PSYC 220 Chapt 1-4
The process of attachment typically begins between ____ of age.
6 to 12 months
An example of a neurodevelopmental disorder would be ____.
ADHD
What is an underlying assumption with regard to abnormal child behavior?
Abnormal development involves continuities and discontinuities
"Forming a cohesive sense of self-identity" is a task done by children in which age group?
Adolescence
Which psychological condition is more common among females than males?
Adolescent depression
Until the mid-twentieth century, which mental condition was believed to be caused by inadequate, uncaring parents?
Autism
What is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces overall arousal and levels of anger, hostility, and aggression?
Benzodiazepine-GABA
____ explain the acquisition of problem behavior on the basis of paired associations between previously neutral stimuli (e.g., homework), and unconditioned stimuli (e.g., parental anger).
Classical conditioning models
Interview questions focused on somatic symptoms for an older child or adolescent with depression could include which of the following?
Do you get muscle pains and aches?
____ acts like a "switch" in the brain, turning on various circuits associated with certain types of behavior.
Dopamine
To record electrical activity of the brain, one would want to use a(n) ____.
EEG
_____ theorists argue that a child's behavior can only be understood in terms of relationships with others.
Family systems
Which behavior would be characteristic of someone with issues on the internalizing behavior dimension?
Feeling sad all of the time
Which symptom would be characteristic of the anxious/depressed dimension of child psychopathology?
Feels worthless
Which of the following is not a developmental task of infancy?
Forming close friendships within and across gender
What might be one consequence associated with child psychopathology?
Increased demands on community resources, such as health systems
Which element(s) are typically included in a clinical description?
Intensity, frequency, and severity of the problem
Which description of a child would be considered labeling a child rather than describing her behavior?
Karlee is an anxious child.
Which of the following disadvantages can impair a child's developmental progress significantly?
Less education, Limited resources, Greater exposure to violence
____ use radio signals generated in a strong magnetic field.
MRIs
Which of the following is not an affect that occurs because of stigma?
Motivation
____ are used to study cerebral glucose metabolism.
PET scans
Cindy has recently been diagnosed with anorexia. From a biological perspective, which neurotransmitter plays a role in eating disorders?
Serotonin
What does it mean if a test is normed on a group that is representative of the population?
The test is as free from cultural bias as possible.
Which statement about case studies is false?
They use controlled methods without biases.
What is the purpose of an Individualized Educational Plan (IEP)?
To tailor the child's school program to his or her needs
The most commonly used intelligence scale today is the ____.
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)
The ____ gland produces epinephrine in response to stress.
adrenal
A child's ____ has the most implications for judgments about deviancy and for selecting appropriate assessment and treatment methods.
age
____ research focuses on a specific research question under conditions that only resemble or approximate the situation to which the researcher wishes to generalize.
analogue
_____ means that the child shows some form of agreement to participate in research without necessarily understanding the full significance of the research.
assent
Participation in research is done through direct informed consent except when the participants are ____.
children
____ approaches to treatment view child psychopathology as the result of faulty thought patterns and faulty learning and environmental experiences.
cognitive-behavioral
An advantage of behavior checklists over interviews is that checklists allow a clinician to ____ while interviews typically do not.
compare results to a reference sample
The ability to successfully adapt in the environment is referred to as ____.
competence
Which medication would best be used for a child suffering from ADHD?
concerta
The "C" in the "ABCs of behavioral assessment" stands for ____.
consequences
Variables that are associated at a particular point in time with no clear proof that one precedes the other are said to be ____.
correlated
Girls have higher rates of ____ than boys.
depression
____ validity refers to the degree of correlation between measures that are not expected to be related to one another.
discriminant
Psychological disorders are defined as patterns of behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical symptoms that are associated with ____.
distress
More than 70% of practicing clinicians identify their therapeutic approach as ____.
eclectic
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA; Public Law 104-446) mandates ____.
education in the least restrictive environment possible
Attachment theory considers crying (in an infant) to be a behavior that ____.
enhances relationships with the caregiver
Questions about the nature and distribution of childhood disorders are frequently addressed through ____.
epidemiological research
Conduct disorder may arise from different developmental pathways, a concept known as ____.
equifinality
Etiology refers to the ____ of childhood disorders.
etiology
Taking a child to see three different psychologists and receiving three different diagnoses would be an example of a lack of ____.
interrater reliability
An integrative approach to the psychopathology of a child means that
many theories and concepts can be used to explain behavior.
James often appears to be in a bad mood and he is easily frustrated when given challenging tasks. His temperament would be described as ____.
negative affect or irritability
Research procedures that may harm a child physically or psychologically should ____.
never be used
Most often, adaptational failure is due to a(n) ____.
ongoing interaction between the individual and environment
Interventions are ____.
problem solving strategies
The Rorschach test is an example of a(n) ____ test.
projective
Minimum ethical standards for practice include:
protecting the confidentiality of the therapeutic relationship
____ increases the chance that characteristics other than the independent variable will be equally distributed across treatment groups.
random assignment
Factors such as SES, child's age, and cultural background affect the _____ of symptoms and disorders.
rate and expression
Individual differences in emotion ____ account for differing responses to a stressful environment.
reactivity
The over-representation of boys with psychological disorders likely reflects ____.
referral biases
Boundaries between abnormal versus normal functioning are ____.
relatively arbitrary
Temperament ____.
shapes a child's approach to the environment and vice versa
In contrast to adults, abnormality in children is often defined in terms of ____.
stage of development
A ____ assessment measure allows for the scores of one child to be compared to the scores of other similar children.
standardized
Molecular geneticists focus on finding a specific gene for childhood disorder, while behavioral geneticists ____.
study the possible connection between genetic predisposition and behavior
The formal assignment of a clinical case to a DSM-5 classification category is referred to as a(n) ____.
taxonomic diagnosis
A child typically enters the mental health system ____.
through teachers, counselors, or parents
A correlation score of +0.75 between two variables such as symptoms of anxiety and symptoms of depression indicates what kind of relationship between these variables?
A strong, positive association between them
Which statement about our genetic makeup is false?
Genes determine behavior
To determine a child's competencies, it is useful to have some knowledge of ____.
developmental tasks
Treatment ____ refers to whether or not a treatment can produce changes under well-controlled conditions.
efficacy
Children with the most chronic and serious disorders ____.
face sizable difficulties throughout their lives
Many child and adolescent problems can be best described as the ____.
failure to demonstrate expected developmental progress
The _________ lobes contain the functions underlying much of our thinking and reasoning abilities.
frontal
A risk factor is a variable that ____.
increases the likelihood that a negative outcome will occur
Children's problems must be considered in the context of their ____.
individual nature, family dynamics, community/culture
Emily's mother was asked to complete a behavior checklist on two separate occasions several weeks apart. The results yielded from both occasions were very similar. The behavior checklist can be said to be
reliable
Recall bias and distortion are potential limitations of ____ studies.
retrospective
Intervention focuses on ____.
treatment
Isabella is 3 years old, and frequently demands attention, overreacts, and refuses to go to bed. These behaviors are considered ____.
typical because of her age
An assessment tool that actually measures the construct it is intended to measure can be considered ____.
valid