PSYC 230 Part 3

Consider the following sentences: "Scar wanted to kill Mufasa and take the throne. He felt he deserved it more." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n) A. instrument inference B. anaphoric inference C. global connection D. garden path sentence

B. anaphoric inference

A circular plate rests at the center of a small square table. Around the table are a total of four chairs, one along each side of the square table. A person with unilateral neglect sits down in one of the chairs and eats from the plate. After he is "finished," he moves to the next chair on his right and continues to eat from the plate. Assuming he never moves the plate and he continues with this procedure (moving one chair to the right and eating) how many chairs will he have to sit in to eat all the food on the plate? A. 3 B. 2 C. 4 D. 1

A. 3

Dominic is at a job interview sitting across from the company's CEO, Ms.Cellanious. While she takes a phone call, Dominic tries to recall her first name. Her business card is on the desk, but its orientation is not facing Dominic straight on. The business card has the initial of Ms. Cellanious's first name, so Dominic mentally rotates that initial letter into a straight-up orientation. From which angle (compared to the final straight-up orientation) would you predict Dominic would be fastest in identifying the initial? A. 30 degrees B. 180 degrees C. 60 degrees D. 90 degrees

A. 30 degrees

In the phonemic restoration effect, participants "fill in" the missing phoneme based on all of the following EXCEPT A. a mental "skimming" of the lexicon to find likely words. B. the context produced by the sentence. C. the portion of the word that was presented. D. the meaning of the words that follow the missing phoneme.

A. a mental "skimming" of the lexicon to find likely words.

In an eye movement study, Rayner and coworkers had participants read sentences that contained either a high- or low- frequency target word. For example, the sentence "Sam wore the horrid coat though his ____ girlfriend complained," contained either the target word "pretty" or "demure." Results showed the participants' _____ was shorter for the target word _____. A. fixation; pretty B. lexical distinction; demure C. lexical distinction; pretty D. fixation; demure

A. fixation; pretty

Ganis and coworkers used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that A. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does. B. there is no difference between the activation caused by perception and by imagery. C. perception and imagery activate the same areas near the back of the brain, but imagery activates more of the frontal lobe than does perception. D. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but imagery activates more of the back of the brain than perception does.

A. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex A. plays a causal role in both perception and imagery. B. can be inferred using mental chronometry C. is an epiphenomenon D. supports the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves propositional representations.

A. plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.

According to the idea of _____, when we read a sentence like, "Carmelo grabbed his coat from his bedroom and his backpack from the living room, walked downstairs, and called his friend Gerry," we create a simulation of Carmelo's apartment and keep track of his location as he moves throughout the apartment. A. situation models B. causal inference C. speech continuity D. global connections

A. situation models

A psycholinguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants from a small village in Asia and another from a small village in South America. She asked the groups to describe the bands of color they saw in a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as their language possessed primary color words. These results A. support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. B. contradict the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. C. support the universal perception effect. D. contradict the universal perception effect.

A. support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on A. the meaning dominance of each definition of the word. B. the identification of a single meaning for that word. C. the word that comes immediately before and the word that comes immediately after the ambiguous word in the sentence. D. a bottom-up progression of meaning comprehension.

A. the meaning dominance of each definition of the word.

Amedi and coworkers used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ____, some areas associated with non-visual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ____. A. using visual images; deactivated B. perceiving stimuli; activated C. using visual images; activated D. perceiving stimuli; deactivated

A. using visual images; deactivated

Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach? A. The operation of connectionist networks is not totally disrupted by damage. B. Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero. C. Connectionist networks can explain generalization of learning. D. The connectionist model is rather complex, and involves components like units, links, and connection weights.

B. Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero.

To explain the fact that some neuropsychological studies show close parallels between perceptual deficits and deficits in imagery, while other studies do not find this parallel, it has been proposed that the mechanism for imagery is located at _____ visual centers and the mechanism for perception is located at _____ visual centers. A. both lower and higher; higher B. higher; both lower and higher C. lower; higher D. higher; lower

B. higher; both lower and higher

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more A. slowly to letters appearing in non-words than letters appearing in words. B. slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words. C. quickly to phonemes that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word. D. quickly to letters that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word.

B. slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.

"We bought camping supplies at the grocery store. We got the wrong kind of crackers for s'mores." takes longer to comprehend than "We bought marshmallows and crackers at the grocery store. We got the wrong kind of crackers for s'mores." This is because the second pair of sentences better follows A. syntactic priming B. the given-new contract C. the situation model D. anaphoric inference

B. the given-new contract

Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique? A. A Corvette is a car. B. A Corvette is a sports car. C. A Corvette is a vehicle. D. A Corvette is a Corvette.

C. A Corvette is a vehicle.

Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following items would be most difficult to remember? A. Mask B. Bell C. Fear D. Rabbit

C. Fear

Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task? A. Concrete words "window, monkey"; and abstract words "doubt, energy" B. Common words "cat, boat" and uncommon words "peon, furtive"; C. Words "pizza, history" and non-words "pibble, girk"; D. Correctly spelled words "speech, potato" and misspelled words "speach, potatoe"

C. Words "pizza, history" and non-words "pibble, girk";

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be A. a fill-in-the-blank task where participants generate paired members within a category. B. a fill-in-the-blank task where participants generate the category classification for a list of members. C. a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title. D. a task where participants rate the extent to which category members resemble one another.

