PSYC 230 Final

Each of the following items may grab your attention, which would be due to the phenomenon of Attentional Control Settings?

Any blue car while you are sitting on the curb waiting for you friend, who drives a blue car to pick you up

Which of the following statements is true about action potentials?

As the strength of a stimulus increases, the frequency of action potentials increase

In some dichotic listening experiments, it was noticed that even though the person wasn't processing the unattended message, they still often recognized when their name was said. What theory is this an example of?

Attenuation Theory

Which of the following is an example of a semantic regularity?

Barry assumes that a piece of cake is more likely to be found in a kitchen than a bathroom and Wally assumes that a scale is more likely to be found in a bathroom than in a living room

Chris, who has had stellar behavior since beginning college, is trying to convince his parents to let him go to Cancun for SB. When would be the best time for him to ask them?

Immediately after breakfast

You're driving to a new restaurant and are talking to your friend on the phone trying to get directions there. All of a sudden you get pulled over and the cop informs you that you just ran a red light, but you didn't even notice the stoplight! What psychological explanation could be given to this situation?

Inattentional Blindness

When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process?

connecting the fortress with the tumor

Perception pathway is to action pathway as ____

What is to where Ventral is to dorsal What is to how Temporal is to parietal

Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?

When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception

Which option is a good example of the method of loci?

You need to remember to buy peaches and hot dogs at the store later once you get home from school so you imagine a peach rolling down the stairs straight towards you and a hot dog laying down on the couch watching TV

process of analogical problem solving was applied to fortress and radiation problems, which represent mapping step of process

connecting the fortress with the tumor

myelin

conserves energy because sodium potassium pumps do not have to run in myelin section of axon action potential travels down myelin axons more quickly

mental scanning

creating mental images and scanning them in mind

Which type of sensory coding is thought to be the most unlikely and why?

specificity coding because there is no way there are enough neurons to respond individually to every object we encounter

Which of the following sentences would a person with Broca's aphasia be most likely to misunderstand?

"The woman was kissed by the dog."

There are ______ phonemes for vowel sounds in the English language

13

"Kitchen tables" consists of ______ morphemes.

3

How many morphemes are in the phrase cute dogs?

3

The word "bad" has phoneme (s).

3

About how many phonemes are there in the English language?

45

Which of the following is an example of covert attention?

A basketball player looking to the left while keeping an eye on her teammate to the right

Which of the following does not play a role in allowing us to understand speech?

ALL OF THE ABOVE (syntax, current content, and prosody)

Which of the following abilities would be least affected in an individual with Aphantasia?

Ability to filter out irrelevant sensory stimulus (cocktail party phenomenon) Aphantasia- unable to visualize faces of loved ones

Which is the best summary of the conclusion from the Greebles Study?

Activation of the FFA is related to expertise for a given type of visual stimulus rather than faces explicitly

Imagine you are a cognitive neuropsychologist designing a double dissociation study to determine how the "What" and "Where" pathways are related. Patient EM has been diagnosed with agnosia. What does this mean in regards to the functioning of EM's "What" and "Where" pathways.

Because of damage to her ventral pathway, patient EM cannot recognize objects

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?

Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night

In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the group had the fastest response time.

Bread and Butter

Corey looks at a flock of seagulls flying in one direction, when suddenly, five of the seagulls start flying in another direction. He now perceives two groups of birds, because of the Gestalt principle of

Common Fate

During a particularly boring lecture, you carefully note the time on a clock that is mounted on the side wall of the classroom while keeping your eyes fixated on the professor's face. This is an example of

Covert Attention

Kosslyn's Viewing Distance Study (with large and small animals) is evidence to support...

Imagery works like perception and must be spatial

The incidence of change blindness ______ when a cue is added to the scene that indicates which part of the scene has changed

Decrease

Who was the first cognitive psychologist to demonstrate that it is possible to quantitatively study the mind by performing reaction time experiments?

Donders

You are studying perception of pitch and you hypothesize that a high pitched sound will be processed more quickly than a low pitched sound, what method should you use?

ERP

Which of the below would be the best method to measure overt attention?

Eye Tracking

Hayley judges dog shows in her free time. When Hayley sees a dog, which part of her brain is most likely activated?

