cultures tend to discourage high self-evaluations.

Common occurrences in traditional cultures

After marriage men remain in family home while women move into husbands home Extended family households common: american minority culture

How do sibling same sex and different sex dyads change over time?

Begin same place converge mid adolescence with different sex being higher than same sex but both saw increase. Same Sex Dyads (upside down smile): slowly increases through pre and early adolescence. decreases through mid and late adolescence but overall slightly increased Different Sex Dyads (smirk to right): decreases pre and early adolescence and increases mid to late

George is in the sixth grade and is overweight compared to the other boys in his class. One day in Physical Education class, the students were playing volleyball and George missed hitting the ball with his hands and it instead bounced off his belly. Jerry, the most popular boy in the class, made fun of George by yelling "Georgie Porgie" and all of the classmates laughed. Explain whether George experienced bullying. Although George did experience the aggression and power imbalance components that are part of bullying, because the "Georgie Porgie" name-calling was an isolated incident, the repetition component that is also integral to defining bullying was missing; thus, George did not experience bullying. Because George did experience the aggression component that is part of bullying, and because the "Georgie Porgie" name-calling caused public humiliation and thus negatively affected George's self-esteem, George experienced bullying. Although George did experience the repetition and power imbalance components that are part of bullying, because the "Georgie Porgie" name-calling was a verbal incident, the aggression component that is also integral to defining bullying was missing; thus, George did not experience bullying. Because George did experience the power imbalance component that is part of bullying, and because the "Georgie Porgie" name-calling caused public humiliation and thus negatively affected George's self-esteem, George experienced bullying.

Although George did experience the aggression and power imbalance components that are part of bullying, because the "Georgie Porgie" name-calling was an isolated incident, the repetition component that is also integral to defining bullying was missing; thus, George did not experience bullying.

7.5 Summarize the parenting styles model, and explain how the styles represent custom complexes.

Authoritative Parenting: demanginness high, responsiveness high → promote autonomy Authoritarian Parenting: demanginness high, responsiveness low → no compromise, do it because I said so Permissive Parenting: demanginness low, responsiveness high → autonomy no parent guidance Neglectful/Disengaged Parenting: demanginness low, responsiveness low

8.2 Explain how the balance between friendships and family relationships is distinctive in developing countries.

Biggest difference between western cultures and traditional cultures is that traditional cultures are more likely to have substantial gender differences in adolescents' relationships with peers and family. Involvement with peers and friends tends to be greater for boys than girls

When Brittany received her driver's license, her parents initiated a discussion with her about changing her curfew from 8 p.m. to 10 p.m. Her parents explained that with the driver's license, she has more ability to spend time with friends, but that this freedom comes with responsibility and that it is safer for Brittany to have a curfew of 10 p.m. versus midnight. What parenting style are Brittany's parents exhibiting? Brittany's parents are exhibiting the disengaged parenting style. Brittany's parents are exhibiting the authoritative parenting style. Brittany's parents are exhibiting the authoritarian parenting style. Brittany's parents are exhibiting the permissive parenting style.

Brittany's parents are exhibiting the authoritative parenting style.

7.3 Identify the five common patterns of sibling relationships in adolescence.

Caregiver relationship: one sibling serves parental functions to the other Buddy relationship: siblings treat each other as friends Critical relationship: high level conflict/teasing Rival relationship: competition and measure success against one another Casual relationship: little emotional engagement, little to do with one another

8.17 Define bullying, and describe its prevalence and consequences across countries.

Characteristics of bullying: aggression, repetition, power imbalance Consequences: physical and psychological symptoms Prevalence depends on economic disparities the larger the wealth gap the more bullying. Sweden very little wage gap so little bullying

8.15 Explain how popularity in adolescence is measured, and identify the main characteristics that are sources of popularity.

Characteristics of popularity: physical attractiveness, social skills, high intelligence How popularity is measured: Sociometry method of assessing popularity and unpopularity that involves students rate social status of other students

Chinese Parenting

Chiao shun: training Guan: warmth Survey looked at ideologies of development and learning in mother child relationships with chinese and white. biggest difference chinese: parents must begin training child as soon as ready and mothers primarily express love by helping child succeed especially in school

how does conflict with parents change during adolescence

Conflict with parents sharply increases in early adolescence and declines in late adolescence

8.13 Describe how the functions and importance of crowds change during the course of adolescence and into emerging adulthood.

