PSYC 2010 Exam 2
Correct: - Audrey an understand everything that is said to her but has trouble repeating what has been said - When Audrey is able to say a word, she is unable to combine it with another word - Audrey can move her tongue and lips but struggles to form words Incorrect: - Audrey is only able to understand surface structure of sentences, but not deep meaning - Audrey is able to form phrases of three to five words - Audrey cannot understand any spoken language
Audrey suffered a stroke that was localized in Broca's area. Which of the following effects might she exhibit?
Correct: Generalization Discrimination Incorrect: Extinction Spontaneous recovery
Betty is 7 years old. When a dog approaches Betty while wagging its tail, she reaches down and pets the dog, and the dog licks her hand, which makes her giggle. The next time she sees a dog and goes to pet it, the dog growls and barks, scaring her. From then on, Betty only pets dogs with wagging tails, and she avoids growling dogs. Which of the following options describe the way in which Betty has learned to pet dogs who wag their tails and do not growl?
A stimulus that automatically elects a response without any prior learning. Unconditioned response (UR) A response that is automatically produced by a stimulus, and does not have to be learned. Unconditioned response (UR) A stimulus that elects a response after learning has taken place. Conditioned stimulus (CS) A stimulus that produces no response when presented. Neutral stimulus A learned response to a conditioned stimulus. Conditioned response (CR)
Classical conditioning is a type of learning where an initially neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after pairing with a stimulus that already produces the response. Match the classical conditioning terms with their definitions. Unconditioned response (UR) Neutral stimulus Conditioned response (CR) Unconditioned response (UR) Conditioned stimulus (CS) A stimulus that automatically elects a response without any prior learning. A response that is automatically produced by a stimulus, and does not have to be learned. A stimulus that elects a response after learning has taken place. A stimulus that produces no response when presented. A learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
Steve's Intro Psych instructor collects homework assignments after every class. There are periods when she awards extra credit after every assignment; at other times, five assignments will go by without extra credit. To increase his chances of getting the extra points, Steve consistently turns in the homework. Steve is reinforced on a VARIABLE RATIO schedule. Radio station WPYS gives prizes to listeners who call in as a promotion. WPYS makes a rule that the same person can win only once a month. This is an example of a FIXED INTERVAL schedule.
Continuous reinforcement is when behavior is reinforced every time it occurs. But in the real world, partial reinforcement—the occasional reinforcement of behavior—is more common. Fill in the blanks with the correct reinforcement schedules for the given situations. Steve's Intro Psych instructor collects homework assignments after every class. There are periods when she awards extra credit after every assignment; at other times, five assignments will go by without extra credit. To increase his chances of getting the extra points, Steve consistently turns in the homework. Steve is reinforced on a ------ schedule. Radio station WPYS gives prizes to listeners who call in as a promotion. WPYS makes a rule that the same person can win only once a month. This is an example of a ------ schedule.
A. observational learning B. modeling C. vicarious conditioning
Drag the labels to the correct locations in the diagram.
A. fixed interval B. variable interval C. fixed ratio D. variable ratio
Drag the reinforcement schedules to the corresponding graphs.
A. non-associative B. associative C. observational
Drag the three basic types of learning to the correct locations in the diagram.
In 1920, John Watson and ROSALIE RAYNER reported using FRIGHTENING NOISES to instill in an 11-month old boy named ALBERT a phobia of white rats and other white things. Watson had planned to use EXTINCTION to reverse the effect, but the boy's mother removed him from the study. Some years later, however, MARY COVER JONES continued this research with another, older boy who feared rabbits, this time using his favorite food as a stimulus to eliminate his phobia through COUNTERCONDITIONING.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about early experimental work on conditioning. In 1920, John Watson and ------ reported using ------ to instill in an 11-month old boy named ------ a phobia of white rats and other white things. Watson had planned to use ------ to reverse the effect, but the boy's mother removed him from the study. Some years later, however, ------ continued this research with another, older boy who feared rabbits, this time using his favorite food as a stimulus to eliminate his phobia through ------.
In the form of conditioning called SHAPING, a behavior is taught by reinforcing behaviors that INCREASINGLY RESEMBLE the desired behavior. B. F. Skinner invented what he called ON OPERANT CHAMBER to implement this kind of conditioning, and he coined the term REINFORCEMENT for the result that encourages the behavior to be repeated.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about gradual conditioning. In the form of conditioning called ------, a behavior is taught by reinforcing behaviors that ------ the desired behavior. B. F. Skinner invented what he called ------ to implement this kind of conditioning, and he coined the term ------ for the result that encourages the behavior to be repeated.
