PSYC 220 Chapt 1-4

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The process of attachment typically begins between ____ of age.

6 to 12 months

An example of a neurodevelopmental disorder would be ____.

ADHD

What is an underlying assumption with regard to abnormal child behavior?

Abnormal development involves continuities and discontinuities

"Forming a cohesive sense of self-identity" is a task done by children in which age group?

Adolescence

Which psychological condition is more common among females than males?

Adolescent depression

Until the mid-twentieth century, which mental condition was believed to be caused by inadequate, uncaring parents?

Autism

What is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces overall arousal and levels of anger, hostility, and aggression?

Benzodiazepine-GABA

____ explain the acquisition of problem behavior on the basis of paired associations between previously neutral stimuli (e.g., homework), and unconditioned stimuli (e.g., parental anger).

Classical conditioning models

Interview questions focused on somatic symptoms for an older child or adolescent with depression could include which of the following?

Do you get muscle pains and aches?

____ acts like a "switch" in the brain, turning on various circuits associated with certain types of behavior.

Dopamine

To record electrical activity of the brain, one would want to use a(n) ____.

EEG

_____ theorists argue that a child's behavior can only be understood in terms of relationships with others.

Family systems

Which behavior would be characteristic of someone with issues on the internalizing behavior dimension?

Feeling sad all of the time

Which symptom would be characteristic of the anxious/depressed dimension of child psychopathology?

Feels worthless

Which of the following is not a developmental task of infancy?

Forming close friendships within and across gender

What might be one consequence associated with child psychopathology?

Increased demands on community resources, such as health systems

Which element(s) are typically included in a clinical description?

Intensity, frequency, and severity of the problem

Which description of a child would be considered labeling a child rather than describing her behavior?

Karlee is an anxious child.

Which of the following disadvantages can impair a child's developmental progress significantly?

Less education, Limited resources, Greater exposure to violence

____ use radio signals generated in a strong magnetic field.

MRIs

Which of the following is not an affect that occurs because of stigma?

Motivation

____ are used to study cerebral glucose metabolism.

PET scans

Cindy has recently been diagnosed with anorexia. From a biological perspective, which neurotransmitter plays a role in eating disorders?

Serotonin

What does it mean if a test is normed on a group that is representative of the population?

The test is as free from cultural bias as possible.

Which statement about case studies is false?

They use controlled methods without biases.

What is the purpose of an Individualized Educational Plan (IEP)?

To tailor the child's school program to his or her needs

The most commonly used intelligence scale today is the ____.

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)

The ____ gland produces epinephrine in response to stress.

adrenal

A child's ____ has the most implications for judgments about deviancy and for selecting appropriate assessment and treatment methods.

age

____ research focuses on a specific research question under conditions that only resemble or approximate the situation to which the researcher wishes to generalize.

analogue

_____ means that the child shows some form of agreement to participate in research without necessarily understanding the full significance of the research.

assent

Participation in research is done through direct informed consent except when the participants are ____.

children

____ approaches to treatment view child psychopathology as the result of faulty thought patterns and faulty learning and environmental experiences.

cognitive-behavioral

An advantage of behavior checklists over interviews is that checklists allow a clinician to ____ while interviews typically do not.

compare results to a reference sample

The ability to successfully adapt in the environment is referred to as ____.

competence

Which medication would best be used for a child suffering from ADHD?

concerta

The "C" in the "ABCs of behavioral assessment" stands for ____.

consequences

Variables that are associated at a particular point in time with no clear proof that one precedes the other are said to be ____.

correlated

Girls have higher rates of ____ than boys.

depression

____ validity refers to the degree of correlation between measures that are not expected to be related to one another.

discriminant

Psychological disorders are defined as patterns of behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical symptoms that are associated with ____.

distress

More than 70% of practicing clinicians identify their therapeutic approach as ____.

eclectic

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA; Public Law 104-446) mandates ____.

education in the least restrictive environment possible

Attachment theory considers crying (in an infant) to be a behavior that ____.

enhances relationships with the caregiver

Questions about the nature and distribution of childhood disorders are frequently addressed through ____.

epidemiological research

Conduct disorder may arise from different developmental pathways, a concept known as ____.

equifinality

Etiology refers to the ____ of childhood disorders.

etiology

Taking a child to see three different psychologists and receiving three different diagnoses would be an example of a lack of ____.

interrater reliability

An integrative approach to the psychopathology of a child means that

many theories and concepts can be used to explain behavior.

James often appears to be in a bad mood and he is easily frustrated when given challenging tasks. His temperament would be described as ____.

negative affect or irritability

Research procedures that may harm a child physically or psychologically should ____.

never be used

Most often, adaptational failure is due to a(n) ____.

ongoing interaction between the individual and environment

Interventions are ____.

problem solving strategies

The Rorschach test is an example of a(n) ____ test.

projective

Minimum ethical standards for practice include:

protecting the confidentiality of the therapeutic relationship

____ increases the chance that characteristics other than the independent variable will be equally distributed across treatment groups.

random assignment

Factors such as SES, child's age, and cultural background affect the _____ of symptoms and disorders.

rate and expression

Individual differences in emotion ____ account for differing responses to a stressful environment.

reactivity

The over-representation of boys with psychological disorders likely reflects ____.

referral biases

Boundaries between abnormal versus normal functioning are ____.

relatively arbitrary

Temperament ____.

shapes a child's approach to the environment and vice versa

In contrast to adults, abnormality in children is often defined in terms of ____.

stage of development

A ____ assessment measure allows for the scores of one child to be compared to the scores of other similar children.

standardized

Molecular geneticists focus on finding a specific gene for childhood disorder, while behavioral geneticists ____.

study the possible connection between genetic predisposition and behavior

The formal assignment of a clinical case to a DSM-5 classification category is referred to as a(n) ____.

taxonomic diagnosis

A child typically enters the mental health system ____.

through teachers, counselors, or parents

A correlation score of +0.75 between two variables such as symptoms of anxiety and symptoms of depression indicates what kind of relationship between these variables?

A strong, positive association between them

Which statement about our genetic makeup is false?

Genes determine behavior

To determine a child's competencies, it is useful to have some knowledge of ____.

developmental tasks

Treatment ____ refers to whether or not a treatment can produce changes under well-controlled conditions.

efficacy

Children with the most chronic and serious disorders ____.

face sizable difficulties throughout their lives

Many child and adolescent problems can be best described as the ____.

failure to demonstrate expected developmental progress

The _________ lobes contain the functions underlying much of our thinking and reasoning abilities.

frontal

A risk factor is a variable that ____.

increases the likelihood that a negative outcome will occur

Children's problems must be considered in the context of their ____.

individual nature, family dynamics, community/culture

Emily's mother was asked to complete a behavior checklist on two separate occasions several weeks apart. The results yielded from both occasions were very similar. The behavior checklist can be said to be

reliable

Recall bias and distortion are potential limitations of ____ studies.

retrospective

Intervention focuses on ____.

treatment

Isabella is 3 years old, and frequently demands attention, overreacts, and refuses to go to bed. These behaviors are considered ____.

typical because of her age

An assessment tool that actually measures the construct it is intended to measure can be considered ____.

valid


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