Crowd definition and membership more important in adolescence Middle school simple as children get older more groups/diversified 9th grade crowd structure very important but by 11th grade importance diminishes Early adolescent identity issues are very prevalent and crowd structures help adolescents define themselves by late adolescence when identities are better formed no longer feel the need to rely on crowds for self definition 9th grade mostly same sex friends throughout high school becomes more mixed

Sociologist Dexter Dunphy described developmental changes in the structure of adolescent cliques and crowds, where in the fifth and final stage males and females paired off in more serious romantic relationships, which led to the breakdown of cliques and crowds. How does current research evidence on the developmental period of emerging adulthood support or refute this fifth stage? Current research on emerging adulthood indicates that because the median age of marriage has remained in the early 20s, the committed romantic relationships that Dunphy proposed break down cliques in late adolescence is supported; thus, membership in a variety of same-sex and mixed-sex groups is highly unlikely into emerging adulthood. Current research on emerging adulthood indicates that because one of the least important goals of this developmental time period is the establishment of committed romantic relationships, Dunphy's proposition for the breakdown of cliques in late adolescence is not supported; thus, membership in a variety of same-sex and mixed-sex groups is highly likely into emerging adulthood. Current research on emerging adulthood indicates that because the median age of marriage has risen to the late 20s, the committed romantic relationships that Dunphy proposed break down cliques in late adolescence is not supported; thus, membership in a variety of same-sex and mixed-sex groups is highly likely into emerging adulthood. Current research on emerging adulthood indicates that because one of the most important goals of this developmental time period is explorations into different friendships to assist with identity formation, Dunphy's proposition for the breakdown cliques in late adolescence is not supported; thus, membership in a variety of same-sex and mixed-sex groups is highly likely into emerging adulthood.

Current research on emerging adulthood indicates that because the median age of marriage has risen to the late 20s, the committed romantic relationships that Dunphy proposed break down cliques in late adolescence is not supported; thus, membership in a variety of same-sex and mixed-sex groups is highly likely into emerging adulthood.

Which of the following scenarios best reflects a critical relationship between siblings? Debbie and Amy are sisters who are both in middle school and often compete with each other in their academic and extracurricular activities because Amy wants to prove she is just as good as Debbie even though she is only 1 year younger. Debbie and Amy are sisters who are both in middle school and spend little time together in and out of school because they feel like they have little in common so they invest more time into developing emotionally supportive relationships with their friends. Debbie and Amy are sisters who are both in middle school and spend a lot of time together in and out of school because they feel like they have a lot in common and think of their relationship as being best friends. Debbie and Amy are sisters who are both in middle school and often argue about how they feel like their parents do not treat them equally because Amy thinks it is unfair for her to have an earlier curfew than Debbie since she is only 1 year younger.

Debbie and Amy are sisters who are both in middle school and often argue about how they feel like their parents do not treat them equally because Amy thinks it is unfair for her to have an earlier curfew than Debbie since she is only 1 year younger.

Diego is a 13-year-old Latino boy who is being raised to obey his parents without question, especially his father, while also maintaining a high level of family closeness and mutual obligation. Which of the following two cultural beliefs is Diego being socialized to develop? Diego is being socialized to develop the Latino cultural beliefs of respeto and amor. Diego is being socialized to develop the Latino cultural beliefs of respeto and familismo. Diego is being socialized to develop the Latino cultural beliefs of obligación and amor. Diego is being socialized to develop the Latino cultural beliefs of obligación and familismo.

Diego is being socialized to develop the Latino cultural beliefs of respeto and familismo.

_________ is a principle of the family systems approach that explains why, for instance, the advent of puberty can result in poorer relationship quality between adolescents and their parents. Interdependence Disequilibrium Equilibrium Subsystem

Disequilibrium

Which of the following scenarios best reflects the research evidence about adolescents' positive emotions during time spent with family versus friends? Edith and her family are so excited about getting tickets to see their favorite singer in concert that they are jumping up and down, laughing, and hugging each other with joy. Edith and her family are excited about getting tickets to see their favorite singer, and to ensure their experience is the best it can be they are taking time to sit down and plan out their timeline for attending the concert. Edith and her friends are excited about getting tickets to see their favorite singer, and to ensure their experience is the best it can be they are taking time to sit down and plan out their timeline for attending the concert. Edith and her friends are so excited about getting tickets to see their favorite singer in concert that they are jumping up and down, laughing, and hugging each other with joy.

Edith and her friends are so excited about getting tickets to see their favorite singer in concert that they are jumping up and down, laughing, and hugging each other with joy.