Maximizing and satisficing are two different ways of making decisions. Serena took the first full-time job she was offered. She makes enough to get by and has time for volunteer work. Serena could be described as a satisficer. Maxine held out for a high-paying, high-prestige job. She spends much of her spare time networking and looking for an even better position. Maxine could be described as a maximizer. Surprisingly, satisficers like Serena tend to end up happier, apparently because they are less likely to second-guess themselves later on.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about maximizing and satisficing.
In the late 1800s, Edward Thorndike observed cats placed in a specially designed box. When a cat pressed a lever BY ACCIDENT, the cat could leave through a door that opened—a "SATISFYING state of affairs" for the cat, as Thorndike termed it. Over time, the cats learned to press the lever DELIBERATELY. Learning a behavior by observing the consequences is called OPERANT conditioning. Thorndike called the tendency of behavior with desirable results to be repeated the LAW OF EFFECT.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about one of the earliest scientific studies of behavioral learning. In the late 1800s, Edward Thorndike observed cats placed in a specially designed box. When a cat pressed a lever ------, the cat could leave through a door that opened—a "------ state of affairs" for the cat, as Thorndike termed it. Over time, the cats learned to press the lever ------. Learning a behavior by observing the consequences is called ------ conditioning. Thorndike called the tendency of behavior with desirable results to be repeated the ------.
The essence of learning is in understanding ASSOCIATIONS, such as between the sound of water and being able to quench one's thirst. In CLASSICAL conditioning, an initially neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response because it has been repeatedly paired with another stimulus that automatically produces that response. In other words, you learn that one stimulus PREDICTS another stimulus.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the essence of learning. The essence of learning is in understanding ------, such as between the sound of water and being able to quench one's thirst. In ------ conditioning, an initially neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response because it has been repeatedly paired with another stimulus that automatically produces that response. In other words, you learn that one stimulus ------ another stimulus.
Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, repeatedly exposed dogs to the sight of food and, at the same time, the sound of A NEUTRAL STIMULUS. At first, the dogs salivated because of the food; this reaction is known as AN UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE. But after a while, the dogs began to salivate when they heard the sound, even if no food was present. This learned reaction is known as A CONDITIONED RESPONSE, and the sound is called A CONDITIONED STIMULUS.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the most famous experiment in conditioning. Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, repeatedly exposed dogs to the sight of food and, at the same time, the sound of ------. At first, the dogs salivated because of the food; this reaction is known as ------. But after a while, the dogs began to salivate when they heard the sound, even if no food was present. This learned reaction is known as ------, and the sound is called ------.
During the acquisition phase of classical conditioning, an initially NEUTRAL stimulus becomes a(n) CONDITIONED stimulus.
Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence about classical conditioning. During the acquisition phase of classical conditioning, an initially ------ stimulus becomes a(n) ------ stimulus.
In classical conditioning, an association is made between events that the human or animal learner CANNOT control. In operant conditioning, an association is made between events that the human or animal learner CAN control.
Fill in the blanks to complete the sentences about the essential difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning. In classical conditioning, an association is made between events that the human or animal learner ------ control. In operant conditioning, an association is made between events that the human or animal learner ------ control.
A. positive reinforcement B. negative reinforcement C. positive punishment D. negative punishment
Fill in the missing information in the table relating to reinforcement and punishment in operant conditioning.
Correct: Observational learning Incorrect: Insight learning Vicarious conditioning Modeling
Gustavo watched a cooking show on television demonstrating how to make chicken Parmesan. Even though he had never made chicken Parmesan, he could then explain to a friend how to make it. Gustavo's knowledge of cooking chicken Parmesan is best explained by which of the following types of learning?
Correct: She can make watching the comedy TV show a reward for clearing the table and washing the dishes. Incorrect: She can have the children watch their comedy show first and then clear the table and wash the dishes. She can associate TV and table clearing by letting the children do both activities at the same time. She can have the children do the move-valued activity first, followed by the less-valued activity.
Gwen's children really like to watch a comedy TV show that comes on at 7:00 P.M. The children are not fond of clearing the dinner table and washing the dishes. How can Gwen use the Premack principle to get her children to clear the table and wash the dishes?
affective forecasting An investor's gamble on a technology stock pays off, but she is not as elated as she thought she would be. somatic marker A mother keeps her child away from a fan because the thought of the child's fingers near its rotating blades makes her cringe. affect-as-information A music critic gives a band a rave review because he had a very enjoyable lunch earlier in the day.
How do emotions affect the decision making in each scenario? Match the descriptions with their corresponding scenarios.
Problem solving - Involves getting from a present state to a goal state - Involves obstacle Decision making - Involves selection among alternatives - Involves ranking outcomes as better or worse
Identify each characteristic as applying to either decision making or problem solving.