FFA

Greeble novices vs Greeble experts

Greeble experts more fusiform face area than Greeble novices

All of the following are examples of physical regularities in the environment EXCEPT

Hangers are likely to be found in a changing room in a department store (this would be a semantic regularity)

A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that

Has high stimulus salience Salience is the physical stimulus that attracts your attention to something

If someone tells patient DF to complete the following activities, which one(s) will she likely NOT be able to complete successfully? I. Picking up a pen that was set in front of her II. Swiping a credit card in a credit card reader III. Drawing an apple from memory IV. Identifying an object that she can only interact with visually

IV

While watching Pretty Woman (1990), you fail to notice when Vivian (Julia Roberts) begins to reach for a croissant that suddenly turns into a pancake. This is an example of a continuity error, which can be a "real-life" example of _____ if you do not notice the switch.

Inattentional Blindness and Change Blindness

Which of the following supports Kosslyn's theory of spatial representation?

It takes longer to scan between objects that are farther away from each other because of the distance between them

Visual Agnosia

Just go on vision, can't do it; only able to figure out on where/how pathway

With Cherry's shadowing experiments, some participants notice their name or other important (to them) information in the unattended channel. This suggested that attention follows more of a _____ stage model than _____ originally suggested

Later, Broadbent

Language is lateralized to the _____ hemisphere regions surrounding the ________

Left; Sylvian Fissure

Myelinated neurons require _______ energy than unmyelinated neurons because the electrical signal is carried in a(n) ________ manner from one Node of Ranvier to the next.

Less; Passive

Karen has been struggling with very bad headaches for about a year and finally decided to go to the doctor to get treated for this issue. The doctor suggested that the best idea would be to get an image of the brain in order to see if Karen is having headaches because of a tumor or mass. What would be the best form of neuroimaging for Karen?

MRI

Suppose you are interested in determining if the volume of the hippocampus is associated with the amount of stress a person was experiencing. What would be the best choice?

MRI

Scientist have found that when studying ERPs to visual stimuli the P1 is bigger for attended stimuli compared to ignored stimuli. Which attentional theory would be supported if they had instead found that ignored stimuli and the attended stimuli show the same size P1 component?

MacKay's Late Selection Theory

Testing principles of Bayesian inference necessarily must involve

Mathematical prodedure; Taking previous knowledge of environment and multiplying it by the likelihood based on the given circumstances

A fan of science fiction television shows would be more likely to make sense of the phrase "Start Wreck In Tore Prize" (Star Trek Enterprise) This demonstrates the importance of _____

Meaning on segmentation

Sally goes with her friend to the store. She remembers that she had to get juice and bread because she pictures a large cup of juice waiting for her at her door when she arrives back home, and a loaf of bread sitting on the table just inside the door. What is this an example of?

Method of Loci

What step happens at the peak of an action potential (when the inside it at it's most positive point)?

Na+ channels become refractory

Neuropsychology differs from neuroscience in that:

Neuropsychology only uses cases of brain damage whereas neuroscience is not limited to that

Which is considered to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving?

Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection

You are conducting an experiment to see how fast people respond to phonemes. You play various sounds and tell people they have to respond to the phoneme /p/. Which sound will likely yield the fastest response?

PARK

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most important for sense of touch?

Parietal Lobe

Where Pathway

Parietal Lobe; dorsal pathway; Patient RV had problem with; how; action; subconscious

In study people are shown Godiva chocolates and baked kale and told they will be given one of the snacks. First, they rate how they will likely feel if they receive the chocolates vs the kale. After eating, they rated how they felt about receiving their specific snack. Which of the below is a likely outcome?

Participants overestimate how unhappy kale will make them more than they overestimate how happy chocolate will make them

Jacob wants to remember the central dogma of genetics (DNA RNA Protein). He associates one with bun, two with glue, and three with tree. He visualizes DNA on a bun, RNA on glue, and protein on the tree. This is an example of what?

Pegword technique

Which three stages of perception could be affected by knowledge?

Perception, Recognition, Action

Pop out vs conjunction search, what is the difference in reaction time effect?

Pop-out reaction times would be faster because it is a flat line no matter how many distractors Conjunction gets more distractors so reaction time would increase

Which is least likely to be part of the process for neural firing?

Potassium diffuses through the cell body and out through the dendrites

How did Tolman's classic rat experiment challenge strictly behavioral interpretations of cognitive psychology?