Longitudinal studies that include data before and after divorce indicate that adolescents' problems after divorce often began long before the divorce, as a consequence of high conflict between their parents. This research reflects a scholarly focus on ___________ to explain the effects of divorce. family subsystems family process family disequilibrium family structure

Family process

Distinguish between family structure and family process, and use the concept of family process to explain variability in adolescents' responses to divorce.

Family structure: outward characteristics of the family Family Process: quality of relationships among family members Divorce: children higher risk for negative outcomes → depression and academic problems. What matters more is the quality of the relationships parents with each other and adolescents relationship with each parent Sleeper effect: effects of divorce might not be immediate but come up later in life

7.1 Describe the family systems principles of disequilibrium and subsystems.

Family systems approach: emphasizes how each relationship within the family influences the family as a whole Subsystems: dyadic relationship or the relationships between two people→ mom adolescent, dad adolescent, and mom and dad. Each subsystem influences every other subsystem in the family Disequilibrium: references any change that requires adjustments from family members. Change in any family member or family subsystem results in a period of disequilibrium until the family system adjusts to change. Adjustments in family are required to restore equilibrium

Bethany has done well in high school and hopes to go to a good university, but she worries that she might do poorly and drop out like her older brother did. Bethany is imagining which type of possible self? Ideal self Anxious self Feared self False self

Feared Self

6.5 Explain why self-esteem is relatively high for some adolescents and relatively low for others.

Feeling accepted and approved by others especially parents Parents crucial in how adolescents perceive themselves If parents provide love and encouragement self esteem grows/higher If parents are degrading or indifferent lowers self esteem Approval from other adults especially teachers contributes to self esteem School success especially for asian american adolescents School success and self esteem are mutually reinforcing → doing well in school enhances self esteem which gives confidence that promotes further school success Adolescents with inflated self esteem have greater conduct problems

Which of the following best summarizes the general pattern for how friendships and romantic relationships intersect during emerging adulthood? For most emerging adults, romantic partners are more important than friendships throughout the 20s because the main developmental goal of emerging adulthood is to develop one's identity via explorations into love. For most emerging adults, friends are more important in the early part of emerging adulthood, when an enduring romantic relationship has not yet developed, and less important later in emerging adulthood as they progress toward a long-term commitment to a romantic partner. For most emerging adults, friends are more important in the later part of emerging adulthood, when a steady romantic relationship has developed and emerging adults must rely on their friends' advice on whether to marry the romantic partner. For most emerging adults, friends and romantic partners are equal in importance during the early part of emerging adulthood as the multiple transitions youth make during their early 20s reflect the instability of this developmental time period.

For most emerging adults, friends are more important in the early part of emerging adulthood, when an enduring romantic relationship has not yet developed, and less important later in emerging adulthood as they progress toward a long-term commitment to a romantic partner.

8.6 Identify the ways friendships change from adolescence to emerging adulthood.

Intimacy is more important More likely to have other sex friends in emerging adulthood Importance of friendship tends to decline as romantic relationships develop

8.16 Identify the reasons why popularity and unpopularity are difficult to change and the characteristics of effective intervention programs for unpopularity.

Hard to change because it is constantly reinforced and unpopular kids are left out of activities that could help develop better social skills Interventions rejected adolescents learn how to manage and control anger and aggression. Interventions Neglected adolescents teach social skills involved with making friends

Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence for links between intelligence and popularity among adolescents? High intelligence is positively related to popularity among adolescents, but the perception that crowds such as "Academics" or "Nerds" lack physical attractiveness is what influences these groups' unpopularity. High intelligence is negatively related to popularity among adolescents, but the perception that crowds such as "Academics" or "Nerds" lack social skills is what influences these groups' unpopularity. High intelligence is negatively related to popularity among adolescents, but the perception that crowds such as "Academics" or "Nerds" lack physical attractiveness is what influences these groups' unpopularity. High intelligence is positively related to popularity among adolescents, but the perception that crowds such as "Academics" or "Nerds" lack social skills is what influences these groups' unpopularity.

High intelligence is positively related to popularity among adolescents, but the perception that crowds such as "Academics" or "Nerds" lack social skills is what influences these groups' unpopularity.

6.10 Connect Erikson's theory of identity development to the identity status model on which most research is based.

Identity status model more research based Erikson used word identity crisis while Marcia used exploration

Compare/contrast imaginary audience and personal fable. How are these both related to egocentrism?