C. a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title.

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on A. the definition of the category. B. a universal set of category members. C. category members that have been encountered in the past. D. a defined set of category members.

C. category members that have been encountered in the past.

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of _____ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations. A. the cooperative principle B. local connections C. environmental context D. instrumental inferences

C. environmental context

Shepard and Meltzer's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated A. that humans cannot successfully rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees. B. that humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects. C. imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms. D. how easy mental rotation is for humans.

C. imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery A. actually exists. B. is identical for all people. C. is based on spatial or language mechanisms. D. can be used to inform non-visual sensory systems.

C. is based on spatial or language mechanisms.

Dave and Mateo are neighbors. Mateo loves dogs and his father is a dog show judge. He has been to many dog shows and he volunteers at a vet's office and an animal shelter. In contrast, Dave doesn't think much about dogs. His only contact with them is at a park or friend's houses. It would be correct to say that Mateo's standard probably involves A. more prototypes than Dave's. B. the same prototypes and exemplars as Dave's. C. more exemplars than Dave's. D. more prototypes and more exemplars than Dave's.

C. more exemplars than Dave's.

According to the S-F hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes ________ and one that distinguishes ________. A. sensations; facts B. sequential networks; familial resemblance C. sensory attributes; function D. serial nodes; familiar concepts

C. sensory attributes; function

Rosa and Esme are talking about an accident they both witnessed. Rosa uses a passive voice construction to say "The bus was hit by the truck." Esme then says "The truck driver wasn't arrested by the cops." This is most likely an example of A. anaphoric inferencing B. garden-pathing C. syntactic priming D. phonemic restoration

C. syntactic priming

Finke and Pinker asked participants whether an arrow pointed to where any of 4 dots had been in a previous display. Participants were slower to respond the farther the arrow was from a dot's previous location. These results call into question the __________ explanation of imagery. A. epiphenomenon B. spatial representation C. tacit-knowledge D. depictive representation

C. tacit-knowledge

In an experiment by Rosch and colleagues, participants were shown a category label, like car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants were asked to indicate as quickly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. These results showed A. the priming effect was most robust for superordinate level categories. B. the priming effect was the same for superordinate and basic level categories. C. the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories. D. no measurable priming effect.

C. the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.

Which of the following is NOT influenced by meaning? A. word superiority effect B. phonemic restoration effect C. word frequency effect D. the lexical decision task

C. word frequency effect

Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify A. 100% of the words spoken by their own voices. B. 50% of the words spoken by others with an accent similar to theirs. C. none of the words spoken by others. D. 50% of the words spoken by their own voices.

D. 50% of the words spoken by their own voices.

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence? A. The exterminator wasn't surprised when he found several spiders, roaches and even termites in the house. B. The dogs won't bake. C. The explorers were frightened by the walrus. D. Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him.

D. Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him.

Given what you've learned about imagery research, people would be faster to respond when asked about a cat's whiskers if they imagined the cat next to a A. an average sized pumpkin B. Godzilla C. a Chapel Hill bus D. a jelly-bean

D. a jelly-bean

The definitional approach to categorization A. sets definite criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have. B. is not well suited for geometrical objects but works for familiar everyday objects. C. was proposed to replace the prototype approach. D. doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.

D. doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.

Sometimes a behavioral event occurs at the same time as a cognitive process, even if it isn't needed for the cognitive process. For example, people might look up when thinking about a really hard problem -- even though they'd still be able to "think" if they didn't. This describes a(n) A. inner scribe B. propositional behavior C. covergent behavior D. epiphenomenon

D. epiphenomenon

According to the situation model of text processing, A. people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of information about phrases, sentences, and paragraphs. B. it will take longer to understand a story that involves a complex series of situations. C. people draw inferences about what is happening in a story by considering both local and global connections. D. people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events.

D. people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events.

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of _____ into their network model A. cognitive economy B. typicality C. back propogation D. spreading activation

D. spreading activation

The idea that information provided by both syntax and semantics is taken into account simultaneously as we read or listen to a sentence is called the _____________ approach to parsing. A. interactionist B. temporary ambiguity C. semantic D. syntax-first

D. syntax-first

Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with which two lobes of the cerebral cortex? A. the parietal and occipital lobes B. the frontal and parietal lobes C. the temporal and parietal lobes D. the frontal and temporal lobes

D. the frontal and temporal lobes

For the category "dessert," people give a higher typicality rating to "brownie" than to "macaron." Knowing that, we can also reason that A. when people are asked to list all the desserts they can think of, macaron will usually appear on their list before brownie. B. neither macaron nor brownie are likely to be the dessert "closest" to the prototype of the dessert category. C. people will have a similar number of exemplars for macaron and brownie. D. the word "dessert" will lead to a larger priming effect for brownie than for macaron.

D. the word "dessert" will lead to a larger priming effect for brownie than for macaron.

"Wood bookshelves" consists of ___________ morphemes. A. five B. three C. two D. four

d. four