Phonics: - produces more proficient readers Whole Language: - better for motivating students to read - more natural and in line with how children learn to talk
Identify the advantages of each type of reading instruction.
Forming and recalling a memory: Visual cortical areas Auditory cortical areas Forming a memory: Temporal lobes Hippocampus
Identify the brain areas related to either forming a memory or both forming and recalling a memory.
anchoring - The clerk first shows the shopper the most expensive suit, and then shows him a nice belt, which is less expensive by comparison. - The real estate agent describes an apartment as "spacious, modern, well located, overlooks a highway, fixer-upper kitchen." framing - A dating app CEO, hoping to get venture capital funding, says that his site is used by 20 percent of San Francisco singles. - A professor gives extra credit for homework turned in rather than deducting points if it is not turned in.
Identify the examples as applying to either anchoring or framing.
Correct: PTSD is an example of persistence It may be associated with activation of the amygdala, leading to stronger memories It can be reduced suing extinction procedures Incorrect: Persistence refers to any type memory that lasts
Identify the following statements about persistence as either true or false.
True: - They can limit opportunities. - Gender roles are examples of stereotypes. - Like scripts, they can be helpful. False: - They are conscious thought processes.
Identify the following statements about stereotypes as either true or false.
Correct: A person may falsely remember that a word was part of a list, if it was related to word that were in the list A person may encode as true a story someone else tells about him An imagined event will form a mental image that may be later recalled as a real event Incorrect: A person attends to details of an event A person immediately rehearses information he learns
Identify the following ways in which false memories could be constructed.
Correct: Recall of flashbulb memories Reconstruction Suggestibility Cryptomnesia Source amnesia Incorrect: Using mnemonics Intentional rehearsal Chunking information
Identify the following ways in which long-term memory can be distorted.
True: - People who score high on IQ tests often do well at school and in complex careers. - A person's performance on an intelligence test at one time corresponds with his performance on the same test at another time. False: - People who score high on IQ tests will do better in any career. - IQ scores predict almost 100 percent of variability in performance in school or work.
Identify the statements about the reliability and validity of intelligence tests as either true or false.
Correct: Learning reflects changes in the connections between synapses. Sensitization involves changes in the neurotransmitter release Incorrect: Habituation does not involve changes in neurotransmitter release.
Identify the statements that correctly describe how the brain changes during learning.
Correct: Learning is a change in behavior that comes about through an individual's experience. Learning is crucial for all animals. There are different types of learning. Incorrect: Learning results from unconscious mental processes that must be studied by introspective methods.
Identify the statements that correctly describe widely held beliefs by modern psychologists about learning.
A. Sensory input B. Sensory memory C. Attention D. Short-term memory E. Encoding F. Long-term memory
Identify the systems and processes of memory in Atkinson and Shiffrin's three-part memory model.
Correct: - He will score higher on tests of choice reaction time (e.g. "Press the X key every time you see an X; press the A key every time you see an A"). - He will score much higher on a memory test that has two components (e.g. "Solve simple math problems while a list of words is presented, and then repeat the words back in the same order"). Incorrect: - He will have a longer simple reaction time (e.g. "Press the X key every time you see an X"). - He will score much higher on a simple test of memory (e.g. "Listen to this list of words and repeat them back in the same order").
If Samir scores high on an intelligence test, which of the following can you expect about his cognitive performance, compared with someone of average intelligence?
Correct: After each successive approximation of the dog kicking a ball. After the dog shoves the ball a couple inches with its paw. When the dog nudges the ball with its nose. Incorrect: Only after the dog has kicked the soccer ball a good distance.
If you were using the operant conditioning technique of shaping to train a dog to play soccer, when would you use reinforcement?
Correct: Repeatedly showing Little Albert the rat without making a loud sound Incorrect: Repeatedly making a loud sound when objects similar to the rat, such as a ball of wool, were presented Making a loud sound every time a different unrelated object was presented
Imagine that after John Watson's experiments on Little Albert, another researcher had to develop a plan to extinguish Little Albert's conditioned response to the rat. Which of the following techniques could have achieved that goal?
Correct: Any difference in response to the metronome after pairing with food could then be shown to have been caused by the pairing. It was necessary to first demonstrate that the dog did not already salivate to the metronome. Incorrect: Sound stimuli should always be presented first. The dog needed to be desensitized to the metronome before learning to associate it with food.
In Pavlov's original experiment, he initially presented the metronome alone, before pairing it with the food. Which of the following statements are good explanations for why he did this?
Rescorla and Wagner showed that when the unconditioned stimulus is surprising and the conditioned stimulus comes BEFORE it, the animal makes the connection between the stimuli especially EASILY: the conditioned stimulus helps an animal PREDICT the unconditioned one.