Imaginary Audience: belief that others are acutely aware and attentive to one's appearance and behavior → thinking that everyone is thinking and looking at you Personal Fable: belief in one's personal uniqueness and one is immune to risks (things won't happen to me) Adolescent egocentrism: difficulty distinguishing their thinking about their own thoughts from their thinking about the thoughts of others

American minority culture crowd

In high schools with multiethnic populations adolescents tend to see fewer crowd distinctions in other ethnic groups than their own. For example, to non asian students all asian american students are part of the asian crowd whereas asian students distinguish themselves among group of asians

Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence for gender differences in adolescents' relationships with friends and family in traditional cultures? In traditional cultures, adolescent girls' involvement with friends tends to be much less compared to boys; specifically, girls spend more time with adult females than boys do with adult males to garner the skills required to run a future household and raise future children. In traditional cultures, adolescent girls' involvement with friends tends to be equal compared to boys; however, boys spend more time with adult males than girls do with adult females to garner the skills required to provide for and protect their future family. In traditional cultures, adolescent boys' involvement with friends tends to be much less compared to girls; specifically, boys spend more time with adult males than girls do with adult females to garner the skills required to provide for and protect their future family. In traditional cultures, adolescent girls' involvement with friends tends to be equal compared to boys; however, girls spend more time with adult females than boys do with adult males to garner the skills required to run a future household and raise future children.

In traditional cultures, adolescent girls' involvement with friends tends to be much less compared to boys; specifically, girls spend more time with adult females than boys do with adult males to garner the skills required to run a future household and raise future children.

6.1 Summarize the differences among cultures in conceptions of the self.

Individualistic cultures (independent self) → encourage reflection about self Collectivistic cultures (interdependent self) → interests of the group supposed to come first before the needs of individual. Not good to think highly of yourself because threaten harmony of group since may purse personal interests. Mute self esteem and learn to consider needs of others before their own → self defined by relationships with others mostly since self cannot be understood apart from social roles and obligations

Erikson's Theoretical Framework: Crisis

Infant: mistrust versus trust Toddler: shame versus autonomy Preschooler: guilt versus initiative School age: inferiority versus industrious (able to do something) Adolescent: identity confusion versus identity Young adult: isolation versus intimacy Middle age: stagnation versus generativity Older adult: despair versus ego integrity

Internal working model

Internal working model (bowlby): cognitive framework based on interactions with caregiver it shapes expectations and interactions with others throughout life. Pre attachment for the first 6 weeks is when babies learn.

8.4 Describe the role that intimacy plays in adolescents' friendships and how it changes with age.

Intimacy: the degree to which two people share personal knowledge, thoughts and feelings Age ten is when children truly care about their friends as individuals rather than simply play partner because growth in perspective taking Pre adolescence to adolesce increased importance of intimacy with a focus on trust and loyalty

According to Erikson's theory, identity confusion reflects a failure to establish commitments in which of the following areas? Love, work, and ideology Work, family, and peers Family, work, and peers Love, peers, and ideology

Love, work, and ideology

Which of the following is a concept from William James? Other self You self Me-Self No self

Me-Self

7.2 Summarize general patterns of parents' development in midlife and how these patterns influence their relations with adolescents and emerging adults.

Midlife 40 to 60 Decline in energy, creativity and health Increase in wisdom, psych health, job satisfaction, respect from others and competence Gender roles less restrictive Empty nest syndrome: marriage and life satisfaction improve How these changes influence relations with children: in midlife people's personality becomes more flexible which will allow them to adapt their parenting to adolescents changing development and growing autonomy

Which of the following scenarios best reflects an adolescent who has a separated ethnic identity? Omar is a Mexican American adolescent, and when asked to reflect on his ethnic identity he says "I only really think of myself as American, and not Mexican American." Omar is an African American adolescent, and when asked to reflect on his ethnic identity he says "When I'm with my Black friends, I feel White, and when I'm with my White friends, I feel Black. I don't really feel like I belong with either groups." Omar is a Mexican American adolescent, and when asked to reflect on his ethnic identity he says "I like being both Mexican and American, because I can draw from different strengths in different situations." Omar is an African American adolescent, and when asked to reflect on his ethnic identity he says "I am only part of one culture, and that is the proud Black culture."