Rats found food in a maze, even when starting in a new position

Which memory activity would Clive Wearing have the most trouble completing?

Remembering what happened on his birthday the year after his brain injury

In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording... To which of the following words would you expect participants to take the longest to respond to?

SKY

A patient visits a neurologist and complains of memory problems like remembering telephone numbers. After a few tests, the neurologist determines that there is a large impairment in the digit span, but no impairment in remembering the past or in forming new memories. Which type of memory is impaired?

STM

Which neuroscience technique has superior ability to give you information on both timing and location of neural firing?

Single Cell Recording

What is the difference between spatial and propositional representation?

Spatial is representation in which different parts of an image correspond to specific locations. Propositional suggests images can be represented by abstract symbols

A woman was injured in a car accident. While her vision, speech, and motor skills remain normal, she is no longer able to recognize the faces of her family members. What is the area of her brain that was likely damaged in the accident?

Temporal Lobe

An area in the _____ called the _____ is specialized to recognize faces

Temporal Lobe; FFA

What Pathway

Temporal Lobe; ventral pathway; Patient DF had problem with; object perception; conscious

What 2 areas does the longitudinal fissure separate?

The L and R hemisphere

You are conducting a study on how fluency influences the phonemic restoration effect. You study two groups of non-native English speakers, one with a year of English classes and the other with 10 years. All of your stimuli are in English. Who would you expect to show the greatest phonemic restoration effect?

The group with 10 years of English instruction

What 2 areas does the longitudinal fissure separate?

The left and right hemisphere

Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that

The main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone

Which of the below is true of dendrites?

There can be many for one neuron

If you showed a group of study participants a beach scene and then briefly flashed a number of objects for them to identify. Which would be the most likely pattern of results.

They would be likely to identify a bucket and shovel and better than a coffee mug

Which stage of the perceptual process is knowledge/top-down processing LEAST likely to influence?

Transduction

A researcher had participants read each of the sentences below and measured the time it took to read each sentence. Trial 1: The lamb ran past the cottage into the pasture. Trial 2: The dog ran past the house into the yard. The participants' response times would likely be longer for _____ because of the _____ effect.

Trial 1; word frequency

Attentional Control Settings

Trying to find a friend in a big crowd, looking for friend in red, everything red starts standing out at you; turn on a specific feature that we are captured by

Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem?

Two-String Problem

clang two large metal rods together leading Luke to be scared of candy bowl

US= loud bang CS= candy bowl

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to specificity coding?

Unlikely to be correct because there are too many stimuli in the world to have a separate neuron for each

With which sense do we use top-down processing to build our perceptions?

Vision, taste, and hearing

What is the difference between STM and WM?

WM highlights the ability to manipulate the information

In which of the below situations would the meaning of a lexically ambiguous word be most quickly read?

a word with biased dominance when the more common meaning fits the context

aphantasic

access list of tasks when remembering what she did yesterday

Which of the following is most likely to be TRUE of the mental lexicon?

after seeing the word "grass" the word "green" would be processed more quickly because they are connected within the network

Paul has a lot of trouble speaking and often uses only nouns and verbs, but he is usually pretty good at comprehending what others are saying. Paul likely has _____ aphasia.

agrammatic

Which of the following helps us decide where spoken streams of speech should be properly segmented into words?

all of the above knowledge of current context, where we put stress on specific syllables, familiarity with how language works

When we look at a record of physical energy produced by spoken (not written) language, we see that the speech signal has breaks between

all of the above words, syllables, phonemes

In most cases functional fixedness should be lowest for

an object you have never seen or used

Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These TWO sentences taken together provide an example of a(n)

anaphoric interference

At what stage in the perceptual process can knowledge/ previous experience alter your perceptions?

at any point after transduction

A retail company wants customers who make purchases on their website to agree to receive marketing emails. The status quo bias suggests which of the following strategies may work?

at check-out include a box which customer can check if they don't want to receive emails

stroop task word and color don't match

attention is divided between task of reading and naming color, performance is impaired

In some dichotic listening experiments, it was noticed that even though the person wasn't processing the unattended message, they still often recognized when their name was said. This lead to the proposal of which attentional theory?

attenuation theory

Which word would you expect to be most readily available in the average persons mental lexicon?