In contrast to behaviorism, more recent learning theory emphasizes the role of cognition. Rescorla and Wagner showed that when the unconditioned stimulus is surprising and the conditioned stimulus comes ------ it, the animal makes the connection between the stimuli especially ------: the conditioned stimulus helps an animal ------ the unconditioned one.
Correct: Increases memory capacity Organizes information Makes meaningful groupings easier to recall Incorrect: Increases attention Utilizes maintenance rehearsal for easier recall
In which of the following ways does chunking affect working memory?
Correct: Recency effect Primacy effect Serial position effect Incorrect: Chunking Sensory memory
Jason made index cards on a textbook chapter and always studied them in the same order. During the exam, he was able to recall the information on his first and last index cards, but not the ones in the middle. Which of the following factors explain why Jason was unable to recall the information from the middle of the chapter?
Correct: Observable behavior is the only valid indicator of psychological activity. Humans are born knowing nothing and have the potential to learn just about anything. Incorrect: Mental experiences cannot be studied scientifically, because they do not really exist. Unconscious mental processes are the primary determinants of behavior.
John Watson, the founder of behaviorism, had a strong influence on the study of psychology, including thinking about learning. Which of the following are behaviorist beliefs that Watson held?
John's uncle will quickly become a new CONDITIONED stimulus for the conditioned response of HAPPINESS. This process reflects a phenomenon known as SECOND-ORDER conditioning.
John has learned that money can buy candy, and that candy produces happiness. Thus, money is a conditioned stimulus for the conditioned response of happiness. Now suppose John's long-lost uncle moves to town and begins slipping John a five-dollar bill every time they meet. John can now use that money to purchase more candy! Given this information, fill in the blanks to complete the passage. John's uncle will quickly become a new ------ stimulus for the conditioned response of ------. This process reflects a phenomenon known as ------ conditioning.
Practical intelligence skill at judging the size of a physical space or at judging people's characters Creative intelligence skill at reacting to new situations by thinking in original and interesting ways Analytical intelligence skill at puzzle solving and other academic challenges
Match the components of psychologist Robert Sternberg's theory of intelligence with their corresponding descriptions.
Jose reads the chapter, closes the book, and tries to recall all of the concepts described Nits creates concept maps of the information Maria rereads the chapter several times
Jose and his friends like to study for tests in different ways. Rank how well each strategy will help on the final exam, from best to worst.
True: Stereotype threat could interfere with Kayla's test performance by causing her anxiety. If Kayla is aware of negative stereotypes about women's abilities, telling her about the negative effects of stereotype threat will help her do better. If Kayla believes that men in fact score better on math tests than women do, this will most likely have a negative effect on her own score. False: Being aware of this stereotype that people in her minority group perform badly on math tests will help Kayla do better, by providing extra motivation. If Kayla is aware of negative stereotypes about the abilities of people in her ethnic group, she will do better on the test if the score is part of a college application process than if the test is presented as a non-evaluative challenge or game.
Kayla is a member of an ethnic minority and she is taking a standardized math test. Based on research findings about stereotype threat, which of the following statements are true and which are false?
True: It is a variable schedule It is an interval schedule False: It is a fixed schedule It is a ratio schedule
Kiel goes fishing every weekend. Sometimes it takes an hour to catch a fish, sometimes it takes 15 minutes, and sometimes it takes 45 minutes. Identify the statements about Kiel's reinforcement schedule as either true or false.
A. Amygdala B. Temporal lobe C. Prefrontal cortex D. Hippocampus E. Cerebellum
Label the brain regions associated with each type of memory.
A. Explicit memory B. Implicit memory C. Episodic memory D. Semantic memory E. Classical conditioning F. Procedural memory
Label the different long-term memory systems.
restructuring Scheerer's nine-dot problem sudden insight Köhler's chimpanzee-with-stick experiment overcoming functional fixedness Duncker's box-and-candle problem
Match each experiment with the problem-solving behavior it illustrates.
Framing one may be subject to manipulation by others based on how a choice is described Affective forecasting one may attach too much importance to how a certain outcome would make him feel Anchoring one may be subject to manipulation by others based on the order in which choices are presented Representativeness one may make decisions based on poorly informed stereotyping of people Availability one may make a hasty decision based on information frequently heard or seen, without gathering more information that may be more accurate
Match each heuristic with its typical consequence.
115 about 16 percent of people score higher than this 70 about 2.3 percent of the population score lower than this 100 this is the mean, or average, score
Match the IQ scores with their correct descriptions.