Omar is an African American adolescent, and when asked to reflect on his ethnic identity he says "I am only part of one culture, and that is the proud Black culture."

peer vs friend

Peer: people about the same age friend: people with whom ou develop meaningful relationship with

6.12 Describe Phinney's model of ethnic identity in adolescence

Phinney adolescents who are part of minority groups have 4 possible ethnic identity statuses Bicultural: identification with ethnic group high, identification with majority culture high → best of both worlds Assimilated: identification with ethnic group low, identification with majority culture high --> "I only really think of myself as American, and not Mexican American." Separated: identification with ethnic group high, identification with majority culture low → I am only apart of one culture Marginal: identification with ethnic group low, identification with majority culture low → do not really belong rejected by both --> "When I'm with my Black friends, I feel White, and when I'm with my White friends, I feel Black. I don't really feel like I belong with either groups."

6.11 Evaluate Erikson's theory from the perspective of postmodern theory, and note the theory's limitations concerning gender and culture.

Postmodern Identity: conception of identity as complex and highly variable across time and contexts, which do not always form a unified, consistent self. Meaning people may show different identities to friends, family, etc. It is continuously changing Erikson's Gender critique: biased towards male development Erikson's Culture Critique: theory based mostly on middle class adolescents in western countries. His idea of psychosocial moratorium (period of exploration) more possible in some cultures than others.

7.7 Explain how theory and research on reciprocal effects, differential parenting, and nonshared environments complicate claims of the effects of parenting on adolescents.

Reciprocal Effects: children are not only impacted by their parents but the child impacts the parents Differential Parenting: When parents behavior differs towards siblings in the same family Nonshared Environmental influences: influences experienced differently among siblings within the same families meaning the consequences of these differences were evident in adolescents behavior and psychological functioning

Rejected vs neglected vs controversial adolescents

Rejected adolescent: actively disliked by their peers Neglected adolescents: few to no friends mostly unnoticed by peers Controversial adolescents: adolescents who are aggressive but also have social skills so they evoke strong emotions of positive and negative from peers

Define relational aggression, and explain why it is more common among girls in adolescence.

Relational aggression: non physical forms of aggression that harms others by damaging relationships like excluding, gossiping, spreading rumors Why girls more than boys: gender roles prohibit more direct expressions of disagreement and conflict, way of asserting dominance

7.4 Explain why relations with extended family members are often especially close for adolescents in traditional cultures.

Relations with extended family is often so close because multigenerational household in other words adolescents are living with extended family

Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence for adolescent girls' and boys' use of relational aggression? Research findings indicate that adolescent girls and boys both use relational aggression, but that it is a more common form of aggression among girls because girls are more cognitively advanced in the use of sarcasm and ridicule than boys. Research findings indicate that adolescent girls and boys both use relational aggression, but that it is a more common form of aggression among girls because gender socialization norms for girls prohibit direct and physical expressions of conflict. Research findings indicate that adolescent girls and boys use relational aggression equally, especially because this form of aggression is primarily used to assert dominance among adolescents, which facilitates clique cohesiveness. Research findings indicate that adolescent girls and boys both use relational aggression, but that it is a more common form of aggression among boys because gender socialization norms for boys promote direct and physical expressions of conflict.

Research findings indicate that adolescent girls and boys both use relational aggression, but that it is a more common form of aggression among girls because gender socialization norms for girls prohibit direct and physical expressions of conflict.

Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence for the general pattern of how and why sibling relationships change from childhood into adolescence? Research has found that from childhood to adolescence, sibling relationships tend to remain stable and are characterized by the caregiver style, as older siblings are understood to have authority over younger ones, simply by virtue of being older. Research has found that from childhood to adolescence, sibling relationships tend to remain stable and are characterized by the rival style, as younger siblings will always challenge the assumed authority of the older siblings and try to prove themselves as equals. Research has found that from childhood to adolescence, sibling relationships tend to be more conflictual and less casual, partly because adolescents' increasing cognitive abilities enable them to perceive how their parents may be treating them differently, resulting in more conflict with siblings. Research has found that from childhood to adolescence, sibling relationships tend to be less conflictual and more casual, partly because adolescents' increasing involvement in friendships and employment outside the family results in less time spent with and thus less conflict with siblings.

Research has found that from childhood to adolescence, sibling relationships tend to be less conflictual and more casual, partly because adolescents' increasing involvement in friendships and employment outside the family results in less time spent with and thus less conflict with siblings.