banana

A drug that blocks the sodium gates of a neuron's membrane will

block the action potential

The typical purpose of subgoals is to

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state

duration measured partial report technique

by varying time between display of letter and cue indicating which row should be reported

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgements every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment is to

demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems

P1 and N1 got smaller as attention was

divided between target location and author

You receive a text message that reads "My steak eaten up by the broccoli". Which word would lead to a P600 for you?

eaten

What seemed to help people solve the checkerboard problem more quickly?

emphasizing the difference between neighboring squares

memory durability depends on how information is

encoded

giving a participant new, misleading information in voice that either matched or differed from voice of original content suggested that this effect is likely due to

errors in source monitoring

Josiah is trying to decide whether or not to take a new job in a new city. He is worried that if he takes the job and fails, he will suffer from intense anxiety and depression. This is an example of

expected emotions

Holyoak and Koh presented different versions of the light bulb problem to assist in solving the radiation problem. They found the _____ version to be more effective, because it had ____ features in common with the radiation problem

fragile-glass; structural

Phineas Gage had damage to his _________, which explains his _______

frontal lobe; impulsive behavior

If your medical supply company is trying to come up with a new product to make heart procedures more effective, which would be the best strategy to implement to come up with a novel idea?

have employees from all departments brainstorm ideas individually

Because most problems would involve too large of a search space, it is thought we much use _____ to quickly and effectively solve problems

heuristic search

Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves

heuristic search

There is generally a temporal gradient that occurs when memory for past events is more likely to be lost as a result of amnesia. For someone displaying the typical temporal gradient, which of the following would he be most likely to remember?

his wedding from 4 years before his damage

LTM do not fit a scene schema

hold attention but do not capture it

least likely to activate visual cortex

imagine meaning of word ethics

Cuing studies that use a central instructional cue to direct participants' attention to a target location, demonstrate that attention

increases the speed and accuracy of responses to the target

In the Tower of Hanoi problem, the ______ state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty.

initial

In the "ultimatum game" people are unlikely to take bad deals from people even though it would ultimately mean they ended up with some money vs none. This illustrates the role of ______ in decision making

integral emotions

4 theories recognize viewpoints

involve idea quickly apply assumption about how world works to our perceptions

Throughout the semester, we have talked about how top-down processing helps us perceive and interpret the world around us quickly. What is one negative aspect of top-down processing that we have talked about?

it can inhibit creativity when problem solving

best explanation writing feelings prior to exam

it frees up resources helping you better interpret questions and think of answers

The analogical paradox refers to problem- solving differences between

laboratory and real-world settings

your textbook suggests that a trait that appears to be common to both mental illness and creativity is

latent inhibition

Almost all language function is located in the _____ of the brain

left hemisphere

In an attentional blink paradigm, at the end of each trial, participants respond ________ to a 2nd target presented quickly after the 1st.

less accurately

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we tend to read

less common words more slowly than common words

answering a question on the board at the beginning of class after the teacher finished the lecture, 75 mins later

long term, semantic

Stein how memories change over time

more episodic, higher recent memories distant memories more semantic

Which is thought to be the most difficult step in analogical problem solving?

noticing there is an analogous relationship

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a

novel object

Language function is located almost exclusively

on the left side of the brain

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex sense of touch

parietal lobe

According to the situation model of text processing

people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events

Which of the theories of information coding would involve the greatest proportion of neurons in a population firing?

population

Studies on decision fatigue suggest

practicing willpower can lead to more hedonistic behavior

You and your friend are participating in a study, but are sent into two different groups. You are put in Group A and are told to memorize a list of words relating to running. Your friend is put in Group B and is told to memorize a list of slow-moving animals. When both of you are done, your friend takes much longer to walk to the front door than you. This may be due to ______.

priming

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children

produce sentences they have never heard and have never been rewarded for

A person with Wernicke's aphasia ______

produces fluent but incoherent speech

A neural signal is _____ in a ______ axon

quicker, myelinated

Searching for item that differs from distracters by one salient feature

reaction time remain steady with increasing number of distractors

The primacy effect (from the trial position curve experiment) is attributed to

recall of information stored in LTM

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through

reinforcement

The Interactionist approach to parsing states that

semantics is activated as a sentence is being read

hippocampus damage least likely to

remember who had come to visit her that day

Which of the following would be stored in visual short term memory?