A process in which the CR is weakened when the CS is repeated without being followed by the US Extinction A differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the US Stimulus discrimination A process in which a previously extinguished response reemerges after re-exposure to the CS Spontaneous recovery A process in which an association between the CS and US in gradually formed Acquisition Learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the CS produce the CR Stimulus generalization
Match the classical conditioning processes with their definitions. Spontaneous recovery Stimulus discrimination Stimulus generalization Extinction Acquisition A process in which the CR is weakened when the CS is repeated without being followed by the US A differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the US A process in which a previously extinguished response reemerges after re-exposure to the CS A process in which an association between the CS and US in gradually formed Learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the CS produce the CR
framing decisions are shaped by whether potential gains or potential losses are emphasized availability heuristic making decisions based on information that is easily retrieved: usually information that has been heard or seen recently or frequently. anchoring Evaluating current information, usually numerical data, to be either negative or positive by comparing it to previously provided information. representativeness heuristic making decisions by placing people or objects into categories
Match the concepts with their definitions.
creoles - are passed from parents to children - are well-developed languages in their own right both creoles and pidgins - begin as a mixture of two or more established languages pidgins - lack consistent grammatical rules
Match the labels to their corresponding descriptions. Labels can be used more than once.
anchoring Of two job applicants, Ramsey hires the one who made a better first impression, even though her interview answers were not as good as those of the other applicant. framing Hui-Feng buys a messenger bag marked down from $89 to $69 after passing up a chance last month to buy it for $65. hindsight bias After Shawna is dumped by her boyfriend, her friends list things he did that revealed the relationship was in big trouble, when in reality they had not seen the breakup coming. confirmation bias Louis considers himself in good shape. He thinks of his days as a college athlete and his abstinence from junk food, and doesn't pay attention to how his clothes are getting tighter.
Match the labels with their corresponding scenarios.
State dependent - Midair was calm when studying, but anxious when taking the exam; she could not recall some of the information Encoding specify - When Akira smelled chocolate chip cookies, he recalled the first time he baked with his mom Context dependent - Tori always did her homework in her classroom and performed well on a subsequent essay exam given in the same room Spreading activation - When Estuko heard the word "cat," she started thinking about her pet cats
Match the memory principles with their corresponding examples. - State dependent - Encoding specify - Context dependent - Spreading activation
Flashbulb memories - vivid recollections of highly emotional or surprising events Repressed memories - temporarily non-retrievable memories of traumatic events Misattribution - misremembering the time, place, person, or circumstances of a memory Memory bias - changing of memories over time in light of current beliefs and attitudes Suggestibility - being influenced by misleading information about a memory
Match the memory terms with their definitions. - Flashbulb memories - Repressed memories - Misattribution - Memory bias - Suggestibility
affective Dan chooses the job that allows him to live in the countryside, thinking he will be happier there. availability Larry didn't know why he voted for the person running for student senate, but the candidate he voted for had posted signs all over campus. representativeness Barbara is quiet, shy, and likes to spend time alone, so people are surprised to learn she is an entertainer and not a librarian.
Match the mental shortcuts with their corresponding examples.
Prefrontal cortex - repeating a phone number until you can write it down Amygdala - learning to feel afraid when you hear ominous string music Cerebellum - an experienced chef chopping an onion Temporal lobe - remembering the plot of a book you read Hippocampus - learning your way around a new city
Match the parts of the brain with their corresponding scenarios. - Prefrontal cortex - Amygdala - Cerebellum - Temporal lobe - Hippocampus
finding an analogy Stacia travels all over the city using buses and subways. When she wants to find a way to travel to another state, she refers to a bus schedule. overcoming functional fixedness Matt has a hammer and a window that will not open, but he does not want to smash the window. Eventually he realizes that he can use the hammer as a lever. overcoming a mental set Michael keeps looking for his keys on the kitchen table, where he usually leaves them. Eventually, he checks in his pocket and finds them. insight Boris, an architect, takes a break from a problem he's been working on because he knows that sometimes he comes up with solutions to a difficult problem in an "aha" moment.
Match the problem-solving strategies with their examples.
Short-term memory - during an argument, a person recalls something the other person said a few minutes earlier Working memory - a person repeats a phone number until he enters it into his contact list Sensory memory - a driver glances at a pedestrian before looking back at the road ahead Long-term memory - after two weeks of self-testing, a student recalls information for a cumulative final exam
Match the tasks with their corresponding memory types. - Short-term memory - Working memory - Sensory memory - Long-term memory
Exemplar any member of a category Prototype the best, most typical member of a category Category a group of things with one or more shared properties
Match the terms about how concepts are organized with their definitions.
G factor high overall intelligence Fluid intelligence flexibility and novelty in thinking Crystallized intelligence knowledge and use of knowledge
Match the terms about intelligence with their definitions.