Susan Harter 8 domains of adolescent self concept and which are most strongly related to global self esteem

Scholastic competence Social acceptance (second most related to global self esteem) Athletic competence Physical appearance (most strongly related to global self esteem) Job competence Romantic appeal Behavioral conduct Close friendship

Which of the following best describes the current perspective on associations between school success and self-esteem among adolescents? Having an inflated sense of self-esteem is necessary for adolescents to obtain a high level of school success, especially with the achievement standards being so competitive today. School success and self-esteem are mutually reinforcing, in that doing well in school enhances adolescents' self-esteem, which in turn gives them confidence that promotes further school success. Confidence in one's abilities to be successful at school, even if the school material is beyond the adolescent's abilities, will guarantee school success. Self-esteem is a cause of school success rather than a consequence, in that having a high level of self-esteem is the only way for adolescents to achieve a high level of school success.

School success and self-esteem are mutually reinforcing, in that doing well in school enhances adolescents' self-esteem, which in turn gives them confidence that promotes further school success.

7.9 Summarize the two main forms of infant attachment and the evidence for their influence on adolescent development.

Secure attachment: infants use mothers as a secure base from which to explore, but seek physical comfort from her when frightened Insecure attachment: infants are wary of exploring the environment and resist or avoid mother when she attempts to offer comfort Secure attachments to parents in adolescence: related to favorable outcomes, well being, self esteem, psychological and physical health. Closer relationships with friends and romantic partners. Develop healthy sense of autonomy as they grow up

Adult romantic attachment

Secure: low anxiety, low avoidance Preoccupied: high anxiety, low avoidance Fearful avoidant: high anxiety, high avoidance Dismissing avoidant: high anxiety, high avoidance

Self concept vs self esteem

Self Concept: What we know about ourselves, who we are Self Esteem: how we feel about ourselves

6.3 Explain how and why self-esteem changes from preadolescence through adolescence, including ethnic variations.

Self esteem declines in early adolescence most likely due to imaginary audience and rises through late adolescence and emerging adulthood as peer evaluations become less important. Cultural differences Americans value high self esteem more compared to other countries even other western countries African americans higher self esteem than other ethnic groups White higher than latinos, asian americans, or native americans Asian americans lowest self esteem Traditional asian culture: self criticism is a virtue and high self esteem is a character problem

8.5 Connect adolescents' cognitive development to the rising importance of intimacy in friendship and explain why intimacy is more central to girls' friendships.

Thinking becomes more abstract and complex talk about more abstract ideas in relationships: affection, loyalty, and trust. Complex thinking: complex webs, alliances, and rivalries that exist in relationships Girls spend more time than boys talking to friends and place higher value of talking together as a part of friendship. Boys more likely to emphasize shared activities

Which of the following is the most important function of crowds for adolescents? The main function of crowds is to help adolescents form small, cohesive groups that are defined by distinctive shared activities. The main function of crowds is to help adolescents identify themselves and others within the social structure categories of their school. The main function of crowds is to provide adolescents with a small group of close friends with whom they can regularly spend a lot of time. The main function of crowds is to provide a setting for adolescents' social interactions and friendships.

The main function of crowds is to help adolescents identify themselves and others within the social structure categories of their school.

6.7 Evaluate the claim that girls lose their "voice" in adolescence.

The more feminine girls were lower in voice, not girls in general. Girls who had both femininity and masculinity scored equal to boys

6.9 Explain how identity issues develop in adolescence, according to Erikson's theory, and how and why identity development might go off track

Three key areas for of identity formation according to Erikson: love, work and ideology Crisis for adolescence is identity versus identity confusion. Identity achievement clear and definite sense of who you are. Identity confusion: failure to form stable secure identity How is identity developed Identification: relationships formed with other especially in childhood in which love for another person leads one to want to be like that person Off track: if development at a previous stage was problematic, inability to sort through all the choices available. if not given psychosocial moratorium or

6.8 Summarize adolescents' emotional states during times they are alone. Social loneliness vs emotional loneliness

When alone more likely to have low moods and more likely than other times to report feeling weak, lonely, and sad; however after some time mood tends to rise Social loneliness: lack sufficient social contacts and relationships. Quantity issues emotional loneliness: feel that relationships lack closeness and intimacy. Quality issue

The term self-esteem was first invented by American Mary Cover Jones. Susan Harter. G. Stanley Hall. William James.