rotating a 3d image in your head to see if it matches another object seen from a different angle

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem

The predominant type of coding in LTM is

semantic

thinking about a song that is stuck in your head

short term, auditory

Many people still remember the surroundings vividly when they heard about the 9/11 event. However, researchers suggested that these memories have____accuracy than/as everyday memories, because emotions

similar

Which of the following does NOT lead to "deeper" levels of processing?

simple sentences

Electric current travels passively in which part of neuron

soma, dendrite, and myelinated sections of axon

Considering the fortress and radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the ______ problem

source

Which type of neural coding seems least likely to occur?

specificity coding

Many people receive unsolicited calls from telemarketers or unwanted "junk" mailers advertising offers for products such as cable or internet services or cellular phone companies. Most people do not consider these offers and do not make a change to the plans or services that they receive because they do not want to make a decision that requires serious consideration or thought. This is an example of the bias.

status quo

People tend to fixate first on high contrast or unique (relative to the surrounding area) points in a visual scene. This is a result of ______ and is a _____ process

stimulus salience; bottom-up

Kelly wants to go home from UNC for Thanksgiving, however, since she does not have a car she is faced with the problem of how she will get home. Kelly's older sister, who goes to Duke, faced a similar problem last year during Spring Break and found that she could easily buy a train ticket and take the train home. Kelly was able to recognize that the problems were analogous even though some ______, like the particular school, the time of year, etc were different.

surface features

The fortress problem involves a fortress and marching soldiers, while the radiation problem involves a tumor and rays. Therefore the two problems have very different

surface features

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which aspect of the English language?

syntax

Which word least readily available in the average persons mental lexicon?

taupe

What 2 areas does the sylvian fissure

temporal and parietal lobes

Suppose you accidentally lesion a lobe of a monkey's brain while conducting an experiment. Unfortunately, you are not sure which lobe the lesion occurred in. After the experiment, you notice that the monkey is having a hard time identifying objects. Distinguish which part of the brain the lesion occurred in.

temporal lobe

Which of the following is NOT a part of the Gestalt Principle of Organization?

the belief that the whole is equal to the sum of parts

Which of the following is true of voluntarily directed, but NOT reflexively captured attention?

the effects on visual processing are long lasting

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on

the meaning dominance of each definition of the word

Which of the following provides that meaning can influence word perception?

the phonemic restoration effect

Which is NOT something we discussed as having an effect on decision making?

the temperature of the room while picking car features

when change directions of acrobat problem so that a smaller acrobat may not stand on shoulders of a larger acrobat compared to the opposite

the time takes individuals to solve problem is increased, providing evidence that problem space cannot freely explain how we solve problems

Visual Agnosia is associated with damage to which of the following?

the ventral pathway

Which of the following sentences would a person with Broca's aphasia be most likely to misunderstand?

the woman was high-fives by the child

Which best describes the initial state in Tower of Hanoi problem?

there are 3 disks stacked largest to smallest (bottom to top) on the far left peg

Following a long session of intense decision making in the lab, which group of participants is likely to remove their hand from an ice bath most quickly?

those drinking lemonade with artificial sweetener between the two tasks

In the sentence "Bryson asked Gil to pass the tree" which word would be most likely to elicit an N400 ERP component?

tree

true

true or false: imagery and perception rely on similar mechanisms

Visual Agnosia is associated with damage to which of the following

ventral pathway; what pathway; Patient DF orientation and object recognition problems

The "what" pathway travels ______ to which the _____ lobe of the brain?

ventrally; temporal

The McGurk effect provides evidence for which of the following?

vision plays a crucial role in what we hear

Perception pathway is to action pathway as _____

what is to where

People tend to overestimate

what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings

Patient DF had damage to her _____ pathway, which resulted in poor performance on the task that required ____

what; rotating a card to match orientation of a slot

The crucial question in comparing the syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing is _____ ______ is involved

when semantics

Your brother sees that you are talking to a friend through a Bluetooth piece in your left ear while the news is playing on the television. What is he likely to observe after you hang up?

you can remember the details of your friend's conversation

levels of processing define deep encoding

you can't- the reasoning becomes circular

Which would be the closest to how a Gestalt psychologist would likely explain problem solving?

you need to avoid fixating on unnecessary components and try alternative ways to represent the problem mentally