Phonemes The sounds "s," "I," "ch," "ol," "o," "g," and "ee" Incorrect syntax Read aloud to her baby the mom Wenicke's aphasia June could not understand what was said to her, and she spoke in nonsensical sentences Broca's aphasia Herb understood everything that was said, but he could not speak Morphemes The units "psych-" and "-ology" Semantics Psychology is "sick."
Match the terms about language with their corresponding examples.
Wernicke's area brain area for language comprehension Phonemes basic sounds of speech Morphemes smallest unit of meaning in language Broca's area brain area for language production Syntax rules for combining words into sentences Semantics meaning of phrases or sentences
Match the terms about language with their definitions.
Maintenance rehearsal - Maria repeatedly uses flash cards to learn vocabulary definitions Visual memory - Jospeh looks up a word in a dictionary to learn how to spell the word Acoustic memory - machala repeats a street name to herself while looking for a piece of paper to write it down Elaborative rehearsal - Nina related the new knitting pattern to something she had learned previously
Match the terms from the levels of processing model with their related tasks. - Maintenance rehearsal - Visual memory - Acoustic memory - Elaborative rehearsal
Owen got glasses a year ago. He wear them daily but has stopped noticing them. Habituation Mean got a mild sunburn, but a couple of hours later she didn't notice the pain anymore. Habituation Wes liked very scary movies. After an especially scary scene, he felt a tap on his shoulder and nearly jumped out of his seat. Sensitization Lexi was outside when a loud call of thunder occurred very close by. When her friend called her name immediately afterward, she was quite startled. Sensitization
Match the terms with the corresponding scenarios. (Terms can be used more than once.) Habituation Sensitization Owen got glasses a year ago. He wear them daily but has stopped noticing them. Mean got a mild sunburn, but a couple of hours later she didn't notice the pain anymore. Wes liked very scary movies. After an especially scary scene, he felt a tap on his shoulder and nearly jumped out of his seat. Lexi was outside when a loud call of thunder occurred very close by. When her friend called her name immediately afterward, she was quite startled.
exemplar model Even though Josef had never seen that unusual breed of cat before, he can quickly identify it as a cat—as opposed to a dog—since it most closely matches other instances of cats in his memory. categorization A grocery store places all produce in one area and all dry goods in another. prototype model Young children can quickly identify a crow as a bird, since they think of crows as best representing that concept.
Match the terms with their corresponding examples.
Retrieval - remembering stored information Consolidation - neural process for encoding information for storage Encoding - processing information for storage Storage - retention of information Memory - the nervous system's ability to acquire, retain, and retrieve information
Match the terms with their corresponding memory processes. - Retrieval - Consolidation - Encoding - Storage - Memory
Intelligence the ability to reason, to make decisions, to make sense of events, and to adapt to environmental challenges Aptitude tests the use of standardized tests to predict future performance Achievement tests the use of standardized tests to assess current levels of skill and knowledge Psychometrics the use of standardized tests to measure mental attributes such as intelligence
Match the terms with their definitions.
use subgoals set and achieve mini-goals that lead to a larger goal use an analogy solve a similar problem working backward start with a goal and construct steps that will lead there from the initial state insight sudden understanding of the solution
Match the terms with their definitions.
Absentmindedness - encoding failure from lack of attention Memory decay - forgetting over time Persistence - remembering things ones wants to forget Blocking - temporary inability to retrieve needed information
Match the terms with their definitions. - Absentmindedness - Memory decay - Persistence - Blocking
Bias - distorted memory of past events based on current information Misattribution - wrong source Suggestibility - changing memory based on misleading information
Match the terms with their definitions. - Bias - Misattribution - Suggestibility
Maintenance rehearsal - rote repetition Elaborative rehearsal - connecting new information to long-term memories Schema - long-term memory structures
Match the terms with their definitions. - Maintenance rehearsal - Elaborative rehearsal - Schema
affective emotional satisfaction availability based on information most easily or quickly retrieved representativeness similarity to a prototype
Match the types of decision-making shortcuts with their definitions.