William James

Parents in India generally expect adolescents to obey without questioning their parents' authority. This style of parenting is ______ with an underlying value of _________. rare in India today; authoritarianism against the law in some countries; traditionalism damaging to adolescents' autonomy; parental individualism a custom complex; collectivism

a custom complex; collectivism

Actual self

a person's perception of self as it is contrasted with possible self

False Self

a self presented to others while realizing that it does not represent what they are actually thinking and feeling. Most likely with dating partners Middle parents Least likely with close friends

Characteristics of bullying:

aggression, repetition, power imbalance

Tricia makes fun of the nerdy kids in her middle school, such as impersonating their social awkwardness to her close group of friends. Even within her group of close friends, Tricia makes direct comments to them about how "books are their best friends" if she sees them reading at school during their free time. Tricia is engaging in ___________ interactions, which promotes _____________ within her clique. antagonistic; conformity amicable; conformity antagonistic; nonconformity amicable; nonconformity

antagonistic; conformity

Research has demonstrated that parents' relationships with their adolescents provide a negative familial pattern. show only a shadowy presence. are of enduring importance. focus on only mothers interactions

are of enduring importance.

At the beginning of the chapter on the self, the author of the text uses Holden Caulfield (the young character) from Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye to illustrate aspects of adolescents' self-development. adolescent rebellion. how society has changed since the 1950s. how adults cannot understand adolescents.

aspects of adolescents' self-development.

Adolescent outcomes associated with parenting styles / Effects of parenting styles on adolescents

authoritative: independent, creative, self assured, socially skilled Authoritarian: dependent, passive, conforming permissive: irresponsible, conforming, immature disengaged: impulsive, delinquent, early drug and sex Inconsistency between parents tends to be related to negative outcomes

Research has found that a key family process variable that explains adolescents' responses to remarriage is the extent to which stepfathers use their ________ when parenting adolescents. attachment demandingness authority responsiveness

authority

What is reflective judgment?

capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of evidence in arguments

Katherine argued with her sister during breakfast and felt angry on the car ride to school, but once she got to school and chatted with friends about planning a shopping trip to the mall she felt happy. Katherine soon felt miserable because she got a poor grade on her Language Arts test, but her spirits were quickly lifted when the boy she liked smiled at her during lunch. This scenario reflects fluctuations in _________ self-esteem. barometric baseline global social

barometric

Individualistic cultures use _____ socialization to promote an ______ view of the self. narrow; interdependent narrow; independent broad; independent broad; interdependent

broad; independent

Around age 10, a developing capacity for perspective taking allows children to form friendships in which they care about their friends as individuals. serve as playmates to each other. compare themselves to their friends. compete with each other in school and sports.

care about their friends as individuals

Compared to Western societies, siblings in traditional cultures are more likely to experience ________ relationships. caregiver casual critical rival

caregiver

What term refers to a small social group of friends who know each other well and often do things together? argot clique crowd peers

clique

What term refers to a small social group of friends who know each other well and often do things together? crowd argot clique peers

clique

Being friends is a ___________________ relationship than being peers. more equal closer more common shorter

closer

Research on the identity status model has found that the identity statuses are differentially associated with aspects of adolescent development. For instance, adolescents in the __________ status report lower levels of self-esteem and poorer relationship quality with parents compared to adolescents in the __________ status. diffusion; achievement achievement; diffusion moratorium; achievement achievement; moratorium

diffusion; achievement

Researchers have found that adolescents report they are most likely to exhibit a _______ self when interacting with _______, because they want to impress someone or to conceal aspects of themselves they do not want others to see. false; parents ideal; parents false; dating partners ideal; dating partners

false; dating partners

According to findings from Susan Harter's research that evaluated Carol Gilligan's claim that girls "lose their voice" during adolescence, the results indicated some support for Gilligan's theory in that __________ girls reported lower levels of "voice" than boys did; however, __________ girls were equal to boys in "voice," suggesting that a "loss of voice" is not universal among adolescent girls. feminine; masculine feminine; androgynous masculine; feminine androgynous; feminine

feminine; androgynous

Research on adolescents' emotional states has found that youth report their ________ are the source of their most intense negative emotions. teachers parents friends siblings

friends

Negative identity

identity based on what has been portrayed as undesirable or dangerous

Marcia Identity Status Model

identity status interview that classified adolescents into one of four identity categories that assessed exploration and commitment - Identity Diffusion: no exploration, no commitment - Identity Moratorium: yes exploration, no commitment → confusion, trying things out - Identity Foreclosure: yes commitment, no exploration → example Regina George mean girls committed but has never tried anything else or parents who choose everything for child Identity Achievement: yes exploration, yes commitment