Suggestibility - the teenager is told that a neighbor has a vicious dog, then mistakenly recalls a time when the dog chased him Misattribution - the student thought the psychology professor had assigned a ten-page paper, but her history professor had given that assignment Bias - Monique recalled her elementary school friend as shy because she recently learned that her friend has social anxiety
Match the types of memory distortion with their corresponding examples. - Suggestibility - Misattribution - Bias
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon - Catherine could picture the movie actress and the first letter of her name, but she temporarily forgot her name Retroactive interference - Carolyn recently changed her computer password and could not recall her old password Anterograde amnesia - after his brain tumor was removed, Kudret could not remember any new information presented in school Retrograde amnesia - burke sustained a concussion in a football game and could not recall the events of the day prior to the concussion Proactive interference - erin took four years of French in high school. On her first college exam in Italian, she could only recall the French words
Match the types of memory failure with their corresponding examples. - Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon - Retroactive interference - Anterograde amnesia - Retrograde amnesia - Proactive interference
restructuring a problem Chao is looking for a dog sitter, but no one can cover all the times required. He then puts together a schedule for three different people to help with the dog. create subgoals José has a large research paper to write. He plans to first procure research articles, then review them, then write a summary of each one, and then write his conclusion. working backward When Paola's car broke down, she identified what time she needed to get to work, then researched bus schedules to see what bus to catch, then set the time she needed to leave the house to walk to the bus stop.
Match the types of problem-solving strategies with their examples.
Correct: - People with higher g scores are more informed about the link between health and various behaviors. - People with higher g scores end up in jobs that are less dangerous and have better health benefits. - Higher g is associated with more education. It is the education, not the high g, that confers health benefits. Incorrect: - People with higher g scores are genetically less predisposed to suffer from heart disease, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease.
People who are high in g (general intelligence factor) tend to live longer. Which of the following explanations for this have been proposed?
A. Encoding B. Storage C. Retrieval
Place the three phases of the information processing model in the correct locations on the figure.
Adolescents whose favorite actors smoke in movies are much MORE likely to smoke (Tickle, Sargent, Dalton, Beach, & Heatherton, 2001). These effects are strongest among children whose parents DO NOT smoke, presumably because if their parents smoke, the children associate smoking with "normal" people as well as with the glamorous actors they see on the screen. The research findings DO NOT PROVE that a reduction of onscreen smoking has brought about a reduction in adolescent smoking rates.
Since 1995, there has been a reduction in onscreen smoking in movies and a related decline in adolescent smoking rates. Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about this relationship. Adolescents whose favorite actors smoke in movies are much ------ likely to smoke (Tickle, Sargent, Dalton, Beach, & Heatherton, 2001). These effects are strongest among children whose parents ------ smoke, presumably because if their parents smoke, the children associate smoking with "normal" people as well as with the glamorous actors they see on the screen. The research findings ------ that a reduction of onscreen smoking has brought about a reduction in adolescent smoking rates.
Correct: - The word does not look anything like a violin. - The relationship between the word and a violin is arbitrary. Incorrect: - Each letter refers to part of a violin. - Each letter physically resembles part of a violin.
The Chinese word for violin is 小提琴 Identify the reasons why this is a symbolic representation, rather than an analogical one.
A. US B. UR C. neutral stimulus D. CS E. CR
The figure illustrates stimuli and responses before (top) and after (bottom) classical conditioning has occurred. Drag the labels to the correct locations in the figure.
A. Before conditioning, the monkey is surprised by juice with no advance. B. After conditioning, the monkey is given a signal but then does not receive the expected juice. C. After conditioning, the monkey is given a signal and then receives the expected juice.
The graphs show dopamine activity in the brain of a thirsty monkey, in response to two kinds of stimuli: a signal such as a light or tone, and a serving of juice. Match each description with its appropriate graph.
Boggs broke out of the slump that day, and then forever after demanded that the announcer never announce his number. Given this information, fill in the blanks to complete the passage. This superstitious behavior by Boggs is explained by principles of OPERANT conditioning: A chance event (the failure to announce his number) occurred SOON BEFORE a second event (successful hitting), so Boggs believed there was an association between the two events.
Wade Boggs, then a baseball player for the Boston Red Sox, was in the middle of a terrible batting slump when one day the public address announcer at Fenway Park forgot to announce Boggs's number when he came up to bat. Boggs broke out of the slump that day, and then forever after demanded that the announcer never announce his number. Given this information, fill in the blanks to complete the passage. This superstitious behavior by Boggs is explained by principles of ------ conditioning: A chance event (the failure to announce his number) occurred ------ a second event (successful hitting), so Boggs believed there was an association between the two events.
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING is when an individual acquires or changes a behavior after being exposed to another person performing that behavior. Learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing the action is known as VICARIOUS LEARNING. The imitation of an observed behavior is a learning process called MODELING.
We learn many behaviors not by doing them but by watching others do them. Fill in the blanks to complete the sentences about the ways we learn by watching others. ------ is when an individual acquires or changes a behavior after being exposed to another person performing that behavior. Learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing the action is known as ------. The imitation of an observed behavior is a learning process called ------.
Correct: It has almost limitless capacity It is relatively permanent Incorrect: As new information is learned, old information it lost It is limited to 20 to 30 items at a time
Which of the following are characteristics of long-term memory?