Erikson's theory has been critiqued for being biased toward male development, notably within the stage of intimacy versus isolation, in that Erikson assumed that achieving ________ was a higher priority for males, whereas achieving ________ was a higher priority for females. identity; autonomy autonomy; identity intimacy; identity identity; intimacy

identity; intimacy

Individualistic culture is to independent self as collectivistic culture is to __________ self. interdependent ideal social collection

interdependent

During adolescence, girls' friendships tend to be based more on ________, whereas boys' friendships tend to be based more on _________. intimacy; popularity shared activities; intimacy intimacy; shared activities shared activities; popularity

intimacy; shared activities

Researchers have found that when describing ideal friendships, adolescents are more likely to identify characteristics that include _______, whereas younger children are more likely to identify characteristics that include _______. intimacy; shared activities shared activities; intimacy intimacy; empathy shared activities; empathy

intimacy; shared activities

Permissive parents are those who are low in demandingness and low in responsiveness. low in demandingness and high in responsiveness. high in demandingness and high in responsiveness. high in demandingness and low in responsiveness.

low in demandingness and high in responsiveness.

Researchers have found that the developmental pattern of bullying indicates it peaks in __________, and that across countries __________ are the least likely to be bullies as well as victims. late adolescence; boys middle adolescence; girls late adolescence; girls middle adolescence; boys

middle adolescence; girls

Which of the following factors is NOT related to popularity across the life span? intelligence physical attractiveness musical ability social skills

musical ability

Collectivistic cultures use _____ socialization to promote an ______ view of the self. narrow; interdependent broad; interdependent narrow; independent broad; independent

narrow; interdependent

Huxley is shy. Most of his classmates neither like nor dislike him. Which of the following is most likely the case? Huxley is a(n) ___________ adolescent. alternative neglected controversial rejected

neglected

Trust

not a lot of heritability with trust trust learned more than inherited trust is received and given lots of people are deserving of our trust being vulnerable but not oversharing

According to research, what family members do adolescents rate as having the closest attachments with? parents sisters brothers grandparents

parents

Adolescents mostly depend on ______ for emotional support, whereas emerging adults depend mostly on _________. parents; same-sex friends parents; other-sex friends parents; grandparents parents; romantic partners

parents; romantic partners

Possible selves

persons conception of self as it potentially may be. May include ideal self and feared self

Harry Stack Sullivan (1953) tended to emphasize the ________ aspects of adolescents' friendships. intimate positive negative instrumental

positive

Studies on attachment theory

predictive power weakens overtime establishes tendencies can be modified by later experiences attachment is not fixed meaning it can change with different relationships

Sibyl and Cora are in the eighth grade and have been best friends since the fourth grade. Sibyl and Cora know more about each other's __________, such as their __________, now than they did in the fourth grade. preferences; favorite school subjects preferences; hopes and fears backgrounds; hopes and fears backgrounds; favorite school subjects

preferences; favorite school subjects

There are three different components to bullying. Which of the following is NOT one of them? repetition power imbalance aggression proximity

proximity

The emphasis on intimacy in adolescent friendships is best reflected in which of the following statements? More than younger children, adolescents like to hang out in groups. become more interested in extracurricular activities at school. describe their friendships in terms of doing things together. rate trust and loyalty as important to friendship.

rate trust and loyalty as important to friendship.

Tom and Harry are both boys in the same fifth-grade class. Tom is aggressive, disruptive, and selfish, and almost all of his classmates do not like him. Harry is aggressive, funny, and confident, and about half of his classmates do not like him. According to sociometric ratings, Tom would most likely be categorized as a __________ adolescent and Harry would most likely be categorized as a __________ adolescent. rejected; neglected controversial; rejected rejected; controversial neglected; rejected

rejected; controversial

Feared Self

self a person imagines it possible to become but dreads

Which of the following is associated with adolescent cognitive development? inability to see others' perspectives a lack of object permanence self-reflection concrete thought

self reflection

Researchers have found that popularity and unpopularity are difficult to change during adolescence because the qualities that are predictive of popularity, such as intelligence and aggressiveness, are highly ________, and because the interactions among peers that serve to reinforce levels of popularity are ________. stable; other-perpetuating stable; self-perpetuating unstable; self-perpetuating unstable; other-perpetuating

stable; self-perpetuating

Psychosocial moratorium

when adult responsibilities are postponed as young people try out various identities and explore options

Psychosocial moratorium

when adult responsibilities are postponed as young people try out various identities/selves

Ideal Self

who adolescent would like to be