Correct: Iconic memory is visual sensory memory Each sense contributes to sensory memory Echoic memory is auditory sensory memory Senses are available as a brief memory trace Incorrect: It causes us to experience motion of objects in discrete, separate steps It is available for 20 to 30 seconds
Which of the following are characteristics of sensory memory?
Correct: It is an active processing system Information is available for 20 to 30 seconds Information is maintained through rehearsal It has a limited memory span Incorrect: It holds information from one source at a time Information is available for 2 to 3 seconds
Which of the following are characteristics of working memory?
Correct: Explaining the rules for playing a card game Repeating directions to drive to a new friend's house Recounting a conversation a person had with a friend Incorrect: Eating while reading a book Walking on the beach while gazing out at the ocean waves
Which of the following are examples of declarative memory?
Correct: Remembering how to tie a square knot Forgetting you saw a movie trailer but wanting to go see the movie Remembering how to paint a ceiling Incorrect: Telling someone the definition of psychology Telling someone what you had for brunch over the weekend
Which of the following are examples of nondeclarative memory?
Correct: - An equation for a math word problem - The ingredient list in a recipe Incorrect: - A no-smoking sign that shows a crossed-out cigarette - An architect's design sketch
Which of the following are symbolic representations?
Correct: - Language influences how people think about time and space. - Language influences how people think about quantities. - Sexist language can influence how people think about men and women. Incorrect: - Language determines thought. - People without language are incapable of thought.
Which of the following claims of linguistic relativity theory have been supported by research?
Correct: After Shohreh slipped on ice and hit her head, she did not remember what she did for the rest of the day Sean barely escaped from a burning building where others died. The next day he could not remember how he'd ended up in the building in the first place Incorrect: The professor called on a student but used a former student's name David forgot to take note of where she parked her car at the mall and could not find her parking spot
Which of the following examples indicate memory problems as a result of amnesia?
Correct: Hathai cannot find her keys Arthur cannot answer a question on an exam after studying for it Bree could not remember the ending to a movie she had seen three years ago Incorrect: After hearing news that his high school friend was arrested for drunk driving, Philippe falsely remembered a time his friend was drunk in class After being hit in the head with a basketball, Napoleon couldn't recall how he got to the game Mongkut thought her remembered his boss telling staff about a policy change, but in actuality, the conversation occurred among the staff
Which of the following examples indicate memory problems as a result of forgetting?
Correct: Remembering a new bus route Repeating a conversation he's had after his surgery Recalling he had met someone recently Incorrect: Performing motor tasks learned after his surgery Tying his shoes Recalling events prior to his surgery
Which of the following memory tasks would H.M. and others with his type of memory deficit have trouble completing?
Correct: H.M. could form new implicit memories after his surgery but not new explicit memories British children with poor episodic memories due to brain damage had perfectly good semantic memories and normal IQs Incorrect: A patient with deficiencies in explicit memory still performs well on declarative memory tests People can have the ability to form good explicit memories even if they are unable to form episodic or semantic memories
Which of the following scenarios support the idea that different types of memory are located in different areas of the brain?
Correct: Certain pairings of stimuli, such as taste and illness, are more likely to become associated because they are evolutionarily adaptive. Animals seem to be biologically prepared to fear specific objects that signal potential dangers. The strength of an association between the CS and the US is determined by how well the CS predicts the US. Incorrect: Any object can be made into a CS when associated with and US, as long as the stimuli are intense enough.
Which of the following statements about the influence of adaptation and cognition on classical or operant conditioning are accurate?
Correct: A prisoner's sentence is reduced by a year for good behavior. A restaurant with an expensive dinner menu lowers its prices during happy hour, to bring in more customers during the late afternoon. Incorrect: Whenever Rocky the puppy barks, he gets his belly rubbed, so he barks more. Professor Hamilton directs all questions to the student who arrives late to class. Your date arrives an hour late, and you refuse to speak to her for the rest of the evening.
Which of the following statements correctly describe negative reinforcement?
Correct: Joss drinks coffee while he studies, so he buys a cup of coffee on his way to his exam Jake practices his speech in the classroom where he will deliver it Erica visualizes the empty spots in her kitchen cupboards to recall her grocery list Incorrect: Marek looks at a long list of terms he has never seen and tries to memorize them by rote repetition Judy always drinks coffee and eats sweets when she studies, but she attempts to take her exam without relying on coffee or sweets Eric practices the speech he will deliver to a full auditorium in his quiet bedroom
Which of the following strategies enhance long-term memory by using retrieval cues?
Have Significant Empirical Support: - general intelligence - fluid intelligence - crystallized intelligence Lack Significant Empirical Support: - emotional intelligence - multiple intelligences
Which of the following theories on intelligence have significant empirical support?